Isolation Of Polysaccharides Research Articles

Isolation, structural characterization and anti-oxidant activity of a novel polysaccharide from garlic bolt

Allium sativum L. is a widely distributed plant used as a spice, vegetable and medicine. In this study, one novel water-soluble polysaccharide (GBP-1a), with a molecular weight of 15.0 kDa, was isolated from the scape of A. sativum (garlic bolt). GBP-1a consists of galactose, glucose and arabinose at a ratio of 73.29:4.36:1.70. It has a backbone, which is composed of 1,4-linked Galp, with 1,2,6-linked Galp branches and 1-linked Glcp residue. In addition, the anti-oxidant activities of GBP-1a, as well as the two main polysaccharide fractions on ABTS radicals, metal ions and superoxide anion radicals, were evaluated in vitro. This study added new data to the study of polysaccharides from garlic bolt.

Bioactivity-guided investigation for isolation and immunoregulatory potential of polysaccharides from Dendrobium chrysotoxum stems

A new immunoregulatory polysaccharide (DCP-W4) with a relative molecular mass of 1.37 × 104 Da was separated and purified from the stems of Dendrobium chrysotoxum under the guidance of immunoregulatory activity assay based on the small intestinal Peyer’s patch-mediated proliferation of bone marrow cells. Analysis of physicochemical features showed that DCP-W4 was a glucomannan consisting of glucose and mannose in a molar ratio of 3.0 : 1.0. Oral administration of mice suggested that DCP-W4 could significantly influence the body’s immune activity, which was evidenced by its ability to change the indexes of immune organs including spleen and thymus, the proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by the supernatant of Peyer’s patch cells, the balance of Th1/Th2 through effectively regulating the secretion and ratio of IFN-γ and IL-4, the proportion and differentiation status of different immune cells including T-cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, and the production of sIgA as well as β-defensins and mucin-2 in the small intestine or in the spleen of mice. These results indicated that DCP-W4 was a polysaccharide with a hopeful potential for the modulation of intestine immune system and systemic immune system.

Isolation, Characterization, and Medicinal Potential of Polysaccharides of Morchella esculenta.

Mushroom polysaccharides are active medicinal compounds that possess immune-modulatory and anticancer properties. Currently, the mushroom polysaccharides krestin, lentinan, and polysaccharopeptides are used as anticancer drugs. They are an unexplored source of natural products with huge potential in both the medicinal and nutraceutical industries. The northern parts of Pakistan have a rich biodiversity of mushrooms that grow during different seasons of the year. Here we selected an edible Morchella esculenta (true morels) of the Ascomycota group for polysaccharide isolation and characterization. Polysaccharopeptides and polysaccharides from this mushroom were isolated using the green chemistry, hot water treatment method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the sugar nature and possible beta-glucan type structure of these polysaccharides. Antioxidant assays showed that the deproteinized polysaccharides have moderate free radical scavenging activity. These isolated polysaccharides exhibited good acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) inhibition activities. Therefore, these polysaccharides may be valuable for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Further bioassays are needed to discover the true potential of M. esculenta polysaccharides for medicinal purposes.

Isolation and Characterization of Polysaccharides Purified from Brown Alga Sargassum horneri

Isolation and Characterization of Polysaccharides Purified from Brown Alga Sargassum horneri

Response surface optimization of polysaccharide extraction from Galla Chinensis and determination of its antioxidant activity in vitro

Galla Chinensis was a traditional Chinese medicine used as an ingredient in many prescriptions for the treatment of oxidant damage-associated symptoms in China. The current research on the isolation of polysaccharides from Galla Chinensis and their antioxidant activities still remain as an ongoing challenge. The purpose of this study is to develop an isolation technique for polysaccharides from Galla Chinensis and determine their antioxidant properties in vitro. An ultrasonic-assisted method of polysaccharides extraction from Galla Chinensis were firstly developed and the key parameters were optimized response surface analysis as crushing degree 100 mesh, ultrasonic time 20 min, and materials/liquid ratio 1: 40. The polysaccharides presented dose-dependent antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects in DPPH, ABTS, total antioxidant and Iron ion reduction assays. Moreover, it also demonstrated an effective protective effect for human under H2O2-induced oxidative damage on human embryonic kidneyfibroblast 293 and hepatoma 7721 cells by cell proliferation assay. The study firstly determined the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Galla Chinensis, thus providing a new natural resource for future investigation and development of the polysaccharides-based antioxidant drugs, health products or addictives.

Isolation and structural characterization of mucilaginous polysaccharides obtained from the seeds of Cassia uniflora for industrial application

In present study we explored powder of mucilaginous polysaccharides obtained from seeds of Cassia uniflora by determining its physicochemical, thermal, phytochemical, spectrophotometric and micrometric properties. The probable structure of isolated mucilaginous polysaccharide was determined using FTIR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, which demonstrated that the Cassia uniflora seed mucilage is rich in the polysaccharides residues (β-d-glucose) in the pyranose form. The mucilage was also explored for its gelling ability. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate the mucilage was amorphous in nature. This enables its application as a gelling agent in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries. It exhibits gelling ability at 1% w/w concentration. The mucilage exhibited swelling as well as pseudo plastic behaviour and good micrometric properties. Texture profile analysis of (3% w/w) prepared gel showed comparable properties of hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess and springiness to standard tragacanth. These features allow its application in food matrices and in pharmaceutical as a gelling and thickening agent.

Utilizing relative ordered structure theory to guide polysaccharide purification for structural characterization

While polysaccharides are the most abundant biomacromolecules widely distributed in nature, little is known in their chemical structures and functional mechanism. Compared with DNA and protein, polysaccharides possess more complex structures and composition with various molecular size, conformational shape and charge characteristic. Currently, the lack of a uniform and clear consensus of polysaccharide purity leads to low accuracy of structural analysis. In the present study, a new theory on polysaccharide purification named as “relative ordered structure” was proposed, which was used to purify the water-extracted polysaccharides from Hypsizygus marmoreus (SHMP), successfully giving five purified sub-fractions. Results showed that their major chemicals were similar, while molecular weights, monosaccharide compositions, surface morphology, solution properties as well as their structural features enormously varied. Methylation and 1D/2D NMR analysis indicated the presence of α-glucans, fucomannogalactans and galactoglucan in SHMP, further confirming the feasibility of this theory in isolation and purification of natural polysaccharides. Based on the results and previous reports, this work aims to introduce and generalize the “relative ordered structure” theory. Altogether, structural characterization of polysaccharides cannot simply “copy” the techniques on protein, more theories and methodology applicable to polysaccharide itself should be established.

Isolation of an acidic polysaccharide from the flowers of Leucosceptrum canum Smith and its immunomodulatory activity evaluation

A water-soluble polysaccharide (LCP-05) was isolated from the flowers of Leucosceptrum canum Smith. LCP-05 was an acidic polysaccharide with a molecular weight of approximately 8.9 kDa. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that LCP-05 was composed of Man, Rha, GlcA, GalA, Glc, Gal and Ara in a molar ratio of 0.83:1.68:0.33:2.15:1.00:1.45:1.22. The framework of LCP-05 was speculated to be a branched rhamnogalacturonan with the backbone consisting of α-1,2,4-linked Rhap and α-1,4-linked GalAp, and bearing branches at the O-4 position of the Rha residues. The side chains are terminated primarily with the Araf and Glcp residues. LCP-05 was found to be able to significantly induce the production of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW 264.7 cells, and to induce RAW 264.7 cell's suppressive effect on both cell growth and cell migration of 4 T1 mammary breast cancer cells.

Exploiting the Amazing Diversity of Natural Source-Derived Polysaccharides: Modern Procedures of Isolation, Engineering, and Optimization of Antiviral Activities.

Naturally occurring polysaccharide sulfates are highly diverse, owning variations in the backbone structure, linkage pattern and stereochemistry, branching diversity, sulfate content and positions of sulfate group(s). These structural characteristics bring about diverse sulfated polymers with dissimilar negative charge densities and structure–activity relationships. Herein, we start with a short discussion of techniques needed for extraction, purification, chemical sulfation, and structural characterization of polysaccharides. Processes of isolation and sulfation of plant-derived polysaccharides are challenging and usually involve two steps. In this context, we describe an integrated extraction-sulfation procedure that produces polysaccharide sulfates from natural products in one step, thereby generating additional pharmacological activities. Finally, we provide examples of the spectrum of natural source-derived polysaccharides possessing specific features of bioactivity, in particular focusing on current aspects of antiviral drug development and drug–target interaction. Thus, the review presents a detailed view on chemically engineered polysaccharides, especially sulfated derivatives, and underlines their promising biomedical perspectives.

Optimization of Value Added Products from under-Utilized Tamarind Kernel Powder

Aim: To develop value added products from Tamarind kernel powder (TKP).
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Community Science College and Research Institute, Madurai.
 Methodology: The nutritional value of TKP and the potential of TKP as a food additive were investigated. The TKP and commercial additives were experimented under the refrigerated and room temperature for their viscosity properties in order to identify the potential of TKP as a thickening agent. Standardization for the level of incorporation was done in Mango smoothie using TKP as thickening agent in the rate of T1-0.25%, T2-0.50%, T3-0.75%, T4-1.00%.
 Results: The performance of TKP as thickening agent was not considerably higher. Its performance was not significantly higher on comparison with commercial thickening agents. Xanthan gum ranked high among all the additives in terms of thickening property. Among the different incorporations of tamarind kernel powder T4 performed best in terms of viscosity.
 Conclusions: The results indicate that TKP have poor thickening property. To improve this property the TKP can be subjected to structural modification and isolation of polysaccharide which would yield better results. TKP as a food additive replacing conventional food additives will be a great boom to the food industry. There will be increase in anti-oxidant and phytochemical property of the resultant product.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF EXPRESS PROCEDURE FOR ISOLATION AND QUANTITATIVE DE-TERMINATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES FROM HIGH DEVISIL ROOTS

The aim of the study was to develop and validate an express procedure for the isolation and quantification of water-soluble polysaccharides from high devisyl roots (Ínula helenium L.). In order to accelerate the process of extracting biologically active substances from the roots of high devisil, as well as to increase the yield of water-soluble polysaccharides, it was decided to use an ultrasonic bath. By varying the process parameters, it was possible to select optimal extraction conditions of water-soluble polysaccharides of high-grade roots under ultrasound treatment conditions: raw material grinding 0.5–1.0 mm, temperature – 80 °C, extraction multiplicity – 3, extraction duration – 15 min, ultrasound frequency – 35 kHz, ratio of raw material to extractor 1 g per 15 ml. The proposed technique allows to intensify the process of preparing polysaccharides water-soluble from roots high and to reduce the time spent on it up to 4-5 hours, as well as to increase the yield of the product up to 31.6% in terms of absolutely dry raw materials. The developed method is precise under the conditions of repeatability, correct, stable and has a rather strict linear dependence of the sediment mass on the analysed raw material mass at gravimetric determination of polysaccharides water-soluble in the roots of high devisil. The technique can be used for express analysis of high devasil roots quality, as well as for industrial production of water-soluble polysaccharides from this kind of raw material.

Isolation of Crude Polysaccharides from Russula senecis (Agaricomycetes): Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Immune-Enhancing Properties

Isolation of Crude Polysaccharides from Russula senecis (Agaricomycetes): Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Immune-Enhancing Properties

Potential Use of Anti-Inflammatory Synthetic Heparan Sulfate to Attenuate Liver Damage.

Heparan sulfate is a highly sulfated polysaccharide abundant on the surface of hepatocytes and surrounding extracellular matrix. Emerging evidence demonstrates that heparan sulfate plays an important role in neutralizing the activities of proinflammatory damage associate molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are released from hepatocytes under pathological conditions. Unlike proteins and nucleic acids, isolation of homogenous heparan sulfate polysaccharides from biological sources is not possible, adding difficulty to study the functional role of heparan sulfate. Recent advancement in the development of a chemoenzymatic approach allows production of a large number of structurally defined oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides are used to probe the physiological functions of heparan sulfate in liver damage under different pathological conditions. The findings provide a potential new therapeutic agent to treat liver diseases that are associated with excessive inflammation.

Isolation and Purification of Polysaccharides from Litchi Seeds, with an Analysis of in Vitro Hypoglycemic Effect

Polysaccharides from litchi (Litchi chinensis) seeds were isolated and purified using ion exchange column chromatography. Molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides and monosaccharides were detected. Preliminary structural characterisation of polysaccharides was conducted using infrared, nuclear magnetic, and other spectroscopy techniques in combination with methylation analysis. In vitro cell culture experiments were designed to detect the effects of polysaccharides on cell growth and cellular glucose consumption. We extracted and analysed three polysaccharides from litchi seed. Monosaccharide composition and infrared spectroscopy detection showed that the skeleton structure of polysaccharides consisted of glucose and mannose. Polysaccharides 1 and 2 are similar and have relatively high glucose content (around 70%); polysaccharide 3 has 39.17% glucose only but is rich in arabinose (about 21.03%). In a certain range of use (50~1000 μg ml–1), polysaccharides 1 and 2 have no significant impacts on cell growth, while polysaccharide 3 can promote proliferation to some extent. All three polysaccharides can promote in vitro cellular glucose consumption, especially polysaccharide 3, which shows the strongest promotion, a significant dose effect, and synergistic effect with insulin. The above results highlight important roles of litchi seed polysaccharides in promoting cell growth and validate litchi seed polysaccharides as potential drugs for hypoglycaemia.

Isolation and structure elucidation of polysaccharides from fruiting bodies of mushroom Coriolus versicolor and evaluation of their immunomodulatory effects

Coriolus versicolor is an edible medicinal mushroom in China. Two polysaccharides, named as CVPn and CVPa were separated from the dried fruiting bodies of Coriolus versicolor by water extraction and ethanol precipitation. Their chemical structures were well elucidated with overall consideration of monosaccharide composition, methylation analysis and 1D/2D-NMR spectra data. The bioactivities on RAW 264.7 macrophages cells were evaluated, and further structure-bioactivity relationships were concluded. With molecular weight of 29.7 kDa for CVPn and 50.8 kDa for CVPa, the two isolated polysaccharides were both composed of (l → 4)-β-/(1 → 3)-β-d-glucopyranosyl group as backbone with branches attached at O-6 site. Comparing to CVPn, CVPa with relative high molecular weight and less branches showed significant induction of NO production, obvious augmentation of iNOS and TNF-α mRNA expression level, and phagocytosis on RAW 264.7 cells. These results clarified that CVP polysaccharides with less branches and high molecular weight possessed enhanced immunomodulatory ability, and this finding could be a reference for the utilization of Coriolus versicolor.

α-glucosidase Inhibition, DPPH Scavenging and Chemical Analysis of Polysaccharide Extracts of Aquilaria sp. Leaves

Aquilaria sp. belongs to Thymelaeaceae family. This genus produces a unique fragrant wood locally known as ‘gaharu’. It is well known for usages in aromatherapy while very few scientific evidence on its usage as herbal medicine have been published. The current study was therefore conducted to determine the chemical characteristics as well as antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition potential of carbohydrate-rich extracts (aqueous and polysaccharide extracts) of three Aquilaria species leaves (A. malaccensis, A. sinensis and A. subintegra). The isolation of polysaccharide (PS) from the aqueous extract (AE) was conducted by ethanol precipitation prior to ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The total phenolic content (TPC), proximate and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were carried out to investigate the chemical characteristics, while the bioactivities determined were 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibition. As a result, AE of A. malaccensis leaves showed the strongest α-glucosidase (IC50: 0.094 mg/mL) and DPPH (IC50: 0.094 mg/mL) inhibition while contained more TPC (61.16 mg GAE/g) compared to other two species. Furthermore, PS of A. malaccensis leaves displayed even stronger α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50: 0.014 mg/mL) compared to its respective AE and other PS. In conclusion, this study primarily revealed the scientific evidence on the bioactive potential of PS of Aquilaria sp.

Biological Properties of Silver Nanoparticles from β (1-3) Glucan Isolated from the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus florida

Pleurotus florida of the genus Pleurotus is a delicious edible mushroom with high therapeutic potential. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are gaining a lot of importance nowadays because of their wide industrial and biomedical applications. Capping of AgNPs with polysaccharides, the most potent mushroom derived metabolites, is promising towards natural drug development for free radical-induced ailments. In the present investigation, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using β-glucan isolated from P. florida, and their antioxidant properties were studied. Polysaccharide (PS) isolation was carried out by hot water extraction, alcohol precipitation, deproteinization, and dialysis. Preliminary characterization of PS by Anthrone, Lowry’s method, Paper Chromatography, and FT-IR showed that PS is protein-bound β-(1-3) - Glucan. Synthesis of Silver nanoparticle from PS (PS-AgNPs) was confirmed by UV spectroscopy. Antioxidant properties of PS and PS-AgNPs were evaluated by Total antioxidant capacity assay, DPPH assay, Total reducing power, and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Both PS and PS-AgNPs showed profound antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner, and PS-AgNPs was more active than PS. The highest activity was shown in Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay in which PS and PS-AgNPs showed 81.8% and 89.4% activity, respectively, at the highest tested dose. The present study revealed the possible use of P. florida in antioxidant drug development.

Isolation, purification, characterization, and immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula on RAW264.7 macrophages.

Auricularia auricula polysaccharide (AAP) was isolated by hot-water extraction and purified to evaluate its structural and immunomodulatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages. The results show that three kinds of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides (c-AAP) were obtained and named as AAP-I, AAP-II, and AAP-III Their further purification found that AAP-I and AAP-II were glycoproteins, and only AAP-III was a pure polysaccharide, which we named AAP for further experiments. Structural characteristics revealed that AAP was a homogeneous galactan comprising mannose, rhamnose, gluconic acid, glucose, galactose, arabinose, and fucose in a molar ratio of 5.02:0.9:0.12:4.48:0.37:1.0:0.36, and the average molecular weight is approximately 23.51kDa. Methylation analysis revealed that AAP mainly consisted of 1,4-linked-Glcp, 1,4,6-linked-Glcp, terminal Glcp, 1,4-linked-Manp, 1,2,6-linked-Manp, and terminal Arap. Furthermore, the in vitro immunomodulatory activities of AAP were evaluated by cell proliferation, NO production, and phagocytic ability using RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The results show that AAP not only promoted the activation of macrophages but also provided a scientific basis for the further use of AAP. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Three water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from Auricularia auricula of Changbai Mountain, two of which contained binding proteins. Determination of molecular weight, structure, and immunoreactivity of pure polysaccharide components. The result clearly demonstrated the benefits of this plant as a healthy functional food.

Ultrafiltration isolation, physicochemical characterization, and antidiabetic activities analysis of polysaccharides from green tea, oolong tea, and black tea.

Both fermentation degree and preparation method of polysaccharides could influence the bioactivity of tea polysaccharides. The aim of this study was to compare the physicochemical characterization and biological activities of the polysaccharides isolated by ultrafiltration method from three kinds of tea (green tea, oolong tea, and black tea). The bioactivities of tea polysaccharide fractions were compared from four aspects, including antioxidant activities, antiglycation activities, α-glucosidase inhibitory capability, and hypoglycemic effects on L6 myotubes. Results showed that six polysaccharides (GTPS1, GTPS2, OTPS1, OTPS2, BTPS1, and BTPS2) had different contents of neutral sugar and uronic acid, and they showed different morphologies. Six polysaccharides were composed of the seven monosaccharides with different molar ratios. BTPS1 exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (P < 0.05), and BTPS1 also showed the strongest antiglycation inhibitory effects (P < 0.05). BTPS1 and BTPS2 showed strong inhibitory capacity on α-glucosidase and hypoglycemic effects in L6 skeletal muscle cells. The result suggested that the degree of fermentation of tea could improve their bioactivities (BTPS > OTPS >GTPS), and TPS1 with smaller molecular weight distribution showed higher bioactivities than TPS2. This study can provide a scientific foundation for the application of tea polysaccharides and related functional products.

Facile Mechanical-Induced Functionalization of Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Its Application as Vehicles for Antibacterial Essential Oil

Herein, we report a novel type of functionalized hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) materials as vehicles for the delivery of volatile tea tree oil (TTO) to address the challenges in bacterial infection by killing germs without using antibiotics. For the sake of improving aqueous dispersity, biocompatibility, and effective utilization, h-BN was simultaneously exfoliated and functionalized via mixed ball milling with polysaccharide (carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC) and soy protein isolate (SPI). The CMC-SPI-assisted mechanical-induced method endowed the resultant good and stable aqueous dispersity. The mechanical force-induced exfoliation and noncovalent bonding between CMC and SPI incorporated into boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) promoted the curling and peeling of BNNS surfaces and formed orderly layered nanochannels, which provided the nanoconfinement effect as vehicles for TTO retention and transportation. Such vehicles achieved a high loading capacity for TTO with a value of 359 mg g–¹ and exhibited a long-term sustained-release behavior fitting with the Korsmeyer–Peppas release kinetics model indicative of the Fick diffusion mechanism, owing to the hydrogen bond, π–π stacking, and hydrophobic interactions as well as the strong interfacial interaction between vehicles and essential oils. Furthermore, we also demonstrated the proof of concept for the antibacterial activity of TTO-loaded CMC-SPI-BNNS vehicles through larger inhibition zones and a higher minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value against Escherichia coli (E. coli) compared to pure TTO, indicating that CMC-SPI-BNNS protects the active ingredient and exhibits a more excellent effect. Overall, this study provides a facile method for simultaneous exfoliation and functionalization of boron nitride materials with intriguing properties that can be an effective and promising approach for the delivery of volatile essential oils for antibacterial infection.