Issue Of Delimitation Research Articles

Analysis of the Jurisprudence of Article 58 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the Positions of West African Countries

Article 58 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) addresses the rights and obligations of States in the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) of other States. It guarantees third-party States the freedom of navigation, the laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and other internationally lawful uses of the sea related to these activities. However, these rights must be exercised in accordance with the laws and regulations of the coastal State and the UNCLOS itself. The jurisprudential analysis of this article reveals various interpretations, often influenced by distinct national contexts and interests. Disputes related to the EEZ mainly focus on issues of maritime delimitation, the exploitation of natural resources, and the protection of the marine environment. West African countries, rich in marine resources, have diverse positions depending on their economic, security, and environmental interests. Some favor a strict application of their sovereign rights to maximize economic benefits and resource sustainability, while others advocate for regional cooperation to manage potential conflicts and strengthen maritime security. In summary, Article 58 of UNCLOS is essential for balancing the interests of coastal States and third-party States in the EEZ while allowing for the harmonious management of maritime resources and maritime security.

Sovereignty beyond Borders: Unraveling the Enigma of Airspace and Outer Space Interplay

This paper examines the complex issue of delimitation and sovereignty in airspace and outer space, tracing the evolution of these concepts from ancient jurisprudence to contemporary international law. The study delves into the origins of air sovereignty, emphasizing the legal maxim "Cuius est solum eius usque ad coelum et ad inferos" and the subsequent development of aviation law, including the pivotal Convention on International Civil Aviation. It further explores the nascent field of space law, highlighting the Outer Space Treaty and its designation of outer space as res communis humanitatis. The paper analyzes various attempts to delineate a boundary between airspace and outer space, contrasting the spatialist, functionalist, and "wait-and-see" approaches. It evaluates the pros and cons of establishing a clear demarcation, considering technological advancements and geopolitical tensions. Potential solutions are proposed, including drawing analogies from the Law of the Sea and enhancing the role of international organizations such as ICAO. The paper underscores the urgency of resolving these issues to ensure normative certainty and address the growing congestion in the skies.

Maps Pelantar Benua Malaysia 1979 and Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI): Malaysia Approach to Settle Overlapping

This paper examines the Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) map issued by Indonesia in 2017, which affects the Malaysia maritime zone based on Peta Pelantar Benua Malaysia 1979 (Peta Baru 1979), as well as and Malaysia approach to settle the overlapping with Indonesia. This paper has three objectives. First, to describe Peta Baru 1979 and NKRI Map 2017; second, to compare the responses of Malaysia and Indonesia towards overlapping issues; third, to analyse the Malaysian approach to settle the overlapping issues. The concept used for this paper is national security to support discourse surrounding the actions of Malaysia. The method used in this paper is a qualitative one derived from secondary data sources collected from reliable printed and online documents. The findings of this paper are that first, there is an overlapping maritime zone area between Malaysia and Indonesia based on a map issued by both countries; second, the Malaysian and Indonesian government responses to settle the overlapping issue without involving war; and third, Malaysia adopts a diplomacy approach in relation to the resolution of maritime delimitation issues. This paper concludes that Malaysia's approach and strategy in addressing the issue of overlapping maritime boundaries and at the same time maintaining relations with Indonesia as a neighbouring country.

THE PECULIARITIES IN THE FORMATION OF GUNSHOT WOUNDS CHANNELS CAUSED BY 7.62 MM EXPANSIVE «HPBT» AND «SP» TYPE BULLETS

The aim of the study – to study the peculiarities of wound channel formation, causedby 7.62 mm «HPBT» and «SP» bullets, by means of experimental methods of forensicballistics with the use of human biological tissue simulators.Materials and methods. Experimental investigations were carried out under conditionsof the ballistic route of the National Scientific Center «Hon. Prof. M. S. Bokarius ForensicScience Institute». To determine the velocities of the fired bullets, the optoelectronicmeasuring complexes IBX-731.4 were used. Ballistic plasticine «Beschussmasse,6287156» was used as a simulator of human body tissues. The experimental shooting wascarried out with a TS.M308 model .308 «Winchester» sniper rifle. For the experimentalshooting 7.62 × 51 mm (.308 «Winchester») cartridges were used, which were filled with«SP» and «HPBT» bullets.Results. In the course of experimental shooting, the peculiarities of the formation ofdamage channels caused by 7.62 mm «SP» and «HPBT» bullets were determined. Basedon the results of experimental studies, it has been found that the bullets of these types ofthe same caliber and practically the same mass are able to cause different amounts ofbodily injury, which is primarily due to the peculiarities of the design of the bullets. SPtype bullets with a bare core cause more severe bodily injuries, they are less subject tofragmentation and in most cases retain a relatively heavy bottom part. As a consequence,such bullets are able to cause longer wound channels than other types of expansivebullets. HPBT-type bullets can also cause sufficiently large amounts of bodily injury,but because of their design, they are more prone to fragmentation when hitting thehuman body. In the course of the research it has been established that there are severalperipheral (secondary) channels in the area of the main wound channel. They are formeddue to destruction of the bullet and movement of its separate fragments away from themain direction, which leads to complication of diagnostics and further treatment of suchgunshot wounds.Conclusions. The use of 7.62 × 51 mm (.308 «Winchester») expansive «SP» and «HPBT»type bullets in the course of combat operations for firing modern sniper systems resultsto severe bodily injuries. Wounds caused by such bullets are characterized by significantin volume zones of direct traumatic necrosis (contusion), which significantly extend deepinto the tissues and structures of the human body and form even larger in size zonesof conditional necrosis (contusion) and morpho- functional changes. The formationnature of both the main wound channel and the peripheral wound channels, caused byfragments of bullet structural elements, depends on the velocity, design features andposition (projection) of the bullet at the moment of impact. Changes in biological tissuesin the area of wounds caused by these types of expansive bullets have rather complexarchitectonics, which significantly complicates the issue of clear delimitation of gunshotwound zones and adequate surgical intervention. The used investigation methods of thestriking properties of expansive bullets are suitable for predicting the severity and volumeof the caused injuries, as well as for determining the individual characteristic complex ofgunshot wounds signs caused by such bullets.

Atlas of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada) of the Worldpart I: West Palaearctic Echiniscus species.

Traditionally Eurocentric tardigrade taxonomy has started to dissect endemics from very few truly cosmopolitan or widely distributed species, originally described mostly from the West Palaearctic, in the last decade. Obviously, the most problematic for taxonomic identification are species in large genera containing over 100 species in the case of Tardigrada. In limno-terrestrial heterotardigrades, only Echiniscus C.A.S. Schultze, 1840 fulfils this criterion, being a perfect example of taxonomic inflation. In Echiniscidae, this phenomenon results predominantly from the historical fallacy of attaching more importance to chaetotaxy than to the analysis of dorsal plate sculpturing. In this paper, the first of a series on echiniscids of the World, we review the current state of knowledge on the West Palaearctic Echiniscus species. Echiniscus granulatus (Doyre, 1840) and E. spinulosus (Doyre, 1840) are re-described based on multiple population data. Echiniscus lapponicus Thulin, 1911 and E. militaris Murray, 1911 are provided with the first SEM and molecular data, respectively. Following synonymies are made based on analyses of ample comparative material, type series, and redescriptions: E. blumi schizofilus Barto, 1941 syn. nov. and E. trojanus Maucci, 1973 syn. nov. of E. blumi blumi Richters, 1903; E. inocelatus Miheli, 1938 syn. nov., E. heterospinosus Maucci, 1954 syn. nov. and E. egnatiae Durante Pasa & Maucci, 1979 syn. nov. of E. granulatus; Echiniscus merokensis suecicus Thulin, 1911 syn. nov., E. columinis Murray, 1911 syn. nov., E. batramiae Iharos, 1936 syn. nov., E. jagodici Miheli, 1951 syn. nov. and E. laterospinosus Rudescu, 1964 syn. nov. of E. merokensis merokensis Richters, 1904; E. hexacanthus Maucci, 1973 syn. nov. of E. militaris Murray, 1911; E. carusoi Pilato, 1972 syn. nov. of E. spinulosus; E. osellai Maucci, 1974 syn. nov. of E. trisetosus Cunot, 1932. Two new nomina dubia are proposed: E. apuanus M. Bertolani, 1946 sp. dub. (and a probable synonymy with E. merokensis suggested) and E. pajstunensis Barto, 1941 sp. dub. Two new nomina inquirenda are established: E. marleyi Li, 2007 sp. inq. (another chaetotaxy-based morphotype of the Echiniscus blumi-canadensis complex) and E. punctus McInnes, 1995 sp. inq. (the lack of reliable morphological criteria separating it from E. granulatus). We summarise the morphological, phylogenetic and biogeographic information for the West Palaearctic Echiniscus species, and conclude with a total of 21 valid and identifiable taxa. We predict this number will decrease further with solving the species delimitation issues within the Echiniscus blumi-canadensis complex. Among these 21 taxa, 13 species (62%) are to be found solely in the Western Palaearctic and/or entire Holarctic regions. This augments the many recent findings that tardigrades are typically biogeographically structured and form clearly defined faunae.

ԱՄԵՐԻԿՅԱՆ ԳՆԴԱՊԵՏ ՈՒԻԼՅԱՄ ՀԱՍԿԵԼԻ ԱՌԱՔԵԼՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՈՒՄ ԵՎ ԱՆԴՐԿՈՎԿԱՍՈՒՄ (1919 - 1920 ԹԹ.) / THE MISSION AMERICAN COLONEL WILLIAM HASKEL IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA AND THE TRANSCAUCASUS IN 1919 - 1920

American Colonel V. Gaskel from July 5, 1919 to August 17, 1920 was the High Commissioner of the Allies in the Transcaucasus and in the Republic of Armenia. The main concept for him was “divide and rule,” it is easy to make promises that will never be fulfilled, which clarifies the strategy of the American Colonel Gaskell, that he is just an obedient instrument of expressing the will of his government and the executor of his intentions, for which the Armenians should be are grateful to the “pro-Armenian” W. Wilson. Colonel Haskel, who is considered a supporter of the interests of Azerbaijan, with his pro-Azerbaijani position, could not realize the urgent foreign policy interests of Armenia – Karabakh - Artsakh, Nakhchivan and other controversial issues of territorial delimitation, contributed to the strengthening of Azerbaijan's position in the region, which ultimately led to the fall of the Republic of Armenia, and as a result Haskel hurriedly left Armenia, where he had nothing else to do.

КОМПАРАТИВІСТСЬКИЙ АНАЛІЗ ПОНЯТЬ «ПРАВОСУДДЯ» ТА «АДМІНІСТРАТИВНА ПРОЦЕДУРА» В АСПЕКТІ РОЗГЛЯДУ СПРАВ ПРО АДМІНІСТРАТИВНІ ПРАВОПОРУШЕННЯ

The article provides the comparison of the powers of the court and other public administration authorities in trying cases on administrative offenses. The attitude of some leading researchers who study the issues of administrative law and procedure to the concepts of «procedure» and «process» is demonstrated. The legislative ability to differentiate these concepts in the course of administrative proceedings and the position of the court of cassation in this matter are analysed. It is emphasized that practicing judges are insensitive to the issue of delimitation of rules of procedure and rules of process because of unimportance of delimitation for the fulfilment of tasks of the legal proceedings. It is summarized that the procedure is an integral part of the judicial proceeding, but the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses does not contain the rules of process. It is noted that the dichotomy of the nature of administrative offenses has led to trying administrative cases under the rules of criminal and administrative proceedings, including courts of different jurisdictions. The results of the study provided the grounds for the author to outline the fundamental difference between justice and administrative procedure through the category of equity. The author notes in the conclusions that the scope of authority sufficient to perform the task of proceedings in this category of cases is decisive for the formation of a range of subjects of law among public authorities regardless of the truth of any of the statements about the relationship between the concepts of «administrative process» and «administrative procedure». Accordingly, the issues of reassessment of this task in terms of protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as in terms of the criminal nature of some administrative offenses (full compliance with the law or the achievement of equality) require further research. Key words: equality, judicial proceedings, administrative offences, administrative tort relations, public administration authorities.

유엔해양법협약상 해양과학조사와 운용해양학 개념의 정합성에 관한 연구

The Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS) is difficult to amend flexibly, so it does not provide a clear legal basis for newly invented technology, equipment, or activities due to the development of science and technology. The concept of operational oceanography recently discussed is similar to marine scientific research(MSR) in UNCLOS, but it is confusing in interpretation because no clear terms are specified, so the international community's opinions on the concept of operational oceanography and applied law are divided. The purpose of this paper is not to define the legal definition of operational oceanography, but to identify problems that may be considered due to the legal ambiguity of operational oceanography and to predict how they can affect Korea. As a result, operational oceanography is likely to be used in “Lawfare”, the concept of ‘using law as a weapon', and it could affect countries with maritime boundary delimitation issues depending on the results of future international discussions. This situation is not irrelevant to Republic of Korea, and as an addition to this, this study tried to consider basic countermeasures.

Peace negotiations between Russia and Latvia in 1920: Premises, key issues, and outcomes

The conclusion of the Peace Treaty between Latvia and the RSFSR on August 11, 1920 marked an important stage both in the process of international recognition of Latvia and in the normalization of international relations in the region in general, and charted a new course of the foreign policy of the Soviet state. On the basis of a wide range of archival sources (transcripts of the plenary meetings of the RSFSR and Latvia delegations, the meetings minutes of the Soviet-Latvian boundary commission, etc.), as well as recent Russian and foreign historical researches, the paper examines a set of issues related to the conclusion of the Treaty. The key issues that predetermined the agenda of the Soviet-Latvian peace negotiations included border demarcation, the exchange of war prisoners, the return of property evacuated to Russia, the return of refugees and the establishment of procedures for citizenship option. The author notes that the issue of border delimitation and demarcation was one of the most controversial and painful during the negotiations. The ethnographic principle for future borders was inextricably linked with economic and military-strategic considerations. The author examines territorial concessions made by the RSFSR to Latvia and concludes that they served as a demonstration of the Soviet Russia readiness to take into account the territorial claims of the Baltic republics, which allowed it to achieve peace in the region and fix new borders, as well as to establish trade relations indispensable for the survival of a young Soviet state during the Civil War. At the same time, the Soviet representatives took a hard line on compensations for the damage caused during hostilities and the return of property evacuated from Latvia. The author concludes that the Soviet-Latvian treaty and similar treaties with other Baltic states not only enabled the establishment of a new balance of power in the East Baltic region for the interwar period and laid the foundation for the Soviet foreign policy towards the Baltic republics, but also served as a vivid example of realization of ‘the right of self-determination of peoples up to secession’. Finally, these treaties became one of the means to break the diplomatic isolation of Soviet Russia.

Taking risky actions as a basis for prosecuting the officials of the business company

On the basis of the conducted analysis, it has been concluded that the responsibility of the officials of entrepreneurial companies in modern law is studied in the context of corporate governance as one of the elements of the management and control system of companies and one of the means of ensuring their responsible management. At the same time, the issue of clear delimitation of powers between the bodies of an entrepreneurial company is closely related to the issue of liability of their officials to the company itself, since their liability always arises as a result of violation of the duties assigned to a particular body (to one or another official).
 It is the specific definition of the rights and obligations of persons performing the functions of the bodies of a business company, and their activities on behalf of the company in good faith and reasonably and without exceeding their powers that forms the basis for the stability of property and non-property corporate relations within the corporate governance of a business company.
 The essence of risky actions as grounds for bringing to responsibility of officials of an entrepreneurial company has been clarified. It has been concluded that, given the essence of the risky activities of an entrepreneurial company aimed at making a profit and its further distribution among the participants, the actions (inaction) of the participants of relations within the relevant legal entity contain risks of both economic and legal content. Such risks should be classified into justified and unjustified, which are associated with the further possibility of bringing to justice the persons guilty of causing damage to the participant of corporate legal relations. It has been emphasized that it is the justified nature of entrepreneurial risk in the actions of persons performing the functions of the bodies of an entrepreneurial company, and their reasonable, conscientious, with due care and prudence activity, as well as taking all measures for the proper performance of duties and prevention of adverse legal consequences for the company, allows o talk about their release from liability for damages.
 It has been noted that the legal mechanism of civil liability of officials to the business company for actions that are risky and may cause damage to the company needs to be improved in domestic law.

The Development of Framework Legal Regulation in the Field of Delimitation of Subjects of Jurisdiction and Powers of Federal Government Bodies of the Russian Federation and Its Subjects

The article analyzes individual legal acts regulating the issues of delimitation of the jurisdiction and powers of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of legal technique, in particular, the presence of elements of a framework legal regulation. Separate aspects of framework legal regulation from the point of view of constitutional law, the purpose of this study is to study the legal technique, tools of framework legal regulation. The mechanism of framework legal regulation exists in the field of delimitation of the subjects of jurisdiction and powers of federal government bodies and its subjects. From the point of view of legal technique, signs of framework legal regulation can be traced in the legislation of the USSR, however, conceptual changes in the development of federal relations began to occur at the end of the 20th century. An analysis of the legal acts that were signed before the popular vote on the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is essential in the process of determining the legal tools that the legislator used in regulating federal relations in the Russian Federation. Regulatory legal acts, including the Federal Treaty, were of great importance in the process of centralization of state power in our country, contributed to preventing the withdrawal of the autonomous union republics of the RSFSR from its composition. The Federal Treaty has certain features, on the technical and legal side, the text contains polysemy, relatively certain norms that create uncertainty in legal regulation, on the one hand, and on the other hand, in some Treaties there is a condition for further specification of legal relations, which allows taking into account the local features of the regions in further legal regulation. In complex states, the relationship between federal authorities and subjects of the federation is important, first of all, in order to carry out the functions of the state. From the point of view of the methodological concept of historicism, it is possible to explore the development of legal means of framework legal regulation, which were laid down during the formation and development of federal relations in Russia. Based on the results of the study, certain problems were identified, as well as generalizing conclusions were made.

Legal Status of the Caspian Sea: Gaps in the Convention Regime

The conclusion of the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea in 2018 was intended to put an end to a very long and difficult negotiation process to determine the legal regime for this closed water body, which has no natural connection with the World Ocean. The Convention was supposed to fill the gaps in the management of this water area that existed in the framework of the previous Soviet-Iranian agreements of 1921 and 1940, which were in force but not up to date, and to give all the Caspian states common and equal rights and powers to use and exploit the spaces and resources of this maritime region. However, up to 2022, the Convention has not entered into legal force, as one of the Caspian countries — the Islamic Republic of Iran — has not yet ratified this regional agreement, considering that it is the most disadvantaged party. Despite the resolution of the Caspian Sea seabed delimitation issues in its northern part in previous years, the problem of delimitation in its southern part may require both enormous efforts and time, further complicating the current situation. There is as yet no final understanding as to what delimitation models can be used here to satisfy the interests of all the states involved. Moreover, the implementation of the norms and provisions of the 2018 Convention requires the drafting and signing of new bilateral and multilateral documents that close a whole series of “gaps” in the proposed convention regime. In fact, the fate of the 2018 Convention depends on how these contradictions will be resolved. The analysis of these problems is the focus of this paper.

Шекараны зерттеудің теориялық тәсілдемелері

In the 21st century, border problems are of great importance for many people, as well as a century ago. Unfortunately, modern research gives priority to the theoretical aspect of analyzing the essence of borders and border processes, but not to the practical solution to border problems themselves. It should be noted that, at the initial stage of border research, it acquired a practice-oriented approach, where the research focused on studying the issues of border delimitation, settlement of border conflicts, etc. The article examines such traditional approaches as cartographic, classificatory, functional, political-geographical and postmodern approaches, which arose mainly in the 1990s and early 2000s. The author believes that traditional approaches have failed to answer the following questions: Why do zones that have been peaceful border zone for a long time turn into violent conflicts in a matter of days? Why do the government and society pay special attention to issues related to the state border? The aforementioned postmodern approaches were necessary to answer unanswered questions. Although the representatives of these approaches could not find a solution to all the contradictions of limology, the author concluded that both traditional and postmodern approaches have the potential to address issues such as delimitation, increasing the efficiency of cross-border cooperation, effective ways to strengthen border control and security, settlement border conflicts, non-violation of the interests and rights of people crossing the border

CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR RAPE: ANALYSIS OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE

The issue of qualification of criminal offenses against sexual freedom and sexual integrity became especially relevant after Ukraine had signed a number of international conventions and had made significant changes to the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The purpose of the scientific article is to highlight these issues and to form the legal guidelines for developing an unified approach to the qualification of these criminal offenses. During the research, empirical methods are used. These methods allow to study the case law and identify the main trends in the qualification of rape. Currently, the issue of qualification of the rape, committed combined with violence against the victim, is quite acute. In addition, there are problems in distinguishing related types of sexual crimi¬nal offenses and resolving the issue of qualification by a set of individual manifestations of criminal illegal behavior that encroaches on two of the most important social values – sexual freedom and sexual inviolability of a person. The analysis and generalization of judicial practice in the context of the amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which entered into force on January 11, 2019, is becoming especially relevant. Simply borrowing the provisions of the Istanbul Convention without implementing them into national law did not solve the existing problems. What is more, such a reckless step significantly complicated the issue of delimitation of criminal offenses that violate sexual freedom and sexual in¬violability, it caused problems of qualification of these criminal offenses and it broke the established legal approaches to resolving legal conflicts. This situation highlights the need to develop legal guidelines that will bring these issues closer to the legal field and stabilize judicial practice. Despite such progressive and cardinal influence of international law on national criminal law, we have received a rather “doubtful” legal basis for the protection of the most important social values – sexual freedom and sexual inviolability of a person, in terms of unambiguity, correctness and legal certainty. We can state the lack of an unified approach of the courts of Ukraine on the qualification of rape and other criminal offenses that violate sexual freedom and sexual inviolability of a person, against the background of legislative changes that entered into force on 11.01.2019. We consider it necessary to emphasize the need to generalize judicial practice and develop legal guidelines for the implementation of an unified approach to the qualification of these criminal offenses.

Issues of formation of the Kazakh-Russian border in the 1920s-1930s.

This article examines the problem of the formation of the border between Kazakh autonomy and the Russian Federation. During the critical period of the 1920s, when the issue of delimitation of territories was raised, the Kazakh lands were managed by several centers: Kirrevkom, Sibrevkom and Turkestan Republic. During this period there was an active activity of the Kazakh intelligentsia, which within the limits of their authority defended the territorial interests of the people, at that their unity in this matter was noted, despite the old ideological contradictions. It is necessary to note that the big contribution in business of inclusion of the native Kazakh lands and preservation of them as a part of new autonomy was made by many leaders of Alash movement. It was A. Baitursynov and M. Seralin who were able to defend the issue of the inclusion of Kustanai uyezd into the Kazakh ASSR. It is known that some of the Alash leaders for a positive solution of the territorial issue specifically went to Moscow for negotiations with Lenin and Stalin. As a result of their active position, most of the Kazakh territories were included in the Kazakh autonomy formed in 1920 on the terms of the Bolsheviks. In the 1930's the process of delimitation of lands between the Kazakh autonomy and the Russian Federation continued. During this period, the process of complete delimitation between the two Soviet republics went on gradually until it was formalized in the position that was fixed in 1936, when Kazakhstan received the status of a union republic. As a result of the activities of various administrative-territorial commissions, the border issue was almost completely resolved. However, some shortcomings, in the form of interspersions, remained. Thus, during the Soviet period the issue of territorial delimitation was not finally resolved.

High school or higher education institution?

The issue of delimitation of stylistics of contexts and spheres of use of terms “vysh” (high school) and “ZVO” (institution of higher education) is highlighted in their correlation with abbreviations of “vysh” and “ZVO”. The views of well-known linguists on the use of lexical units “vysh” (high school), “VUZ”, “VNZ” (higher education institution), “ZVO” (institution of higher education) in literary texts and everyday life are taken into account. The branch stratification and stylistic differentiation of the phrase “vysh” (high school), its fixation in lexicographic sources and the instability of stylistic affiliation according to various sources and comments of scholars are shown. The problem of differentiation of the above terms requires the method of context continuous sampling of use of these terms, the method of lexical-semantic and lexicographic analysis. Attention is focused on the ignorance of the mechanisms of creation of the abbreviated word “vysh” in the Ukrainian language, which causes its incorrect use in the media and indistinguishability of lexical units of uk. “vysh” and “ZVO” among specialists. The word “vysh” comes from the term “high school” and is actively used to denote higher education institutions. However, the terms “higher education institution” and “high school” are not absolute synonyms, as they are often opposed, but relative (partial), which have differences in use.Recommendations for the use of these lexical units in the linguistic style of informal (unofficial), semi-formal (semi-formal) business epistolary, and in the field of official document circulation are given. In the legal field and with official business documents, the official term “VNZ” (higher education institution) should be used. Instead, the abbreviation “vysh” can be used in informal or semi-formal business epistolary, in scientific and educational literature.

Від результату до ефективності: соціально-економічний контекст розбудови територій пріоритетного розвитку

The position of Ukraine on the world stage is determined by regional development, which increases the saturation and relevance of regional topic in scientific economic research. The acquisition of economic independence by the regions causes the need for reassessment of their position and place in the economic space. One of the instruments for improving the efficiency of regional development is the creation of priority development territories (PDT), which is based on special economic and legal regimes facilitating the intensification of investment activities, the creation of additional jobs, upgrading the standard of living of the population, the profitability of business entities, the completeness of local budgets, etc. The research is directed towards substantiating the theoretical and methodological principles and developing conceptual approaches to the efficiency of PDT development. The theoretical basis constituted the scientific works of domestic and foreign authors. In the process of research, the historical and logical method of general scientific cognition, system approach, analysis, induction, deduction were used. Generalization of different scientific points of view regarding the concepts of «result», «effect», «effectiveness», «efficiency» allowed to conclude that they have significant differences. It was observed that in modern science the issues of delimitation of these categories are debatable. In this regard, the subordination of the result, effect, effectiveness and efficiency is outlined. The author’s vision of the essence of socioeconomic efficiency of the territories of priority development is proposed, which means the state of social and economic conditions, as well as territorial disparities in development before and after the introduction of special economic and legal regimes. The author’s approach allows to expand the scientific vision of the essence and content of efficiency in contemporary realities. The conceptual provisions presented in the article form the basis for further systematization of the indicators of the result and content of effectiveness of improvement of priority development territories, which, in turn, be included in the basis of the methodology for assessing the efficiency of the development of PDT.

ВПЛИВ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ НА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

This paper investigates the role and impact of modern information technology on the activities of the enterprise. The existing scientific approaches to defining the concept of information technology (IT) are analyzed, and its own definition is given, according to which IT is the most modern information management tool that allows users and employees to collect, accumulate, process, organize, store and disseminate information in a convenient way. It is emphasized that modern management information technologies and systems allow to more quickly deliver important economic information to different levels of decision-making, rationally process it and systematize it. The main reasons that encourage the introduction of modern information technologies at enterprises are indicated. The logical and structural model of the mechanism of introduction of information technologies at modern enterprises is presented. The process of measuring informatization, which occurs on the basis of the scale of implementation of information technology in the management system of the organization is described. The perspectives of Ukraine to rise to the European level of informatization are outlined. The influence of modern information technologies both on the change of strategic plans of the enterprise and on the modernization of the work culture in general is revealed. It is substantiated that, first of all, the introduction of information technologies at the enterprise will solve the issues of delimitation of management zones, rationalization of the system of evaluation indicators, ensuring the relationship between operational, accounting and statistical accounting, rationalization of information flows, etc. The list of software for small and medium enterprises is given. And also, the criteria of economic, organizational, managerial, marketing and social effects of enterprise informatization are defined. It is determined that today a promising trend is the growing integration of modern information systems with analytical tools to improve the management of all types of business and business modeling.

A New Monograph on the History of the Russian-Chinese Border

The article is a review of the monograph by Alexander L. Anisimov and Alexander P. Kostyuchenko «The Demarcation of the Russian-Chinese Border in the Far East and the Participation of Border Guard Services in It: Historical Experience and the Present». The book highlights the problems of the history of border treaties, issues of demarcation and delimitation of the Russian-Chinese border, reflects the process of solving the border problem in the late XX — early XXI centuries.

Development of a Management Plan for the Municipal Ecological Structure

In a world increasingly urbanized, management of cities and spatial planning take an important place in political and technical concerns, and it is in this perspective that the Municipal Ecological Structure (MES) arises in Portugal’s urban planning system. However, this instrument still struggles with some delimitation, regulation and management issues, that challenge its implementation. In order to overcome these problems, this article wants to explore the designing hypothesis of a Management Plan for the Municipal Ecological Structure (MPMES). To support the plan, this study explores the role of ecosystem services and their potential to provide a vision of the value of Municipal Ecological Structure to the territories, to the people, and as an impulse for local sustainable economic growth. In order to gather insights on the contribution of the management plan for the Municipal Ecological Structure implementation, an approach was made, based on interviews, confronting visions and discourses, by planning experts’ contrasts with the stakeholders. Therefore, it was possible to identify, characterize and value the functions performed by the Municipal Ecological Structure of Sesimbra. Ultimately, the objectives, contents, development, approval and articulation with other territorial management instruments were identified as requirements for the Management Plan for the Municipal Ecological Structure development.