Isotonic Exercise Research Articles

Study on autonomic nervous system activity with compression socks on lower limbs in isotonic exercise

The benefits of exercise have been widely recognised for a long time. Exercise increases heart rate, in turn facilitating the effective flow of oxygen and blood around the body and enabling the muscles to use this oxygen and blood in economically beneficial ways. Dr Hideo Nakamura, Department of Health Promotion and Sports Science, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Japan, is exploring the importance of lower limb compression socks for measuring autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. ANS is a key regulator of the cardiovascular system and helps regulate heart rate and blood pressure. Nakamura is filling a research gap as there is little scientific consensus on the effects. A key focus for Nakamura and his team is on the significance of compression socks for sports to measure ANS activity with heart rate variability during exercise. Nakamura is building on previous studies utilising Tone-Entropy analysis, which is effective as it has high reproducibility and high reliability. Using this method, the researchers will explore mental stress, effects of exercise, pharmacological effects and meditation, among other things. The team used a bicycle ergometer to observe heart rate and ANS activity and found that rhythmic exercise could promote improved blood flow in the veins through compression of the lower limbs. Ultimately, the team hopes to define the subtle differences in parasympathetic nervous activity in individuals wearing compression socks.

Concentric and Eccentric Force Changes with Elastic Band and Isotonic Heavy Resistance Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundInclusion of resistance training as part of a general fitness program to improve health, and lower risk of disease and injury is well established. Two common options to improve strength are elastic bands and weights. Comparison between elastic bands (as the sole resistance) to isotonic strengthening for concentric and eccentric strength outcomes following the use of low repetitions/heavy resistance has not been reported.Hypothesis/PurposeThe purpose was to examine the effects of a four-week isotonic low repetitions/heavy resistance strengthening program compared to a low repetitions/heavy resistance elastic band strengthening program on shoulder external rotation, hip abduction, and elbow flexion concentric and eccentric isokinetic force production in college aged untrained females.Study DesignRandomized TrialMethodsTwenty healthy females performed pre-and-post isokinetic (60 degrees/second) concentric/eccentric testing of the elbow flexors, shoulder external rotators, and hip abductors. Participants were randomly assigned to a four-week independent low repetitions/heavy resistance strengthening program performed with either elastic bands or isotonic exercises.ResultsA significant (p < 0.05) effect of time was found for eccentric elbow flexor and concentric and eccentric hip abduction force production in the elastic band group with post-test values greater than pre-test values. A significant (p < 0.05) effect of time was found for elbow flexor concentric and eccentric force production in the isotonic group with post-test values greater then pre-test values. No significant (p>0.05) effect of time was found for shoulder external rotator concentric and eccentric forces for both groups, the isotonic group’s hip abduction concentric and eccentric force production and elastic band group’s elbow flexion concentric force production. No significant effect of intervention (p >0.05) on concentric or eccentric elbow flexors, shoulder external rotators, or hip abductors force production was found, with pre-test and post-test values being similar between groups.ConclusionHealth care practitioners and coaches can consider the prescription of a heavy resistance training program with elastic bands or isotonic exercises for an independent exercise program and expect similar concentric and eccentric muscle force changes.Level of EvidenceLevel 2b

소도구를 활용한 등장성운동이 통증척도 및 혈중지질에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 소도구를 활용한 등장성운동이 통증척도 및 혈중지질에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 일상 속에서 허리를 중심으로 만성통증을 호소하는 비만고령여성 22명(운동군 11명, 통제군 11명)을 대상으로 소도구를 활용하여 등장성운동을 실시하였다. 8주간의 소도구를 활용한 등장성운동 전과 후에 통증척도 및 혈중지질의 변화를 살펴 본 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 소도구를 활용한 등장성운동 전, 후에 통증척도에 유의한 변화를 나타냈다. 둘째 혈중지질 중 총콜레스테롤, 저밀도지단백, 중성지방에 대해 운동군과 통제군에서 유의한 상호작용을 나타냈다. 이는 소도구 를 활용한 등장성 운동이 통증척도 변화 및 혈중지질의 변화에 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 판단되며, 향후 다양한 소도구의 기능을 활용하여 신체활동개선 및 효과 검증을 위한 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

Additional decrease in fractional flow reserve in the left anterior descending artery after hand-grip exercise during pharmacological coronary hyperemia.

Maximal hyperemia at the time of fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurement is generally induced by vasodilators, even when hyperemia at the onset of angina symptoms is caused by exercise stress. This study was designed to evaluate whether pharmacological hyperemia could be used as a substitute for exercise-induced hyperemia during FFR measurement. Twenty-two patients with angiographically intermediate stenosis in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) were prospectively enrolled. FFR measurements were repeated in the following two conditions while the pressure-wire was positioned in the same segment; (1) during pharmacological hyperemia induced by intracoronary administration of 2mg nicorandil, (2) immediately after isotonic hand-grip exercise for 90s (50% of maximum voluntary contraction) followed by intracoronary administration of 2mg nicorandil. Isotonic hand-grip exercise increased systolic blood pressure (130 ± 19 versus 150 ± 22mmHg, p < 0.001), heart rate (71 ± 11 versus 79 ± 13bpm, p < 0.001), and cardiac output (5.1 ± 1.2 versus 5.9 ± 1.5 L/min, p < 0.001), which indicated an increased afterload on the left ventricle. After the hand-grip exercise, FFR significantly decreased from 0.86 ± 0.06 to 0.84 ± 0.06 (p < 0.001). A percent increase in systolic blood pressure and cardiac output after hand-grip exercise strongly correlated with ΔFFR (r = -0.65, p < 0.001 and r = -0.55, p < 0.001, respectively). An increase in cardiac output with hand-grip exercise during pharmacological hyperemia could induce an additional decrease in FFR for lesions located in the LAD.

Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Pathophysiological Perspective.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a multi-factorial disorder. Recently identified pathophysiological contributing factors include airway collapsibility, poor pharyngeal muscle responsiveness, a low arousal threshold, and a high loop gain. Understanding the pathophysiology is of pivotal importance to select the most effective treatment option. It is well documented that conventional treatments (continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), upper airway surgery, and dental appliance) may not always be successful in the presence of non-anatomical traits, especially in mild to moderate OSA. Orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) consists of isotonic and isometric exercises targeted to oral and oropharyngeal structures, with the aim of increasing muscle tone, endurance, and coordinated movements of pharyngeal and peripharyngeal muscles. Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of OMT in reducing snoring, apnea–hypopnea index, and daytime sleepiness, and improving oxygen saturations and sleep quality. Myofunctional therapy helps to reposition the tongue, improve nasal breathing, and increase muscle tone in pediatric and adult OSA patients. Studies have shown that OMT prevents residual OSA in children after adenotonsillectomy and helps adherence in CPAP-treated OSA patients. Randomized multi-institutional studies will be necessary in the future to determine the effectiveness of OMT in a single or combined modality targeted approach in the treatment of OSA. In this narrative review, we present up-to-date literature data, focusing on the role of OSA pathophysiology concepts concerning pharyngeal anatomical collapsibility and muscle responsiveness, underlying the response to OMT in OSA patients.

Safety and improvement in exercise tolerance with interval training vs moderate-intensity continuous training in heart disease patient of very high cardiovascular risk.

ResumenObjetivo:Evaluar la seguridad y el efecto del entrenamiento por intervalos de moderada y alta intensidad (EIMI, EIAI) y compararlo con el entrenamiento de intensidad moderada continua (EIMC) en pacientes de riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) muy alto.Método:Estudio cuasi experimental de 81 pacientes que ingresaron al programas de rehabilitación cardíaca y prevención secundaria (PRHCPS); en la estratificación de riesgo, todos los pacientes presentaron ≥ 2 factores de RCV alto. Entrenamiento concurrente: aeróbico supervisado: 2 semanas de entrenamiento de base de EIMC; luego el grupo EIMC con la misma prescripción, EIMI a 3 intervalos de 3’ al 70 a 80% de FCR con pausas activas de 3’ al 60 a 70% de FCR; EIAI, 3 intervalos de 3’ a 80 a 90% de FCR con pausas activas de 3’ al 70 a 80% de FCR, entrenamiento de fuerza con tres sesiones semanales de ejercicios isotónicos y una de calistenia e intervención multidisciplinaria.Resultados:81 pacientes asignados en tres grupos: 61 a EIMC, 13 a EIMI y 7 a EIAI, sin diferencias significativas en las variables epidemiológicas. Hubo ganancias porcentuales en MET-carga de 45%, 60% y 86% (p = 0.17) y carga-vatios de 51, 44 y 48 en EIMC, EIMI, EIAI, respectivamente (p = 0.54). A pesar de no existir diferencias estocásticamente significativas intergrupales, sí se registró una ganancia mayor en MET-carga en el grupo de EIAI. No se observó desenlace adverso en ningún tipo de entrenamiento.Conclusiones:En cardiópatas de riesgo cardiovascular muy alto, el entrenamiento interválico EIMI/EIAI supervisado es seguro, con tendencia a mayor ganancia en tolerancia al esfuerzo (MET-carga) con el EIAI en comparación con el EIMC.

The effect of supervised dynamic exercise program on somatosensory temporal discrimination in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.

Objectives This study aims to investigate the effect of a supervised dynamic exercise program on somatosensory temporal discrimination (STD) which indicates the central sensory processing ability.Patients and methods Forty-eight patients (mean age: 43 years; range, 19 to 64 years) with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) were included in this prospective, randomized study between April 2018 and October 2018. Demographics and clinical measurements were recorded. The STD threshold was measured by a researcher blinded to the treatment groups. After baseline assessments, the patients were randomized into two groups: the supervised exercise group (SEG) and the home exercise group (HEG) as the control group. The SEG performed submaximal aerobic exercise and low-medium resistant isotonic exercises under the supervision of a physiotherapist, 1-h per day, three days in a week for four weeks. The HEG was given a home-based exercise program consisting of low-to-medium resistance isotonic exercises and aerobic exercises 1-h per day, three days in a week for four weeks. After exercise program, clinical assessments and STD threshold measurement were repeated.Results Clinical and STD threshold measures improved significantly after four-week exercise program in both groups. The improvements in clinical measures were significantly higher in the SEG. However, there was no difference in the STD threshold improvement between the groups. No correlation was found between the STD threshold measure and clinical features in any patients.Conclusion Although a significant improvement was achieved in impaired STD threshold with SEG, it was not found to be superior to the amelioration observed with HEG.

Randomised, cross-over trial on the effect of isotonic and isometric exercise on pain and strength in proximal hamstring tendinopathy: trial protocol

BackgroundProximal hamstring tendinopathy (PHT) is a condition that occurs at all ages and levels of sporting participation. Presenting as localised lower buttock pain with tasks such as squatting and sitting,...

Neurophysiological aspects of isotonic exercises in temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome.

The aim of the study was to investigate the electroneurophysiological aspects of volunteers with temporomandibular disorders before and after performing isotonic exercises for pain relief and self-care guidelines. The study was a parallel controlled randomized controlled trial under protocol 1,680,920. The inclusion criteria were age between 18 and 60 years, muscle temporomandibular dysfunction with or without limitation of mouth opening and self-reported pain with scores between 4 and 10. The individuals were randomized into experimental group and control. Twenty-three volunteers participated in the study, most of then were female. Control group had 11 and experimental group 12 individuals. Dropouts occurred in both groups, two in the experimental group and three in the control group. Since there were an intergroup imbalance the power density was analysed just in experimental group. Electroencephalographic recording was performed before and after the interventions, using the 32-channel apparatus, with sample frequency of 600 Hz and impedance of 5 kΩ. The data were processed through the MATLAB computer program. The individual records filtered off-line, using bandpass between 0.5 and 50 Hz. Epochs of 1,710 ms were created and the calculation of the absolute power density calculated by means of the fast Fourier transform. The statistical approach was inferential and quantitative. The alpha power density analyzed presented a difference, but not significant, when compared in the two moments. According to this study, isotonic exercises performed to reduce pain provided a small increase in alpha power density in the left temporal, parietal and occipital regions.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Isotonic and Isometric Exercises on Balance and Ability in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Comparing the Effectiveness of Isotonic and Isometric Exercises on Balance and Ability in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Prevention of Quadriceps Inhibition is The Key to Achieve Movement of The Knee Joint After Total Knee Replacement and Lower End of Femur Surgery

Background: Knee stiffness and weakness of quadriceps is common after surgeries around knee and even after total knee replacement. Swelling and inflammation in the early phases after surgery may contribute to stiffness and arthrogenic muscle inhibition. Aggressive physiotherapy to regain range of motion and early isometric and isotonic exercises are indicated for prevention of complications. Material and method: This were a descriptive, cross-sectional study which included hundred patients (without any limit of age range) attending the orthopaedic physical therapy outpatient department of Positron Hospital were selected for this study. The subjects were assessed for quadriceps inhibition and knee range of motion. The patients were assessed one week, six weeks and 12 weeks post surgery. The patients underwent supervised physiotherapy till 6 weeks and were put on home exercise program for next 6 weeks. Results: The quadriceps inhibition in initial phase was about 25% and quadriceps inhibition in recovery phase remained only 5%. There was zero flexion deficit in 30%, 59% and 76% of patients in first week, sixth week and twelfth week respectively. Mean of flexion deficit in hundred patients were 15% in first week, 6.5% flexion deficit remained in sixth week and only 2.9%flexion deficit left in twelfth week. Conclusion: Quadriceps inhibition was seen in 25% patients. Quadriceps inhibition was not associated with gender or age. There was moderate to strong correlation between flexion deficit and quadriceps inhibition

Comparative effect of isotonic and isokinetic exercises on strengthening of injured knee ligament

Comparative effect of isotonic and isokinetic exercises on strengthening of injured knee ligament

Comparison of Body Composition Parameters in Swimmers and Non Swimmers: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Swimming is an inexpensive isotonic exercise that is useful for health promotion and prevention of disease. While studies based on body composition and swimming in India are few, the analysis of body composition parameters can provide accurate body assessment and serve as an ideal mode for fitness analysis and promotion of health. Aim: To assess the body composition, anthropometric and cardiac parameters of healthy swimmers and compare these variables with that of healthy non swimmers. Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India. Duration of study was from January 2017 to January 2018. A total 60 healthy individuals, 30 swimmers and 30 non swimmers were selected by simple random sampling method. Body composition parameters were estimated along with anthropometric measurements and cardiac parameters- height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Quantitative variables like body composition parameters were analysed using mean standard deviation and 95% confidential interval. Comparison of body composition parameters were analysed using independent t-test and significant level was kept at 5%. Results: The mean age of swimmers was 19.93±1.59 years and that of non swimmer subjects was 22.87±1.88 years. Body composition parameters included Body Fat Percentage (BFP p-value &lt;0.001), Fat Mass (FM p-value &lt;0.001) and Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR p-value &lt;0.001) were found to be significantly decreased (p-value &lt;0.05) in swimmers when compared to non swimmers. However, the Fat Free Mass (FFM p-value=0.13) and Fat Free Mass Index (FFMI p-value=0.22) were also decreased but comparable (p-value &gt;0.05). Weight and BMI along with pulse, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (p-value &lt;0.001) were lower in swimmers than non swimmers and statistically significant (p-value &lt;0.05) by independent t-test. Conclusion: The results indicated that, swimming can improve body composition parameters to a more healthy state and therefore can be advised as a form of regular physical activity with a goal to achieve ideal health and fitness.

Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques in treating chronic nonspecific low back pain patients

IntroductionAs one of the highly prevalent musculoskeletal disorders, low back pain incurs high medical care costs. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation has been used in treating chronic low back pain. This study aimed to investigate the effects of multiple proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques on endurance of the trunk musculature, spinal mobility, and impairment of function in cases of chronic low back pain.MethodsPatients in this study were randomly assigned into 3 groups. Group A received rhythmic stabilization training, group B received a combination of isotonic exercises, while group C received a combination of both rhythmic stabilization training and combination of isotonic exercises. Trunk endurance was evaluated with trunk flexion and trunk extension endurance tests, spinal mobility was assessed with a modified Schober test, and functional impairment was measured with Oswestry Disability Index.ResultsANOVA showed significant differences (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05) among the groups after treatment in the measured outcomes. Tukey’s honest significant difference post-hoc test revealed a highly statistically significant improvement in the measured outcomes of group C in comparison with the other groups in the post-intervention conditions.ConclusionsThe application of the rhythmic stabilization training technique of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation followed by a combination of isotonic exercises was more effective than implementing either technique alone in the treatment of patients with chronic low back pain.

Myofunctional therapy (oropharyngeal exercises) for obstructive sleep apnoea.

Myofunctional therapy (oropharyngeal exercises) for obstructive sleep apnoea.

Assessment of baroreceptor reflex sensitivity in young obese Saudi males at rest and in response to physiological challenges.

Autonomic imbalance in overweight/obese persons could lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular complications including hypertension and arrhythmias. Baroreceptor reflex sensitivity is a sensitive indicator to detect an altered sympathovagal balance in overweight/obese individuals. This study investigated the effects of overweight/obesity on baroreceptor sensitivity in young Saudi males at rest and in response to physiological challenges.Subjects and methodsIn this cross‐sectional study, spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity at rest and in response to deep breathing, isometric hand grip exercise and moderate intensity isotonic exercise were recorded in 20 normal weight and 20 overweight/obese subjects. Finger arterial blood pressure signal, recorded through Finometer, was used to calculate baroreceptor sensitivity through cross‐correlation method. The baroreceptor sensitivity data were log transformed before application of parametric tests.ResultsThe spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity was similar in both groups at baseline, but exhibited a significant increase during deep breathing only in normal weight (p < .001). Immediately after the isotonic exercise the baroreceptor sensitivity was significantly lower than baseline in both normal weight and overweight/obese and remained significantly lower in overweight/obese individuals compared to normal weight (p < .05) throughout the recovery period. There was a significant rise in baroreceptor sensitivity after isometric exercise in overweight/obese group only (p = .001). Pearson's correlation showed a significant negative correlation of baroreceptor sensitivity with body mass index during deep breathing (r = −.472, p = .004) and in post‐isotonic exercise recovery period (r = −.414, p = .013).ConclusionA significantly reduced baroreceptor sensitivity response to deep breathing, reduced baroreceptor sensitivity recovery after isotonic exercise, and an exaggerated shoot up after isometric exercise in overweight/obese suggests an altered sympathovagal balance. Baroreceptor sensitivity measurements in response to physiological challenges, deep breathing, and isotonic exercise, may be more sensitive investigations for detection of early attenuation of cardiac autonomic function. This would enable timely intervention thereby delaying complications and improving the quality of life.

Aplicații ale mobilizării orofaciale în contextul sindromului Down

The current study proposes an intervention of oral-motor techniques, targeting peripheral stimulation with central-level effects, where synaptic densification is expected to allow a more coordinated motor response, with positive outcomes on the speech inteligibility. The intervention techniques belong to quite different fields: myofunctional techniques (posture determination, isotonic exercises for the oral musculature), oro-facial massage according to the C. Morales method, passive stimulation with a vibrating instrument (z-vibe) and repetitions of diadokokinetics. An ABA (single-subject experiment) experimental design was created and implemented. The output evaluation was based on verbal material, structured from simple to complex (syllables, words, narrative structures) and presented either exclusively by auditory way or by auditory and visual ways.

Evidenced-Based Management of Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome

This paper aims to review the evidenced-based management of greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS). There are various studies evaluating greater trochanteric pain syndrome that illustrate the mainstay of treatment is activity modification with the implementation of isometric and isotonic exercise programs. If conservative care fails, short-term benefits can be seen with corticosteroid injections. More refractory cases of GTPS should be referred for diagnostic ultrasound evaluation to illustrate gluteal tendinosis that could benefit from a targeted treatment such as percutaneous tenotomy or orthobiologics. GTPS is a common cause of lateral hip pain that typically requires a multimodal diagnostic and therapeutic approach that should be individualized based on patient-centered care. Treatments should take into consideration the individual’s overall health to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that utilizes both conservative and interventional modalities to maximize recovery.

Rest/stress intradermal lymphoscintigraphy in diagnosis of lipedema.

Lipedema is a chronic and progressive disease characterized by a symmetrical and bilateral swelling of the lower extremities. In general, the feet are not involved. Lipedema is believed to affect nearly 1 in 9 adult women worldwide. Despite this relatively common disease, lipedema is often confused with primary lymphedema or obesity. In clinically advanced lipedema stages, fat continues to build up and may block the lymphatic vessels causing a secondary lymphedema (Lipo-Lymphedema). We consecutively evaluated 54 women with a clinical diagnosis of lower limbs lipedema. Two doses of 99mTc-nanocolloid were injected intradermally at the first intermetatarsal space and in the lateral malleolar area. Two static planar scans were taken at rest immediately following the intradermal injection. Subsequently, all patients were asked to perform an isotonic muscular exercise (stepping) for 2 min. Then, post exercise scans were performed to monitor the tracer pathway. Subsequently, the patient was asked to take a 30–40 min walk (prolonged exercise) and delayed scans were acquired. In early clinical stages, the lymphatic flow is usually preserved and the rest/stress intradermal lymphoscintigraphy may visualize a normal lymphatic drainage with a frequent pattern (tortuous course) of the leg lymphatic pathway. In clinically advanced stages, lymph stagnation areas were observed. Unlike obesity, lipedema fat storage is resistant to dietary regimen, bariatric surgery, and physical activity. Surgical treatment (tumescent liposuction and reductive surgery) is the most effective treatment to remove adipose tissue. Complex decongestive therapies are helpful in reducing the lymph stagnation, especially in patients with advanced lipolymphedema.

A systematic review with meta-analysis of the effects of arm exercise training programs on arteriovenous fistula maturation among people with chronic kidney disease.

This study systematically reviewed the evidence and quantified the effectiveness of arm exercise training programs, before and after arteriovenous fistula (AVF) operation on AVF maturation, among people with chronic kidney disease. Scopus, CINAHL, PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and reference lists were searched. Experimental studies that investigated the effect of arm exercise before and post-operation on AVF maturations were included. Screened and extracted data were administered by two independent reviewers. Seven studies with preoperative exercise were included in a systematic review, while five studies were analyzed in a meta-analysis. Preoperative exercise significantly increased vessel diameters and grip strength after training. Postoperative exercise had higher clinical and ultrasonographic (US) maturation rates and arterial blood flow than controls (risk ratio [RR], 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.69; RR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.02-1.57; weight mean difference, 166.03; 95% CI, 27.58-304.49, respectively). Subgroup analysis showed that isometric exercise training promoted clinical and US maturations (RR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.51-3.82; RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.02-2.30, respectively), whereas isotonic exercise promoted clinical maturation (RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.03-1.34). Grip strength had a greater trend in the intervention group than controls (standardized mean difference, 0.59; 95% CI, -0.06 to 1.25). In conclusion, arm exercise training improves vascular function, which is essential before surgery. The meta-analysis suggested that arm exercise training promotes AVF clinical and US maturations after surgery. Subgroup analysis suggested that isometric-arm exercise training may have a larger effect on AVF maturation. However, more studies are needed to draw a solid conclusion.