Isolation Of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria Research Articles

Multi-drug resistant bacteria predict mortality in bloodstream infection in a tertiary setting in Tanzania.

Bloodstream infections (BSI) are serious and life-threatening, associated with high mortality and morbidity. In resource-limited settings, there is a paucity of data on predictors of outcome in patients with BSI. This study aimed at examining the predictors of mortality in patients with BSI as well as bacteria causing BSI. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Muhimbili National Hospital between April and May 2018. Blood culture results from all inpatients at the clinical microbiology laboratory were recorded and clinical information was retrieved retrospectively from the files. Bacteria from positive blood culture were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed. The overall prevalence of BSI was, 46/402 (11.4% 95% CI 8.6-15), with a case fatality rate of 37%. There was a significantly high rate of BSI in patients who had died (19.5%) compared to those who survived (9.2%) p = 0.008. Gram-negative bacteria (74%) were the common cause of BSI, with a predominance of Enterobacteriaceae (22), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11). The majority of bacteria (70.5%) isolated from patients with BSI were Multi-drug resistant (MDR). Forty-six percent of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to meropenem while 68% (15/22) of Enterobacteriaceae were extended-spectrum β lactamase producers. Carbapenemase production was detected in 27% (3/11) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one Proteus mirabilis. Forty percent of Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Positive blood culture (aOR 2.24, 95%CI 1.12-4.47, p 0.02) and admission to the intensive care unit (aOR 3.88, 95%CI 1.60-9.41, p = 0.003) were independent factors for mortality in suspected BSI. Isolation of MDR bacteria was an independent predictor for mortality in confirmed BSI (aOR 15.62, 95%CI 1.24-161.38, p = 0.02). The prevalence of BSI was 11.4%, with the majority of bacteria in BSI were MDR. Positive blood culture, admission to the ICU and MDR were predictors for mortality.

Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Among Culture Isolates at University of Gondar, Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a Five-Year Retrospective Study.

Updated information on multidrug-resistant bacteria is essential because multidrug-resistant bacteria are one of the most important current threats to public health and prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria varies from time to time. A large number of people die annually due to infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens, with millions more suffering from serious infectious complications. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of multidrug-resistant bacteria isolates among culture requested patients at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on all culture-positive patients' results at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Of the 2,161 bacterial isolates, the overall prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria was 40.5% (876/ 2,161). The multidrug-resistance rate of Gram-negative bacteria was 52.4% (493/942) and Gram-positive bacteria was 31.4% (383/1,219). From all isolates, 22.3% (481/2,161) were from wound discharge followed by 19.57% (428/ 2,161) from blood and 18.14% (224/2,161) from urine. The predominant bacteria isolated were S. aureus (44.1% (952/2,161)) followed by E. coli (16.6% (359/2,161)), Klebsiella species (13.2% (179/2,161)), and Citrobacter (4% (86/2,161)). The isolates showed high levels of resistance to ampicillin (81.99% (692/844)), cotrimoxazole (66.62% (531/797)), and penicillin (62.66% (381/608)) and lower resistance to vancomycin (6.79% (46/677)), amikacin (20% (18/95)), and nitrofurantoin (20.90% (21/110)). Primary MDR isolates were Serratia species (83.3% (5/6)), Enterobacter species (66.7% (20/30)), Klebsiella pneumonia (65.3% (89/176)), and Enterococcus species (57.1% (8/14)). The majority of MDR isolates were from inpatients (58.6% (p-value < 0.0001)), males (53.77%), age group < 2 years (30.7%), and blood sample (25.22%). A higher level of resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, penicillin and lower level of resistance to vancomycin, amikacin, and tobramycin were detected. Slightly lower overall rates of multidrug-resistant bacteria are isolated and a higher resistance rate is observed on Serratia species, Enterobacter species, K. pneumonia, Enterococcus species, and E. coli. Hospital admission is highly associated with the isolation of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Hence patient hospital stay should be considered in the prevention of multidrug resistant bacterial infections.

Structural characterization of scorpion peptides and their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Scorpion venom peptides represent a novel source of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with broad-spectrum activity. In this study, we determined the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of three scorpion AMPs, Uy234, Uy17, and Uy192, which are found in the venomous glands of the Urodacus yaschenkoi scorpion, against the clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. In addition, we tested the activity of a consensus AMP designed in our laboratory based on some previously reported IsCT-type (cytotoxic linear peptide) AMPs with the aim of obtaining higher antimicrobial activity. All peptides tested showed high antimicrobial activity against MDR clinical isolates, with the highest activity against β-hemolytic Streptococcus strains. The hemolytic activity was determined against human red blood cells and was significantly lower than that of previously reported AMPs. The α-helical structure of the four AMPs was confirmed by circular dichroism (CD). These results suggest that the four peptides can be valuable tools for the design and development of AMPs for use in the inhibition of MDR pathogenic bacteria. A clear index of synergism and additivity was found for the combination of QnCs-BUAP + Uy234, which makes these peptides the most promising candidates against pathogenic bacteria.

Antimicrobial Blue Light Inactivation of Microbial Isolates in Biofilms.

Biofilms cause more than 80% of infections in humans, including more than 90% of all chronic wound infections and are extremely resistant to antimicrobials and the immune system. The situation is exacerbated by the fast spreading of antimicrobial resistance, which has become one of the biggest threats to current public health. There is consequently a critical need for the development of alternative therapeutics. Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) is a light-based approach that exhibits intrinsic antimicrobial effect without the involvement of exogenous photosensitizers. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial effect of this non-antibiotic approach against biofilms formed by microbial isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Microbial isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, MRSA, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis were studied. Biofilms were grown in microtiter plates for 24 or 48 hours or in the CDC biofilm reactor for 48 hours and exposed to aBL at 405 nm (60 mW/cm2 , 60 or 30 minutes). The anti-biofilm activity of aBL was measured by viable counts. The biofilms of A. baumannii, N. gonorrhoeae, and P. aeruginosa were the most susceptible to aBL with between 4 and 8 log10 inactivation after 108 J/cm2 (60 mW/cm2 , 30 minutes) or 216 J/cm2 (60 mW/cm2 , 60 minutes) aBL were delivered in the microplates. On the contrary, the biofilms of C. albicans, E. coli, E. faecalis, and P. mirabilis were the least susceptible to aBL inactivation (-0.30, -0.24, -0.84, and -0.68 log10 inactivation, respectively). The same aBL treatment in biofilms developed in the CDC biofilm reactor, caused -1.68 log10 inactivation in A. baumannii and -1.74 and -1.65 log10 inactivation in two different strains of P. aeruginosa. aBL exhibits potential against pathogenic microorganisms and could help with the significant need for new antimicrobials in clinical practice to manage multidrug-resistant infections. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Isolation of multidrug-resistant bacteria from the hospital environment

Antibiotics are used to cure the illness caused by pathogenic microbes. The resistance towards such antibiotics is becoming a serious concern in the present time. The frequency of drug resistance is increasing in hospitals. This aptitude to develop resistance against antibiotics has become a serious threat to the patients that are already hospitalized, making them more prone to infections and increased complications of already existing medical conditions. It can also lead to a high mortality rate in hospitals. The present work is designed to isolate microbes from the hospital environment to check the sensitivity against various antibiotics. For the isolation, aerosol-based air samples were taken by exposing sterile Petri plate at the OPD and general ward for about 10 minutes after that the plates were taken to the lab and incubated at 37oc for 24 hours. Pure cultures were obtained by sub culturing the isolates onto fresh sterile nutrient agar plates. The clinical isolates were tested for antibiotic sensitivity test by using Dodeca G- V Plus disk (Himedia). The isolates were identified on the basis of microscopic and VITEK 2 based identification. Total of four bacteria Kocuria kristinae, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Pantoea spp. and Staphylococcus vitulinus were isolated that showed variation in antibiotic-resistant pattern.

Isolation of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria from Aspirates of Cancer Patients

Infections due to Gram-negative bacteria are common affairs in cancer patients during aggressive therapy. The present study characterizedmulti-drug resistant bacteria (MDR) isolated from cancer aspirates collected from patients admitted to the National Cancer Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 210 aspirate samples were collected from cancer patients. Out of 210 samples Acinetobacter spp.led the list of isolates (8.89%, n=45). Of these species, 50% exhibited resistance to Amoxycillin and Nitrofurantoin, each, 25% exhibited resistant to Cefotaxime, Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin, and Sulfamethoxazole. A total of 33.33% of the Bordetella spp.which accounted 6.67%of the total isolates exhibited resistance to Cefotaxime. All oftheLegionellapneumophila,comprising 4.4%of the isolated species, wereresistant to Cefotaxime, Azithromycin, and Clindamycin.In contrast, 50% were resistant to Cefotaxime, Azithromycin, and Ceftriaxone. Of the Escherichia coli(4.4%, n=45) isolated,50% exhibited resistance to Cefotaxime, Clindamycin, Ceftriaxone, Amoxycillinand Sulfamethoxazole.The only isolate of Klebsiella sp. was demonstrated to be an ESBL producer. The isolation of multidrug resistant bacteria from cancer patients is of particular concern in Bangladesh where cancer and drug resistance are both common phenomena but treatment facilities are poor. To our knowledge this is the first report of the isolation of drug resistant bacteria from cancer patients from Dhaka city.&#x0D; Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 35 Number 1 June 2018, pp 61-66

Genetic basis of multiple drug resistant Escherichia coli from urine samples in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria

This study was aimed at characterizing bacteria at the molecular level and determining the genetic basis of the multidrug resistant bacteria isolates. Bacteria were isolated from eighty urine samples from urinary tract infection patients. Phenotypically identified isolates of Escherichia coli were selected. Multiple drug resistant (MDR) bacteria were generated from the isolates by carrying out antibiotic susceptibility tests using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. MDR bacteria were selected and molecular characterization using polymerase chain reaction technique with species-specific primers was performed for confirming microbial identity. Plasmid DNA profiling was carried out to detect MDR Escherichia coli with plasmid and subsequent plasmid curing of isolates. The polymerase chain reaction result showed that all twenty isolates were Escherichia coli, fourteen out of the twenty isolates were multiple drug resistant Escherichia coli. The gel electrophoresis indicated that eleven out of the fourteen multiple drug resistant Escherichia coli contains plasmids with a molecular weight of 48.5kb. The E. coli isolates that habors plasmid were cured of the plasmids and the results of the antibiotics sensitivity tests showed that E. coli that showed resistance before curing became sensitive after curing. This study has shown that multidrug resistant E. coli are plasmid mediated in this locality.

Impact of multidrug-resistant bacteria on outcome in patients with prolonged weaning

BackgroundPneumonia and septic pneumonic shock are the most common indications for long-term mechanical ventilation and prolonged weaning, independent of any comorbidities. Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria are emerging as a cause of pneumonia or occur as a consequence of antimicrobial therapy. The influence of MDR bacteria on outcomes in patients with prolonged weaning is unknown.MethodsPatients treated in a specialized weaning unit of a university hospital between April 2013 and April 2016 were analyzed. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, length of stay (LOS) in the intensive care unit (ICU) and weaning unit, ventilator-free days and mortality rates were determined in prolonged weaning patients with versus without MDR bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, [MRSA]; extended spectrum beta lactamase [ESBL]- and Gyrase-producing gram negative bacteria resistant to three of four antibiotic groups [3 MRGN]; panresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacteria resistant to all four antibiotic groups [4 MRGN]). Weaning failure was defined as death or discharge with invasive ventilation.ResultsOf 666 patients treated in the weaning unit, 430 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. A total of 107 patients had isolates of MDR bacteria suspected as causative pathogens identified during the treatment process. Patients with MDR bacteria had higher SAPS II values at ICU admission and a significantly longer ICU LOS. Four MRGN P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii were the most common MDR bacteria identified. Patients with versus without MDR bacteria had significantly higher arterial carbon dioxide levels at the time of weaning admission and a significantly lower rate of successful weaning (23% vs 31%, p < 0.05). Mortality rate on the weaning unit was 12.4% with no difference between the two patient groups. There were no significant differences between patient groups in secondary infections and ventilator-free days.ConclusionsIn patients with pneumonia or septic pneumonic shock undergoing prolonged weaning, infection with MDR bacteria may influence the weaning success rate but does not appear to impact on patient survival.

Transmission of Multiresistant Bacteria from Donor to Recipient

Introduction Infections and colonizations with multi-drug-resistant bacteria (MDR) are rising around the world. Currently, an increasing number of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) are exposed to infections with MDR organisms. Most of the organ donors come from ICUs, so they are susceptible to infections or colonization by MDR, that could potentially transmit to recipients. MDR are of particular concern because of their difficulty to treat which, in turn, results in significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among solid organ transplant recipients. Materials and Methods We registered all consecutive deceased organs donors in a critical care unit from a tertiary hospital with high donation activity and high incidence of MDR appearance. During 30 months we studied organ donors with MDR isolation and followed the organs of these donors as well as the MDR isolates in their corresponding recipients. Our protocol includes an active detection of any colonization by MDR through screening with swabs twice a week. The national critical care infection surveillance registry (ENVIN) has been in existence in our hospital since 1995 and includes data on selected nosocomial infections and colonizations in intensive care unit. The diagnosis of infection is made on the basis of set definitions, which depending on the type of infection include combinations of microbiological, radiological findings in combination with clinical signs of infection. For each case of nosocomial infection, further variables are documented, such as confirmed pathogens, date of infection, and temporal association of the infection with devices (tracheal tube, central venous catheter, urinary catheter). Results and Discussion From 152 deceased organ donors (107 of them in encephalic death and 45 after expected cardiac arrest), in the study period, we detected 14 patients colonized or infected by MDR during our review. They were 67 years median age with an average icu stay of 9 days. From these 14 organ donors, we followed the 27 patients who received a graft from a donor with a positive culture for MDR. Four of them (15%) developed an MDR infection in the following year. Only in one case, the transmission from donor to recipient could be demonstrated. This donor was a patient with MDR bacteremia who was treated with an antibiotic for only 36 hours. Conclusion The transmission of MDR from the donor to the recipient is a very rare occurrence. Close recipient follow-up is mandatory in order to validate this approach. The very limited available experience suggests that, in well-defined conditions, organs from donors who are MDR positive in surveillance studies (rectal axillary or pharyngous swabs), may be considered for transplantation. Nevertheless, when what is colonized or infected, is the environment of the organ to transplant, then avoidance of such donors appears advisable until further data are available.

Antibacterial activity of Lamiaceae plant extracts in clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

The antibacterial activity of plant extracts of the Lamiaceae family was evaluated against clinical isolates of multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria by broth microdilution technique. Promising results were obtained considering that all extracts were active for at least two bacterial species with MIC ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/mL.

Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Phylogenetic Grouping of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates in Egypt: The Role of Efflux Pump-Mediated Resistance

Background: Urinary tract infections are the most commonly encountered infections in clinics and outpatient settings and are mainly caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) have become a major public health threat, worldwide. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of the MDR phenotype, efflux pump-mediated resistance, and the ability for in vitro biofilm formation among UPEC clinical isolates from Egypt. Methods: Uropathogenic E. coli isolates were collected from two Egyptian governorates, identified, and classified to their corresponding phylogenetic group by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. AcrAB-TolC efflux pump major genes were detected by PCR; efflux pump-mediated resistance was determined by the efflux pump inhibitor microplate-based assay. The ability for in-vitro biofilm formation was also tested. Results: The phylogenetic analysis of the UPEC isolates revealed that most of the isolates belonged to groups B2 and D. The MDR phenotype was detected in 90.8% of UPEC isolates; efflux pump-mediated resistance was detected in all MDR isolates. The acrA, acrB, and tolC were detected in 74.84% of MDR isolates. The ability for in-vitro biofilm formation was recorded in 76.5% of the UPEC isolates. Conclusions: The MDR phenotype and the ability for in-vitro biofilm formation were predominant among UPEC in Egypt. The high prevalence of MDR efflux pumps necessitates the application of new treatment strategies to inhibit this phenomenon.

Bacterial Profile, Antibacterial Resistance Pattern, and Associated Factors from Women Attending Postnatal Health Service at University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Introduction Surgical site infection is a vital cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, especially in resource-limited countries. The rise of antibiotic resistance bacterial infection poses a big threat to this vulnerable population. However, there is lack of studies around the study area. Objective The purpose of this study was to identify bacterial profile, antibacterial resistance pattern, and associated factors among mothers attending postnatal care health service. Methods Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted on 107 study participants at University of Gondar Teaching Hospital from 1 January 2016 to 30 May 2016. Wound swab, aspirate, and biopsy were collected and performed for culture and drug resistance testing. Data were entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to determine the associated factors for bacterial infection. Odds ratio (95% CI) was calculated to determine the strength of statistically significant associated factors. Result Bacterial growth was confirmed in 90 (84.1%) of 107 study participants suspected to have surgical site infection. The predominant bacterial isolates were S. aureus (41.6%), E. coli (19.8%), K. pneumoniae (13.9%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus (12.9%), and Enterobacter spp. (4%). The majority of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline but susceptible to ceftriaxone and amikacin. Multidrug-resistant bacteria species were isolated. Using a procedure such as cesarean section and episiotomy for delivery and premature rapture of membrane had strong association with bacterial infection. Conclusion The high prevalence of bacterial profile and isolation of multidrug-resistant bacteria pose a big threat to postnatal mothers and their children. Factors such as cesarean section, episiotomy for delivery, and premature rapture of membrane were predictors for bacterial infection. Therefore, there should be done a continuous surveillance as well as rational use of antibiotics and a longitudinal study using phenotypic and genotypic methods will be done.

Occurrence of antimicrobial agents, drug-resistant bacteria, and genes in the sewage-impacted Vistula River (Poland).

Antimicrobial agents (antimicrobials) are a group of therapeutic and hygienic agents that either kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth. Their occurrence in surface water may reveal harmful effects on aquatic biota and challenge microbial populations. Recently, there is a growing concern over the contamination of surface water with both antimicrobial agents and multidrug-resistant bacteria. The aim of the study was the determination of the presence of selected antimicrobials at specific locations of the Vistula River (Poland), as well as in tap water samples originating from the Warsaw region. Analysis was performed using the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method. In addition, the occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes was determined using standard procedures. This 2-year study is the first investigation of the simultaneous presence of antimicrobial agents, drug-resistant bacteria, and genes in Polish surface water. In Poland, relatively high concentrations of macrolides are observed in both surface and tap water. Simultaneous to the high macrolide levels in the environment, the presence of the erm B gene, coding the resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin, was detected in almost all sampling sites. Another ubiquitous gene was int1, an element of the 5'-conserved segment of class 1 integrons that encode site-specific integrase. Also, resistant isolates of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis and Gram-negative bacteria were recovered. Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolates of Gram-negative and Enterococcus were also detected. The results show that wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are the main source of most antimicrobials, resistant bacteria, and genes in the aquatic environment, probably due to partial purification during wastewater treatment processes.

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A study was conducted from November 2014 to June 2015 at three hatcheries designated as A, D and E in Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia, to isolate and identify bacteria associated with yolk sac infection and to determine antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the predominant isolates. A total of 385 Lohmann and Koekoek breed, 1 to 7 days old chicks suffering from yolk sac infection were examined from three different hatcheries of which 96.1% (N=370) of them were showing unabsorbed yolk sac. All the chicks were necropsied and yolk sac samples were collected for isolation and identification of bacteria followed by testing of the isolates for their susceptibility to 11 antimicrobial agents using disc diffusion method. A total of 323 bacterial isolates were identified, of these Escherichia coli were the most common bacteria (N=116; 35.91%) isolated followed by Salmonella species (N=111; 34.36%) and Staphylococcus aureus (N=96; 29.72%). Significant difference (P&lt;0.001) was noted among the hatcheries on the frequency of isolation of the predominant bacteria species from yolk sac samples with the highest rate of isolation being in hatchery A. All the tested predominant bacterial isolates showed higher susceptibility to Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Amikacin (except S. aureus) and Kanamycin but were resistant to Ciprofloxacin, (except S. aureus), Penicillin G, Tetracycline, Sulfamethoxazole&nbsp; and Amoxicillin (except S. aureus). The existence of multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates associated with yolk sac infection suggests that more emphasis should be given towards preventing omphalitis in chicks through improvements of sanitary measures at hatcheries than to use antimicrobials to control infections. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp; Bacteria, chicken, yolk sac infection, antimicrobial sensitivity, Ethiopia.

Isolation of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria from Patients Medical Charts.

Patient's medical charts in hospitals are potentially contaminated by pathogenic bacteria and might act as vehicles for transmission of bacterial infections.This study was aimed to determine the rate of contamination of medical charts by multidrug resistant bacteria. Sampling of total 250 patient's medical charts from different wards was done with the help of cotton swabs soaked in sterile normal saline. The swabs thus collected were cultured using standard microbiological procedures.The colonies grown were then identified with the help of colony morphology, Gram's stain and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Of the total 250 charts sampled, 98.8% grew bacteria; Bacillus spp. in 40.7%, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp.(CoNS) (17%), Citrobacter freundii (9.6%) and Acinetobacter spp. (4.5%). Rate of multidrug resistance was highest in Acinetobacter spp. (50%). Among 83 isolates of S. aureus, methicillin resistance was found in 29 isolates. Similarly, two out of total 9 isolates of Enterococcus spp. were vancomycin resistant. This study showed that patient's medical charts were contaminated with multidrug resistant bacteria including methicillin resistant S. aureus and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus spp. Strict hand washing before and after handling medical charts is recommended.

Isolation of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria from Patients Medical Charts

Isolation of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria from Patients Medical Charts

Infecciones bacterianas en la cirrosis

Introduction and pathophysiologyCirrhotic patients present more severe and frequent bacterial infections than general population. The immune dysfunction and the intestinal barrier changes developed over the course of the cirrhosis are related to this fact. EpidemiologySpontaneous bacterial peritonitis and urinary tract infections are the most common, followed by pneumonia, cellulitis and bacteremia. Gram-negative gut bacteria are the most frequently involved, although in recent years the isolation of multidrug resistant bacteria has increased. Profilaxis, outcomes and treatmentPrevention, early identification and appropriate antibiotic treatment are essential to reduce the negative impact on survival for cirrhotic patients.

Prevalence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in air samples from indoor and outdoor environments

The prevalence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in 48 air samples from indoor environments, surgical rooms, dental surgery and waste management plants has been investigated. A total of 280 bacterial strains belonging to different genera were isolated, and the operating rooms were the most contaminated ones (107 isolates), with all the isolates belonging to Gram-positive cocci (51.5 % Micrococcus spp., 48.5 % Staphylococcus spp.). Only 5 % of the isolates was sensitive to all the antibiotics tested, while the remaining strains resulted resistant to three (13 %), four (14 %), five (9 %) and six (10 %) antibiotics. Correlation between the resistance patterns and the environmental source of MDR bacteria isolates also emerged from the present investigation. This study confirms the high presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in air samples, finding that represents a threat for the possible transfer of resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria.

Isolation, characterization and primary screening of soil actinomycetes from Kenyatta University arboretum grounds for antibacterial activities

Objective : Antimicrobial resistance has increased drastically in recent years in the developing countries, and it has leading public health concern. With almost all organisms becoming multidrug resistant to the commonly used antibiotics, there is a need to search for more drugs that are novel in order to address this challenge. Therefore, this study was aimed at isolating antimicrobial producing actinomyscetes and to evaluate their secondary metabolites against selected multidrug resistant bacteria isolates. Methodology: Half kg soil samples were collected 15cm below the ground. Starch Casein Agar (SCA) was used to isolate actinomycetes. Fifteen different actinomycetes identified as Is.1-Is.15 were isolated. They were differentiated based on the difference in appearance of the colony morphology and mycelial structure. Their metabolites were tested for antibiotic activities through the primary screening using the disk diffusion methods. Test bacteria were; Bacillus subtilis, E.coli, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sonei and Salmonella typhi. All the secondary metabolites from the isolated actinomycetes proved to posses the ability to inhibit bacterial growth by formation of different sized halo zones. Conclusion and application : Secondary metabolites produced by actinomycetes have the ability to inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria. The ability of these metabolites to inhibit growth of test pathogenic bacteria has been attributed to the establishment of the fact that novel antibiotics can be manufactured from metabolites produced by actinomycetes. Large scale manufacture can be done through purification of these metabolites to ensure large scale production of novel drugs. This can serve help clear pathogenic bacteria that are ever developing

STUDIES ON ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF APAMARGA (ACHYRANTHES ASPERA) ON MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT CLINICAL ISOLATES

Recent reports on emergence of m ultidrug resistant bacteria are cause of concern in medical world. Several ayurvedic drugs have been proved to contain the antimicrobial activity. Literature on effect of ayurvedic drugs on multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens is limited. P resent study reports the antimicrobial effect of Achyranthes aspera (Apamarga) crude extracts on the clinical isolates of multidrug resistant bacteria. The drug was evaluated by using phytochemical tests. Crude extracts of aqueous, methanol, ethanol and chloroform was prepared. A ntibacterial activity against clinically isolated multidrug resistant bacteria belonging to groups of bacillus, citrobacter, E.coli , klebsiella, proteus and sal monella was tested . The drug showed highest efficacy against Bacillus organism while least effective ness on Proteus spp bacteria. Results of the study conclude that the