Legislative Issues Research Articles

Decontamination applications in primary circuit equipment of nuclear power plants

Due to the reactions taking place in the reactor, radioactive contamination occurs on and/or near the surfaces of the equipment used in nuclear power plants. Contamination is a radioactive pollution in the solid phase, which may exist in solution or be carried as a gas/vapor. It can be caused by a very small amount of radioactive material, and since every known element has at least one radioactive isotope, there are more than a hundred elements that can cause contamination. Removing of this contamination by physical and chemical methods is defined as decontamination. The main purpose of decontamination is reducing the activity level of contaminated equipment which may occur during operation or after decommissioning of nuclear power plants. By decontamination process, the radioactive contamination formed on the surfaces or in the depths close to the surface of the equipment is removed by chemical and physical methods. Within the scope of this study, decontamination applications in the literature were explained; regulatory perspective and legislative infrastructure issues for Turkey were discussed. Within the scope of this study, the decontamination applications in the literature were explained, the regulations of the Regulatory Bodies in other countries for decontamination were examined, and in this direction, the regulatory perspective for Turkey and the suggestions for the legislative infrastructure were discussed.

Probleme juridice și legislative prezentate În paginile Revistei „Arhivele Olteniei” (1922–1943)

: In my article, I want to present some legislative and juridical issues which could be studied observe that a lot of articles with historical, social themes had also included some legislative and juridical issues: historical documents of property, frontiers of Wallachia, institutional development. In the law we always have two main tendencies: the legislation primary texts and the results of their application in society. On this reason, I considered that the articles published in „Arhivele Olteniei” deserve a special attention.

Осуществление оперативно-розыскных мероприятий в целях предупреждения преступлений: проблемные вопросы законодательства и основные направления реализации

Осуществление оперативно-розыскных мероприятий в целях предупреждения преступлений: проблемные вопросы законодательства и основные направления реализации

차별금지법의 입법적 고려사항에 대한 일고찰

This article aims at figuring out the key issues of legislation through the analysis of the bills of Equality Act or Anti-discrimination Act proposed to the National Assembly, based on the preliminary overview of legislative movement for the enactment of Anti-discrimination Act and the short history of legislation over the fifteen years since Ro Moo-hyun government in Korea. Key issues are picked out as follows through examining four bills proposed to the the National Assembly(Hye-young Jang’s Bill under the name of the Anti-discrimination Act and Sang-min Lee’s Bill, Joo-min Park’s Bill, and In-sook Kwon’s Bill under the name of the Equality Act) : the appropriate name of anti-discrimination law, types of discrimination, areas(scopes) and grounds of discrimination, exceptions of discrimination, instrument of remedy of discrimination, adoption of the compensatory and punitive damages. All the Bills agreed that ‘gender identity’ and ‘status of employment’ should be added to the current nineteen grounds of discrimination stipulated in the National Human Rights Commission Act as the protected characteristics of grounds of discrimination. Hye-young Jang’s Bill includes two more grounds of discrimination such as language and nationality. Furthermore, this study is suggesting to add three more characteristics of grounds of discrimination such as academic background, occupation, and engagement in labor union because those characteristics are very influential in Korean culture. Four bills are commonly suggesting to expand the scopes of discrimination by adding ‘the supply or use of administrative services et. al’ to the current three scopes (employment, the supply or use of goods and services, education) under the National Human Rights Commission Act. They also accepted the broad conception of discrimination which includes indirect discrimination, harassment, sexual harassment and the discriminatory advertisement or expression as well as direct discrimination. Consequently the equality act need to extend the conception and types of discrimination beyond the National Human Rights Commission Act. According to all of the Bills, not only the affirmative action but genuine occupational qualification(BFOQ) in employment should be accepted as the exception of discrimination. In order for the effective enforcement of the equality act, all the Bills are adopting the new instruments of remedy such as the corrective order, the support of litigation of the National Human Rights Commission, provisional or positive measures by the court decision, and the compensatory and punitive damages for the harmful discrimination. These key issues should be considered in the legislation of the anti-discrimination act or the equality act in the near future.

Perception of Open Science in the Scientific Community of the Republic of Moldova

Open Science becomes the basic concept in organizing and conducting the research and development process. The opening of the process of research and communication of science is supported and promoted both at the international level and at the national level in many countries through science policies and actions. At present, no Open Science policy is approved at the national level in the Republic of Moldova, but there are actions, undertaken by various organizations or within some projects, that promote this concept. And recently, the national authority in the field of science policy has been concerned about the promotion of Open Science principles in the country. Policy development and implementation of Open Science principles is difficult without involving all stakeholders and without knowledge of the current situation, both in terms of technical and legislative issues, and especially in terms of awareness of the need and willingness of people to contribute to this process. In this context, we set out to carry out this study, taking into account the insufficient level of debates and analyzes on Open Science subject carried out in the Republic of Moldova. Its purpose is to determine the attitude, the level of awareness and involvement in issues related to Open Science and its elements in the Republic of Moldova, which will serve to develop Open Science policies and instruments at national and institutional levels.

Research on Legislative Issues Related to The Reform of Homestead Management System in Ningxia

According to the Proposal of the CPC Central Committee on formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-term Goal of 2035, it is necessary to “explore the realization form of the separation of homestead ownership, qualification right and use right. We will guarantee the right of settled farmers to contract land, use homestead land and distribute collective income, and encourage voluntary transfer with compensation in accordance with the law.” Deepening the rural homestead system reform is a beneficial exploration. Revitalizing and utilizing idle rural homestead and rural housing plays a positive role in activating rural land resources and promoting the integrated development of urban and rural areas. The fourth Promotion Meeting of the Party Committee and the Government of the Autonomous Region to build the Pilot Zone for Ecological Protection and High-quality Development in the Yellow River Basin specially made arrangements for the reform of the “four rights”, emphasizing that the reform of land rights is conducive to revitalizing land resource elements, activating land market value, and improving the level of economical and intensive use of land.

State of the Art of Desalination in Mexico

This research paper presents a review of the state of the art of desalination in Mexico, with the aim of clarifying the main challenges and opportunity areas for desalination as the main solution to overcome water stress. First, the current situation and forecasts on the availability of water resources in Mexico are described, followed by the main economic, social, and legislative issues of desalination. Mexico’s installed capacity for the different desalination technologies and their evolution in recent years was investigated, followed by a comparison with global trends. The current state of research and development in desalination technologies carried out by Mexican institutions was also studied. The results show that membrane technology plants account for 88.85%, while thermal technology plants account for the remaining 11.15%. Although Mexico presented a 240% increase in its desalination capacity in the last 10 years, it has not been enough to overcome water stress, so it is concluded that in the future, it is necessary to increase its capacity in greater proportion, specifically in the areas with greater scarcity, which can be achieved with the joint participation of academy–industry–government through the creation of autonomous organizations, social programs, and/or public policies that promote it.

O granicach interpretowania prawa według Karla Engischa Studium przypadku niemieckiego

We are probably not mistaken when we state here that one of the most heatedly debated issues in German legal doctrine remains the problem of the delimitation of the limits of judicial lawmaking (Richterrecht). In other words, and in the most succinct terms, the judge’s right to legislate. For the judicial law is, and it would be difficult not to agree with such an opinion, one of the most interesting but also controversial issues in contemporary legislation. The question as to whether a judge is merely the „mouthpiece of the law”, or whether he or she is allowed to make a creative contribution to its interpretation, cannot be regarded, even today, as not serious or merely outdated. Hence, the attempt of Karl Engisch (1899–1990), one of the most prominent German criminal law theorists of the 20th century, to answer this question can and should be seen not only in terms of casuistic demonstration, but also (and who knows if not primarily) as the evidence of a scholar who rejects seeing the judge as a kind of automaton acting according to cognitive dogmas. From the Polish perspective, this account remains convincing insofar as one takes into consideration Engisch’s rejection of National Socialist delusions in the study as well as in the application of law. An attitude which, as we know, was not typical of this milieu during the Third Reich.

자동차세 개정안의 한미 FTA 제2장 위반 가능성에 관한 고찰

The Free Trade Agreement between the Republic of Korea and the United States of America (hereinafter “KORUS FTA”) specifically addresses South Korea’s motor vehicle tax system, and includes provisions to amend the Annual Vehicle Tax, established under the Local Tax Act. Article 127 of the Local Tax Act was revised in December 2011, accordingly. In accordance with Article 127 of the Local Tax Act, vehicle tax on possession of vehicle for passenger vehicle (hereinafter “vehicle tax”) shall be taxed at vehicle engine displacement. However, due to the increasing supply of expensive high power vehicles with low engine displacement and electric vehicles in the market, along with technology advancements, currently the proportional relationship between engine displacement and vehicle price has been undermined, and thus the regressiveness of tax burden in vehicle tax has been intensified. Since the former 19th National Assembly, a total of five legislative bills on the amendment of Article 127 of the Local Tax Act have been proposed in order to change the base of vehicle tax from engine displacement to vehicle price.
 The purpose of this paper is to study whether such proposed taxation measure would be inconsistent with Chapter Two of the KORUS FTA - particularly Articles 2.12 and 2.2 of the Agreement. The paper first introduces South Korea’s current vehicle taxation and those five legislative bills. Then the paper examines major legislative issues of the proposed taxation measure, focusing on the interpretation of provisions about engine displacement under the KORUS FTA. The paper approaches the issues from an objective but somewhat defensive perspective, so as to further preserve tax sovereignty of South Korea. More specifically, this paper seeks to develop legal arguments that can increase the consistency of the proposed taxation measure with paragraphs (1) and (3) in Article 2.12 of the KORUS FTA, by invoking principle of in dubio mitius and principle of evolutive treaty interpretation, when construing the provisions.

Hibah Amanah Hartanah dan Kekangan Perundangan dalam Perancangan Harta Orang Islam di Malaysia (The Trust Hibah of Real Property and its Constraints in Property Planning of Muslims in Malaysia)

The sensitivity of muslims towards the wealth planning via trust hibah for immovable property began to develop positively. The instrumen is able to deal with the problem of arrears of division of estate in the form of real property due to the misunderstanding of the community in applying the faraid system so as to have a negative impact on the position of property of Muslims in a prolonged period of time. In this regard, an ownership and groundbreaking problems will occur when the people assumes that the division of property should be done physically solely according to the rate or share specified in the faraid system. Thus, the wealth planning via trust hibah for immovable property can realize the property owner's desire to hand over the property to certain parties, especially to the heirs who will be left behind. However, there is the issue of real estate hibah amanah legislation that has arisen as well as being a constraint on its implementation to the Muslim community. This article analyzes the real estate trust hibah law in Malaysia. This study is qualitative in nature and uses a content analysis approach. The results of the study found that there are legal constraints on real estate trust hibah that can challenge its survival to the community. This issue needs to be reviewed by policy makers so that real estate trust hibah can be enforced in an integrated and effective manner in the future.

Perspective on the use of investigative genetic genealogy in Brazil

Since 2018, investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) has been used as a novel technology to solve cold cases. But IGG presents several ethical issues regarding privacy and regulation. IGG has never been used in Brazil although the number of direct-to-consumer (DTC) ancestry tests has been increasing and its users use open platforms in which IGG can be applied, such as GEDMatch, being susceptible to the same ethical problems as in those countries where IGG is being applied. We conducted an online survey with 166 clients of DTC ancestry tests (DTC) and 35 Brazilian CODIS Administrators (ADM) to evaluate their knowledge about the forensic application of genetic genealogy, their opinion about it, and a possible application in Brazil. Both groups support using IGG in violent crimes and missing persons (58.5% of DTC and 34.3% of ADM) but also showed concerns about the legislation and ethical issues (78.9–55.4% DTC and 97–65% ADM). Furthermore, 20% of ADM were against the use of this technique compared to the DTC (4%), probably due to the lack of knowledge of the methodology, its scope, and limitations. These results show the need to broaden the discussion on the IGG in various sectors of society.

The Challenges of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 in Islamic Social Entrepreneurship in the Covid-19 Era

Islamic social entrepreneurship (ISE) is an activity that can help the economy of the ummah in a country. Based on the vision and social mission to address the economic problems caused by the effects of Covid-19, social entrepreneurs need to act creatively and innovatively using the latest technological approaches in line with the development of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. There are three objectives of the study. First it will look at the challenges of the fourth industrial revolution in ISE in the Covid-19 era, secondly it identifies efforts that can be implemented by social entrepreneurs to address the issue of Covid-19; and third it will look at the role of government and institutions involved in helping to restore the economy to normalcy. The research methods used are content analysis of past research texts, theses and library studies. The findings of the study found that there are several challenges identified. Among these are the issues of attitudes, perceptions, legislation, knowledge, skills, costs and assistance. The steps that need to be implemented to resolve these issues are rehabilitation strategies, information provision, consultation, government support, entrepreneurial institutions, welfare and the cooperation of various parties directly or indirectly involved. Therefore, in-depth studies will be elaborated so that the challenges that occur can be overcome

Framing Geothermal Energy in Indonesia: A Media Analysis in A Country with Huge Potential

ABSTRACT Public perceptions of emergent low-carbon technologies, such as geothermal energy, impact the speed of energy transitions. Such perceptions are largely shaped by how the media portray such technologies. This paper reports on how geothermal energy has been framed in two prominent national newspapers in Indonesia, a country with large geothermal potential due to its volcanic geology. We examined articles on geothermal energy written over ten years. Applying a quantitative framing analysis, we investigated the salience of six frames indicated in the literature as often used in communications on geothermal energy: energy security, economy, legislation, environment, knowledge, and social issues. We also examined the tone and source of the frames. The analysis reveals an overall positive tone in the newspaper articles, especially regarding the technology's energy security and economic potential, with the primary source being the national government. Possible adverse effects of geothermal technology are covered less often, particularly those related to social issues at the local level. We describe the different frames identified, provide examples and discuss implications.

Arbeidsrettet behandling ved alvorlig psykisk lidelse i spesialisthelsetjenesten

Employment is an important focus area in the treatment of severe mental illness and substance use disorders. Health and welfare services are instructed to collaborate closely on implementing evidence-based practices of vocational rehabilitation such as Individual Placement and Support (IPS) in treatment guidelines, clinical pathways and the current national healthcare plan (2020–2023). Although evidence of the effectiveness of IPS continues to grow and there is broad political commitment to finance and implement IPS, challenges remain. System-level cooperation between services and legislative issues on integrating employment specialists in mental health services poses potential implementation barriers that need clarification to allow successful provision of IPS. In this paper, we describe how IPS is integrated in specialized mental health treatment. The empirical and practical basis for the current article comes from five different research groups. New directions, challenges and opportunities in IPS implementation are also discussed in light of new regulations from the Norwegian Directorate of Health. Keywords: Individual Placement and Support, employment, health and welfare services, integration, employment specialist, implementation

Micronutrient Fortification in Foods and Soy Milk, a Plant-based Milk Substitute as a Candidate Vehicle

Background: Food fortification is an effective intervention strategy to combat micronutrient malnutrition, hidden hunger, and for improvement of public health and nutritional status. Choice of a cost-effective, widely consumed, compatible, and stable candidate vehicle is essential for successful fortification. Objective: This comprehensive review discusses the aspects of food fortification along with the suitability of soy milk, a plant-based milk substitute, as a candidate vehicle for fortification. Methods: Literature mining was done in food research journals, Pubmed, Scopus to collect adopted fortification strategies and preferred vehicles for fortification. Results: Soy milk is a popular health beverage, globally consumed and preferred amongst lactovegetarians, and especially those with bovine milk allergy and lactose intolerance. This plantbased milk alternative is enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytoestrogens, and isoflavones along with different macro- and micronutrients. As a candidate vehicle, soy milk offers the advantage of incorporating a wide range of fortificants, is widely consumed, stable, and is compatible with fortificants. Conclusion: Successful implementation of the fortification strategy and its global scale-up need to overcome different scientific and technological hurdles, socio-economic, ethical, and political barriers, as well as legislative issues. Public-private, multi-stake holder and global partnerships, boosting of small-scale food industries, and developing tie-ups with large scale industries, as well as promoting public awareness regarding the need for fortification are other necessary requisites.

Mice in translational neuroscience: What R we doing?

Animal models play a pivotal role in translational neuroscience but recurrent problems in data collection, analyses, and interpretation, lack of biomarkers, and a tendency to over-reliance on mice have marred neuroscience progress, leading to one of the highest attrition rates in drug translation. Global initiatives to improve reproducibility and model selection are being implemented. Notwithstanding, mice are still the preferred animal species to model human brain disorders even when the translation has been shown to be limited. Non-human primates are better positioned to provide relevant translational information because of their higher brain complexity and homology to humans. Among others, lack of resources and formal training, strict legislation, and ethical issues may impede broad access to large animals. We propose that instead of increasingly restrictive legislation, more resources for training, education, husbandry, and data sharing are urgently needed. The creation of multidisciplinary teams, in which veterinarians need to play a key role, would be critical to improve translational efficiency. Furthermore, it is not usually acknowledged by researchers and regulators the value of comparative studies in lower species, that are instrumental in toxicology, target identification, and mechanistic studies. Overall, we highlight here the need for a conceptual shift in neuroscience research and policies to reach the patients.

Legislating in Hard Times

Abstract This article interrogates the issue of the role of the legislature in social emergencies such as the covid-19 pandemic by examining the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the legislature and the response of the legislature, using the Nigerian federal legislative institution (the National Assembly) as a case study. The aim is to distil some of the key legislative issues that have emerged since the spread of the virus to Nigeria, the challenges the legislature has faced, which have shaped its efforts to respond to the covid-19 problem, and the efforts of the legislature to address the problem. The article notes that Nigeria’s federal legislature, and indeed all legislatures, have to innovate with new ideas, technology and procedural flexibility in the performance of their traditional functions in order to ensure political accountability and remain relevant in times of emergency.

Administrative Penalties for Customs Infringements in Ukraine: Wandering Sideways

The effectiveness of customs enforcement is one of the critical issues of Ukrainian customs legislation. This is due to the emphasis on the fiscal functions of customs and the excessively high share of state revenue administered by customs authorities. Unlike other parts of the Ukrainian customs legislation, the issue of sanctions for customs infringements remains unharmonized and contains norms inherited from Soviet law. The lack of sanctions against legal entities, the differentiation between negligence and intention, and the disproportionate size of sanctions negatively impact customs enforcement. However, attempts to reform this field have not addressed these problems. The proposals to follow the experience of the EU member states, as a rule, do not consider the work being done to create the Union legal framework for customs infringements and sanctions.

Civic Engagement and Advocacy in Rural Wisconsin: Youth Development Through Legislative Forums

Youth Development programming that engages youth to work side by side with local leaders creates an environment where youth develop civic skills. These skills include a greater understanding of the legislative process, their role in our democracy, and increased engagement in the democratic process. Through their participation in the Superior Days Legislative Forum, youth increase their civic skills, are inspired to create change in their communities, ask questions and respond to challenges by bringing legislative issues of concern unique to their community to the entire representative body at the state capitol. Youth delegates also gain experience partnering with adults from their communities, establish healthy developmental relationships, and expand their social networks. This article draws from research related to civic engagement, youth in decision-making roles, and programming intended to raise youth voice to make community change. This paper uses focus group interviews as well as post-then-pre-program surveys to understand the impact of the Superior Days Legislative Forum on youth participants.

Problematika Legislasi dalam Sistem Pemerintahan Presidensial Multipartai

This research raises the issue of legislation in the multi-party presidential government system in Indonesia after the amendment to the 1945 Constitution. In order to make this research more focused, the researcher proposes two main questions, namely; How exactly are the legislative problems that occur in a multi-party presidential government system? Likewise, how are the efforts to resolve the legislative problems in a multi-party presidential government system?. To answer these two problems, the researcher uses several approaches in this normative research. Among these approaches are the statutory approach, the conceptual approach, the historical approach and the case approach. Based on the results of the discussion in this study, the researcher concludes two main conclusions related to the problematics of legislation in the multi-party presidential government system in Indonesia after the amendments to the 1945 Constitution. namely, the weakening of the president's power in terms of legislation due to the increasing influence of the DPR's power in the legislative process, even though the president has double role. Furthermore, the legislative problem that occurs in the multi-party presidential system of government in post-amendment Indonesia is the waning spirit of upholding the principle of checks and balances in the formation of legislation.