Isobutyl Methacrylate Research Articles

Preparation of porous and non-porous poly(iso-butyl methacrylate) microspheres by suspension polymerization

D eniz suyundan hafif petrol turevlerinin uzaklastirilmasi amaciyla suspensiyon polimerizasyonu teknigi ile sulu ortamda gozenekli ve gozeneksiz poli izo-butilmetakrilat PiBMA , mikro kureleri hazirlanmistir. Capraz baglayici, gozenek yapici ve reaksiyon parametrelerinin, mikro kurelerin sivi tutma kabiliyetlerine, gozenek yapisina ve ag yapisina olan etkileri incelenmistir. Benzin ve kucuk hidrokarbonlar pentan, hekzan ve heptan model cozuculer olarak kullanilmistir. Mikrokurelerin cozucu icinde sisme davranisi ve ag yapi ozellikleri, capraz baglanma yogunluguna, capraz baglayici turune, gozenek yapisina ve cozucu turune bagli oldugu tespit edilmistir. Hem gozenekli hem gozeneksiz kurelerde en yuksek sivi tutma kapasitesi benzinde gozlenmistir. Genel olarak PiBMA mikrokureleri deniz suyundan hafif petrol turevlerinin uzaklastirilmasinda etkili olduklari ve birden fazla kullanim sirasinda hem kapasitelerini hem de sekillerini yitirmedikleri gozlenmistir

Investigation of bonding properties of denture bases to silicone-based soft denture liner immersed in isobutyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.

PURPOSEThe purpose of this study was to investigate the bonding properties of denture bases to silicone-based soft denture liners immersed in isobutyl methacrylate (iBMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) for various lengths of time.MATERIALS AND METHODSPolymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) test specimens were fabricated (75 mm in length, 12 mm in diameter at the thickest section, and 7 mm at the thinnest section) and then randomly assigned to five groups (n=15); untreated (Group 1), resilient liner immersed in iBMA for 1 minute (Group 2), resilient liner immersed in iBMA for 3 minutes (Group 3), resilient liner immersed in HEMA for 1 minute (Group 4), and resilient liner immersed in HEMA for 3 minutes (Group 5). The resilient liner specimens were processed between 2 PMMA blocks. Bonding strength of the liners to PMMA was compared by tensile test with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Data were evaluated by 1-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons tests (α=0.05).RESULTSThe highest mean value of force was observed in Group 3 specimens. The differences between groups were statistically significant (P<.05), except between Group 1 and Group 4 (P=.063).CONCLUSIONImmersion of silicone-based soft denture liners in iBMA for 3 minutes doubled the tensile bond strength between the silicone soft liner and PMMA denture base materials compared to the control group.

Effects of salivary acetylcholinesterase on the cytotoxicity of acrylic reline resins

AimTo evaluate the effect of acetylcholinesterase on the cytotoxicity of three autopolymerizing acrylic reline resins through the effect of the materials’ eluates, liquids and respective pure compounds on the cellular viability of primary dermal fibroblasts cultures. MethodsDisk shaped specimens of two direct Acrylic Reline Reins (ARR), Kooliner and Ufi Gel Hard, and one indirect ARR, Probase Cold, were studied. Cytotoxicity was studied through spectrophotometric determination of tetrazolium reduction (MTT assay) and lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH assay). Moreover, at least 7 concentrations of each liquid and compound were prepared to determine the IC50 parameter. All data were evaluated using Kruskall–Wallis or Mann–Whitney test, after verification with Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. ResultsThe fibroblasts exposed to the direct ARR eluates resulted in inhibition of the mitochondrial activity. Probase Cold eluates did not diminish cellular viability. LDH remained unaltered when fibroblasts were exposed to the eluates. Acetylcholinesterase groups of direct reline resins showed to be less cytotoxic when compared with control groups without changing their cytotoxic potential. The non-cytotoxic effect of Probase Cold did not change. The cytotoxicity of the pure compounds increased in the following order: Methacrylic Acid (MA), Isobutyl Methacrylate (IBMA) and Hexanediol Dimethacrylate (HDMA). Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) showed no cytotoxicity at the concentrations used. The direct reline resins liquids and respective pure compounds exhibited similar behavior. ConclusionsAcetylcholinesterase did not change the cytotoxic potential of the reline resins studied. HDMA and IBMA revealed higher levels of cytotoxicity than MA, and their behavior was similar to the respective liquids.

Effects of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate on properties of autopolymerized hard direct denture reline resins

This study evaluated the effects of the fluorinated monomer of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) on the properties of autopolymerized hard direct denture reline resins. Iso-butyl methacrylate (i-BMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) containing 30% TFEMA by weight were used as monomers, while poly(ethyl methacrylate) was used as a powder. Setting characteristics, dynamic mechanical properties, and changes over time, as well as wettability were determined by use of an oscillating rheometer, dynamic viscoelastometer, and contact angle meter. Water absorption and solubility were also measured according to ISO specifications. The reline resin based on i-BMA had greater elasticity and stiffness properties, while that based on 2-HEMA showed fewer dynamic mechanical property changes over time with the addition of TFEMA. Furthermore, water absorption and solubility tended to be reduced and contact angle increased. The results of this study suggest that TFEMA improves mechanical properties and durability of reline resins over time.

Silsesquiazane/organic polymer blends as organic-inorganic hybrid materials

Silsesquiazane (SSQZ), one of the branched forms of polysilazane, was blended with polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(iso-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA), and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) to produce organic-inorganic hybrid materials. The polymers were selected to provide specific interaction, such as π-π interaction or hydrogen bonding, with SSQZ. AFM studies revealed that carbonyl containing polymers, PMMA, PBMA, and PVAc were miscible with SSQZ while PS was immiscible. DSC analysis of the hybrids also supported the miscibility behaviours of the system. The glass transition behaviour of SSQZ/PS showed individual transition temperature corresponding to the each component while SSQZ/carbonyl-containing polymers displayed one transition temperature that matched with the theoretically calculated values following the Kwei equation. Among the miscible hybrid system, the interaction with SSQZ increased in the order of PMMA> PBMA> PVAc, as determined by the q value in the Kwei equation. This result was confirmed by determining the degree of hydrogen bonding in FT-IR spectra. Thermal stability of organic polymers was improved by incorporating SSQZ regardless of the miscibility.

Norovirus GII.4 virus-like particles recognize galactosylceramides in domains of planar supported lipid bilayers.

A sticky situation: Domain-dependent recognition of the glycosphingolipid galactosylceramide by norovirus-like particles (see picture; red/yellow) is shown using supported lipid bilayers (purple) as model membranes. Optimal ligand presentation is found to promote strong binding to GalCer. This presentation can be found at the edges of the glycosphingolipid-enriched domains (green) and binding is repressed in the absence of these domains.

Nanoconfined Self-Diffusion of Poly(isobutyl methacrylate) in Films with a Thickness-Independent Glass Transition

Even though the physics of nanoconfined polymers have been extensively studied for years, diffusion of polymer chains along confining interfaces has not been widely studied, likely because there ar...

Synthesis and properties of cross-linkable block copolymer end-capped with 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4-hexafluorobutyl methacrylate

A series of novel cross-linkable copolymers 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4-hexafluorobutyl methacrylate-poly (isobutyl methacrylate)-b-poly[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate] (HFMA-PIBMA-b-PTMSPMA) were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The synthesis and structure of the polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrartd (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The properties of HFMA-PIBMA-b-PTMSPMA and the corresponding copolymers end-capped with nonfluorinated acrylate were comparatively studied by contact angle, transmission electron micrograph (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement. The results indicated that the surface properties and self-assembly behaviors of HFMA-PIBMA-b-PTMSPMA were changed greatly by the introducing of only one fluorinated acrylate. Finally, the transparent solid materials with a slightly blue color were obtained based on the cross-linked behaviors of HFMA-PIBMA-b-PTMSPMA and fracture surfaces of the materials were exhibited by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Synthesis of small-molecule initiators derived from fluorinated acrylates and their application in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)

The bromo-terminated small-molecule initiator was prepared by the direct addition reaction of 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA) or dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) with hydrobromic acid in acetic acid under mild conditions. This greatly widened the initiators used for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The successful polymerization of isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA) or methyl methacrylate (MMA) derived from HFMA-Br or DFMA-Br indicated that fluorinated acrylates could be used as initiators for ATRP. The data of GPC showed the well controlling of the initiator system. FTIR and 1H NMR characterized the structures of the initiators and their polymers. Contact angle measurement indicated that although only one molecule of fluorinated acrylate was introduced, the surface properties of polymers were improved greatly.

Effects of different thermoplastic binders on the processability of feedstocks for ceramic co-extrusion process

Abtract The co-extrusion process involves the simultaneous extrusion of multiple materials, such as ceramic–thermoplastic feedstocks that can be used to manufacture fine-scaled piezocomposites, for both structural and functional applications. The primary step in the development of the feedstocks is the selection of the optimal thermoplastic binder with the function of providing plasticity as well as proper rheological behavior to the ceramic material during processing. The objective of the present work was to investigate the effects of different commercially available thermoplastic binders (polystyrene, low-density polyethylene, poly(ethylene-co-ethyl acrylate) and a blend of poly(ethylene-co-ethyl acrylate) and poly(isobutyl methacrylate)) on the processability of highly loaded lead zirconate titanate (PZT) feedstocks, suitable for the co-extrusion process. After characterizing the thermal behavior of the binders by means of TG and DSC analyses, the flow behavior of the unfilled polymers was analyzed and compared with the corresponding PZT-filled mixture (58 vol.% PZT) applying torque rheometry. Using an Arrhenius relation, the temperature dependency of viscosity was determined and the energy of activation for the viscous flow calculated. Due to the fact that the polyethylene presented a low viscosity with a high solid loading, no indication of degradation, a strong polymer–particle interaction as well as a comparatively low die swell, this thermoplastic binder was used in the formulation of PZT feedstocks to successfully produce thin solid (240 μm diameter) and hollow (800 μm diameter) PZT fibers by the co-extrusion technique.

A Technical Analysis of Three Paintings Attributed to Jackson Pollock

Three paintings from a group of thirty-two attributed to Jackson Pollock (1912–1956) were examined at the Harvard Art Museums. Paint samples were examined using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (LDI-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (py-GCMS) and carbon-14 (C-14) dating. Carbon-14 dating detected no 'bomb' carbon from atmospheric atomic testing. All three paintings contained pigments and media available only after Pollock's death, including PR 254, PY151, and an emulsion copolymer of n-butyl methacrylate and iso-butyl methacrylate.

Mechanism of generation of photoelastic birefringence in methacrylate polymers for optical devices

AbstractWe clarified the birefringence properties of poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(isobutyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(isopropyl methacrylate), and poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate). We demonstrated that the conformational change in polymer molecules that causes orientational birefringence differs from that causing photoelastic birefringence. Orientational birefringence depends mainly on the orientation of the main chains of the methacrylate polymers above Tg. On the other hand, photoelastic birefringence in elastic deformation below Tg depends mainly on the orientation of the side chains while the main chains are scarcely oriented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 2029–2037, 2010

Cytotoxicity of monomers, plasticizer and degradation by-products released from dental hard chairside reline resins

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the monomers isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA) and 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (1,6-HDMA), the plasticizer di- n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and the degradation by-products methacrylic acid (MA) and benzoic acid (BA) on L929 cells. Based on previous investigations on the release of these compounds from hard chairside reline resins, a range of concentrations (μmol/L) were selected for the cytotoxicity tests (IBMA, 5.49–1406.57; 1,6-HDMA, 1.22–39.32; DBP, 1.12–143.8; MA, 9.07–581; BA, 3.19–409). Methods Cytotoxic effects were assessed using MTT and 3H-thymidine assays after the cells had been exposed to the test compounds at the given concentrations for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was rated based on cell viability relative to controls (cells exposed to medium without test substances). Results DNA synthesis activity was inhibited by all compounds. Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity decreased in cells treated with monomers, plasticizer and MA by-product, whereas no cytotoxic effect was observed on contact with BA at the majority of concentrations tested. The ranges of suppression for 3H-thymidine assay were: IBMA, 25–95%; 1,6-HDMA, 95–98%; DBP, 40–98%; MA, 97–99%; BA, 54–71%. For MTT assay, the ranges of suppression were: IBMA, 0–96%; 1,6-HDMA, 26–89%; DBP, 17–80%; MA, 52–66%; BA, 0–27%. The 3H-thymidine assay was more sensitive than the MTT assay. Significance This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of a wide range of concentrations of monomers (IBMA and 1,6-HDMA), plasticizer (DBP) and degradation by-products (MA and BA), including those expected to be released from hard chairside reline resins. The differences observed in the cytotoxicity of these compounds, along with other properties, may assist the dental practitioners in the selection of reline materials with improved service life performance and low risk of adverse reactions in patients who wear relined dentures.

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Analogues Sequester Cholesterol and Reduce Prion Formation

A hallmark of prion diseases is the conversion of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP(C) where C is cellular) into an alternatively folded, disease-related isoform (PrP(Sc), where Sc is scrapie), the accumulation of which is associated with synapse degeneration and ultimately neuronal death. The formation of PrP(Sc) is dependent upon the presence of PrP(C) in specific, cholesterol-sensitive membrane microdomains, commonly called lipid rafts. PrP(C) is targeted to these lipid rafts because it is attached to membranes via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Here, we show that treatment of prion-infected neuronal cell lines (ScN2a, ScGT1, or SMB cells) with synthetic glycosylphosphatidylinositol analogues, glucosamine-phosphatidylinositol (glucosamine-PI) or glucosamine 2-O-methyl inositol octadecyl phosphate, reduced the PrP(Sc) content of these cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ScGT1 cells treated with glucosamine-PI did not transmit infection following intracerebral injection to mice. Treatment with glucosamine-PI increased the cholesterol content of ScGT1 cell membranes and reduced activation of cytoplasmic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), consistent with the hypothesis that the composition of cell membranes affects key PLA(2)-dependent signaling pathways involved in PrP(Sc) formation. The effect of glucosamine-PI on PrP(Sc) formation was also reversed by the addition of platelet-activating factor. Glucosamine-PI caused the displacement of PrP(C) from lipid rafts and reduced expression of PrP(C) at the cell surface, putative sites for PrP(Sc) formation. We propose that treatment with glucosamine-PI modifies local micro-environments that control PrP(C) expression and activation of PLA(2) and subsequently inhibits PrP(Sc) formation.

Direct Patterning of Intrinsically Electron Beam Sensitive Polymer Brushes

The fabrication of patterned polymer brushes has attracted considerable attention as these structures can be exploited in devices on the nano- and microscale. Patterning of polymer brushes is typically a complex, multistep process. We report the direct patterning of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), poly(isobutyl methacrylate) (PIBMA), poly(neopentyl methacrylate) (PNPMA), and poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA) brushes in a single step by electron beam (e-beam) lithography, to obtain nanopatterned polymer brush surfaces. PMMA, PHEMA, PIBMA, PNPMA, and PTFEMA brushes were grown on silicon substrates via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Surface analysis techniques including ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the thickness, hydrophilicity, roughness, and chemical composition of the polymer brushes. Tapping-mode AFM imaging confirmed the successful electron beam patterning of these brushes. Using this direct patterning method, highly resolved nanostructured polymer brush patterns down to 50 nm lines were obtained. This direct patterning of brushes eliminates the need for complex lithographic schemes. The sensitivity of these polymer brushes toward direct patterning with e-beam was studied and compared. The sensitivity curves indicate that the structure of the e-beam degradable methacrylate polymer has a significant effect on the sensitivity of the polymer brush toward e-beam patterning. In particular, the effect of the chemical functionality at the beta-position to the carbonyl group on the polymer brush sensitivity toward direct patterning was studied using groups of varying size and polarity.

Order-order transition induced by mesophase formation in a novel type of diblock copolymers based on poly(isobutyl methacrylate) and poly[2,5-di(isopropyloxycarbonyl)styrene

Novel diblock copolymers based on poly(isobutyl methacrylate) (PiBMA) and poly[2,5-di(isopropyloxycarbonyl)styrene] (PiPCS) were designed and prepared via consecutive atom transfer radical polymerization. They had relatively low molecular weight distributions and tunable molecular weights. The molecular characterization of the copolymers was performed with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. The phase structures and transitions were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, and polarized optical microscopy experiments. A PiPCS block with a polymerization degree higher than 168, exhibited a stable hexagonal columnar liquid crystalline (Colh LC) phase, regardless of the length of PiBMA block. The PiPCS block underwent a coil-to-rod conformational change when it transformed into Colh LC phase. For the PiBMA-b-PiPCS diblock copolymer, this conformational transition resulted in a topological change from a coil-coil to a rod-coil type structure. With increasing PiPCS fraction, the block copolymers' microphase separated structure changed from an undetermined phase, to a lamellar phase, to a PiBMA columnar phase in the coil-coil system. The original microphase separated structure observed with coil PiPCS block could evolve into a lamellar morphology, with a significantly increased long period when PiPCS transformed into Colh LC phase. Thereafter it served as a rod in the block copolymers studied. This microphase separated structure transition was triggered by the coil-to-rod (isotropic-to-LC) transition and was irreversible due to the fact that the LC phase of PiPCS block remained at higher temperatures until decomposition.

Morphology of blends containing high concentrations of POSS nanoparticles in different polymer matrices

AbstractThis article reports an investigation into the miscibility and morphology of octaisobutyl‐substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (ibPOSS) nanocages over a wide concentration range (25–75 wt%) in polymer matrices, produced by solution blending. Three different, strategically chosen polymers were used: polystyrene (PS), poly(isobutyl methacrylate) (PIBMA), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), to allow the effect of matrix structure and polarity on miscibility to be investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the composite systems. The Tg of PMMA and PIBMA were found to increase with introduction of ibPOSS, whereas PS did not show any significant change of Tg with increasing POSS content, indicating differing degrees of interaction. The phase separation has been found and a cubic POSS crystal structure has been observed in all blends with different size. The glass transition increased with concentration, even though all compositions were predominantly phase‐separated, and we suggest that this is due to the influence of the external face of the crystalline units on the polymer chains, and possibly some polymer contained within the crystalline POSS phase. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers

Oxygen‐sensing properties of 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphinato platinum(II) and palladium(II) covalently bound on poly(isobutyl‐co‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate)

AbstractA novel methacrylate monomer bearing 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrinato palladium(II) (PdTPP) (monomer 1a) was synthesized and copolymerized with isobutyl methacrylate (IBM) and 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEM) to give poly (IBM‐co‐TFEM) bearing PdTPP (copolymer 2a) as a dye‐conjugated oxygen‐permeable polymer for pressure‐sensitive paint applications. The introduction of PdTPP into copolymer 2a was confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis. The Stern–Volmer plots of the copolymer 2a and a mixture of PdTPP and poly(IBM‐co‐TFEM) both showed downward curvature, unlike that of the platinum complex analogue (copolymer 2b) previously reported. The plots were successfully fitted with a two‐site model to give two distinct Stern–Volmer constants (KSV1 and KSV2) and the partition ratio f1. Interestingly, the f1 values for the copolymer 2a were almost constant at about 0.98, whereas those of the mixture of PdTPP and poly(IBM‐co‐TFEM) increased from 0.889 to 0.967 as the temperature was increased. This finding suggests that there are two distinct microheterogeneities, one temperature‐dependent and the other temperature‐independent, in the mixture of PdTPP and poly(IBM‐co‐TFEM). The dye‐conjugation approach effectively eliminates the temperature‐dependent, but not the temperature‐independent microheterogeneity. The luminescence decays of copolymers 2a and 2b and the corresponding mixtures in the absence of oxygen indicated that the temperature‐dependent microheterogeneity involves an oxygen diffusion process, whereas the temperature‐independent one appears to be inherent nature in PdTPP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 663–670, 2010

Effects of different high alkyl methacrylate monomers on tensile bond strength between resilient liner and acrylic resin

In the present study, tensile bond strength between an acrylic resin and a resilient denture liner, Molloplast B, was studied. To enhance the bonding capacity between these materials, acrylic resin surface was modified using ethyl methacrylate, iso-butyl methacrylate or tert-butyl methacrylate monomers. Changes on the modified surfaces were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance. Only the modifications by iso-butyl methacrylate application appeared to have an increasing effect on the tensile bond strength value. Ethyl methacrylate and tert-butyl methacrylate, however, had a lowering effect on this value.

A study on the optical properties of three‐armed polystyrene and poly(styrene‐b‐isobutyl methacrylate)

AbstractAtom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of three‐armed polystyrene[PS] and poly(styrene‐b‐isobutyl methacrylate)[PS‐b‐PiBμMA] were accomplished using an initiator with tri‐active C‐Br end group function and cuprous (I) bromide/2,2′‐bipyridyne catalytic system. The characterization obtained by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, and GPC techniques. The average molecular weight and polydispersity of PS and PS‐b‐PiBμMA were determined as 19,800, 29,300 and as 1.37 and 1.15, respectively, which indicates that the constant concentration of growing chains are present throughout the polymerization. The refractive index and extinction coefficient of the samples were determined in the visible range as a function of wavelength. The refractive index dispersion curves of the thin films were fitted by the Cauchy‐Sellmeier model. The width of localized states (Eu) values changed inversely with optical band gaps (Eg) of the films. While the calculated Eu values of films for initiator, PS and PS‐b‐PiBμMA were determined as 2.72, 2.98, and 2.94 eV, the Eg values were determined as 3.43; 3.11, and 3.16 eV, respectively. The dispersion parameters of thin films were determined. These parameters changed in the investigated wavelength ranges. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers