Island Waters Research Articles

Recreational boaters’ preferences for boating trips associated with offshore wind farms in US waters

This study used a stated preference approach to assess potential impacts of offshore wind farms on recreational boaters in and around Rhode Island (US) waters. To develop the stated preference survey, seven focus groups were conducted with recreational boaters in Rhode Island (RI) in 2017. A combined mail and on-line choice experiment survey was administered in the spring and summer 2018 to 2500 owners of US Coast Guard-documented recreational vessels with a hailing port in Rhode Island. The survey instrument elicited recreational boaters’ preferences for particular attributes of a recreational boating trip (location, proximity to a wind farm, amount of nearby boating activity, main activity during trip, trip costs). Data were analyzed using the mixed logit model to understand how changes in individual attributes affect the acceptability of a boating trip. Findings indicate that the value of a recreational boating experience is considerably reduced in areas with offshore wind farms. Findings from this study provide valuable insights into the potential impacts of the growing offshore wind industry on one group of marine resource users and potential management strategies for addressing these impacts in the US.

Characterization of morphology and identification of bioactive compounds of laor (Eunice viridis) from the waters of Morotai Island

Laor is one of the sea worms consumed by local people of Morotai Island as a source of protein. Laor appears seasonally in April and May. Laor will appear on the surface of the waters to do swarming in the morning. The purpose of this research is to study morphological characterization and the content of bioactive compounds in Morotai Island water. The study was conducted from May to August 2019. A sample of Laor obtained from the waters of Tanjung Dehegila, Wayabula, and Bere-Bere district Morotai Island. The extraction of samples using the maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. Identification of the group of bioactive compounds include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, and steroids. The results showed that laor has the characterization of brownish-red body color and blue-greenish, body-level bodies, having hair/legs along the side of the body, and sensor tentacles in the head. Extracts obtained have textures such as pasta, sticky, and yellow, greenish-yellow to reddish-yellow. ELT extract yields 7.8%, ELW as much as 9.4%, and ELB as much as 19.3%. The identifying of the laor bioactive compounds suggests that ELT and ELW contain alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids, whereas ELB contains only flavonoid compounds.

Preservation of underwater cultural heritage: utilization of Lockheed P-38 lightning aircraft in Lae-Lae Island waters as a diving attraction

The preservation of Lockheed P-38 Lightning aircraft in the waters of Lae-Lae Island needs to be carried out optimally. It is necessary to encourage the preservation of covering aspects of the utilization of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning as a diving attraction. The diving attraction is one of the latest interests and is again favored by extreme explorers. The Community Empowerment Model for the preservation and utilization of the Lockheed p-38 aircraft as a diving attraction is one of the alternative approaches need to be developed to better accommodate the interests of local communities. Approaches that are oriented to local communities can be realized in two ways, namely a participatory approach and community empowerment. Utilization of the Lockheed P-38 lightning is a study that produces a reference or recommendation for use as a diving attraction.

Potency, status and carrying capacity of coral reef ecosystem for suistainable marine ecotourism development; a case study of small islands in Kepulauan Riau-Indonesia

This study aims to provide reliable information to mapping the potential of coral reef ecosystems for development of sustainable marine ecotourism in Benan Island and surrounding areas. The mapping was done by considering the carrying capacity of the environment which includes the limits of the island’s ability to receive several tourists with the intensity of optimum use of natural resources. Approach to the assessment of the potential and status of coral reef ecosystems was carried out to evaluate reef fish and benthic conditions using the LIT transect method and presented spatially using ArGis 10.3. The results showed the status of the coral reefs ecosystem in Benan Island waters and the surrounding areas were categorized as moderate conditions with average live coral coverage were 37.76%. The highest live coral cover reached was 55% in Katang Island. The carrying capacity of the utilization of diving tourism in Benan Island was reached 444 people/day, 69 people/day at Selada Island, 66 people/day at Segenting Island, 234 people/day at Sunda Air Island and 76 people/day at Nopong Island. The carrying capacity of small islands was different from one region to another. Hopefully, this will be able to minimize the vulnerability of small islands to ecosystem degradation.

Marine Ecotourism Potential in Unggeh Island Tapanuli Tengah Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Highlight Calculated and assested the percentage of live coral coverIdentified reef fishes and calculated fish abundanceMeasured physical and chemical oceanography parameter Analyzed carrying capacity and suitability of Unggeh Island for tourism utilization especially marine diving and snorkeling.AbstractUnggeh Island located in the administration of the Village Sitardas Badiri District, Central Tapanuli Regency into a marine tourism area. The development of marine ecotourism Unggeh Island is an alternative to the economic improvement of so- ciety. This study aims to assess the potential of coral reef ecosystem in the form of percentage of life form coral, coral species and species and abundance of reef fish found in Unggeh Island waters of Central Tapanuli Regency and to analyze the suitability of coral reef ecosystem in Unggeh Island for tourism utilization es- pecially marine diving and snorkeling. Coral reef community data collection was done by using SCUBA divers equipment, in identifying The coral community used underwater photo transect (UPT) method, while coral fish diversity was observed by underwater visual census (UVC) method. Physical and chemical oceanography parameter data such as temperature, salinity, pH, current, transparency and DO are performed at each observation station. The survey results of coral reef observation at four stations showed different results. Percentage of live coral cover of station 1 to 4 were 25.40 %, 12.33%, 28.53%, and 25.53 respectively. Therefore, reef fishes found 36 species that consist of ten families and 423 individual fishes. The results showed that Unggeh Island was suitable (S2) for diving and snorkeling activities, with the carrying capacity was 3.054 persons/day.

Growth and Population Parameters of Panulirus penicillatus and Panulirus homarus in Labangka Tidal Waters, Indonesia

HighlightUtilization, Growth, and Population of Bullet Tuna (Auxis rochei Risso 1810) in Indian Ocean Southern Sumbawa (2020)Eligibility Status Kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis Cantor, 1849) from Lombok Strait and Indian Ocean Southern Sumbawa (2020)Biological Aspect of Parent Candidate of White-spotted Rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) from Serewe Bay, Lombok Timur District (2020)Study of Sustainability in Management of Malabar Blood Snapper Fisheries in the Indian Ocean Coastal Waters, Sumbawa Regency (2020)Growth Rate and Survivorship of Acropora sp. Fragments that Transplanted on the Artificial Substrate Made from Fly Ash and Bottom Ash (2020)Reproductive Biological Aspect of Panulirus penicillatus in Sumbawa Island Waters, Indonesia (2019)Fisheries Resource Status of Spiny Lobster Panulirus penicillatus in Labangka Waters, South Sumbawa, Indonesia (2019)Growth Rate of Acropora formosa Coral Fragments Transplanted on Different Composition of Faba Kerbstone Artificial Reef (2019)Agribusiness of Edible Jellyfish Crambione mastigophora in Saleh Bay, NTB: Implementation of Sustainable Fisheries (2019)AbstractThe Labangka tidal waters, located south of Sumbawa Regency are the habitat and potential fishing ground for lobsters. The dominant species caught by the Labangka fishermen are the Panulirus penicillatus and P. homarus. Fishing pressure is one of the greatest factor influencing the biological and stock condition of lobsters in Labangka. The aim of this study is to determine the key attributes in growth and population parameters. Some attributes whose values are relatively stable compared to that of 2015, consist of conditional factors such as (old age), growth pattern (hypoallometric), growth coefficient (slow growth), exploitation rate (overexploited), and fishing rate (excessive fishing). While, attributes that have improved are carapace length at first capture (CLc) longer than 50% carapace length of infinity (0.5CL∞) and CL rate (CLc/0.5CL∞) reaching more than 1.00 (CLR > 1.00). In implementing sustainable management of spiny lobster for fishery resources, improvisation is needed in place of catching technologies. One of the recommendation is to add more fishing vessel (Lboat > 17.0 m) equipped with engines that are able to reach potential fishing ground in the west waters of Cemplung beach, Labangka.

Species richness and the level of knowledge of the bryozoan fauna of the Arctic region

The publication presents the results of the analysis of retrospective data and samples of bryozoans collected in different seas and areas of the Arctic region during recent 30 years. To date, 518 species of bryozoans have been recorded in the Arctic, which is on 26.4% more than previously registered. The level of increase in species numbers in the species lists of the regional faunas was different in different areas. In the waters of Greenland, the found species diversity of bryozoans was on 12% higher; in the Barents and Kara Seas – on 18 and 19%, respectively; in the Laptev and East Siberian seas – on 30%; in the Faroe Islands waters on 30% than it was previously marked. In the Icelandic waters and the Chukchi Sea, the number of bryozoan species is richer by five and two times respectively than it was considered earlier. Our assessment of the modern knowledge of the fauna of this group using the method of rarefaction showed that the bryozoan fauna is still underexplored. The Chao metric calculations also indicate that expected species richness would increase by 10–30% in different areas of the Arctic in case of additional sampling efforts. At the same time, a measure of taxonomic distinguish of the fauna allows to conclude that the species composition of bryozoans has already been sufficiently studied in most of the considered areas of the Arctic zone except in the waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

Assessment of scyphozoan diversity, distribution and blooms: Implications of jellyfish outbreaks to the environment and human welfare in Malaysia

Despite the significant impacts of scyphozoan jellyfish blooms and fishery to human welfare, scientific knowledge pertaining to the scyphozoans particularly in the tropics have not been progressive due to high species diversity and unresolved taxonomic issues. Previous works in Malaysian waters have exemplified these problems. Here, we provide the most up-to-date collation of research data on scyphozoan jellyfish from Malaysian waters pertaining to their valid species names, distribution and habitat through field surveys and examination of past records. We further examined the threats and positive impacts of the local scyphozoan blooms to human welfare. Twenty identified and verified species, nine unidentified species (i.e. to the genus level only) and five unverified species of scyphozoan from the orders of Rhizostomeae, Semaeostomeae and Coronatae in the Malaysian waters are reported. Versuriga anadyomene is a first record for the Malaysian region, while the edible Lobonemoides robustus is a first record in the eastern waters of Peninsular Malaysia. Species richness was the highest in southern Peninsular Malaysia (19 species), with the mangrove–mudflat habitats having more species (nine species) than the other coastal habitats. Chrysaora chinensis was generally more abundant than other species in the sandy-beach areas. Some species appear to be habitat-specific; Acromitus hardenbergi was only found in the Perak River and Sungei Buloh mangrove-estuary while Cassiopea, Cephea and Netrostoma species were only recorded in the island waters of the eastern and southern Peninsular Malaysia. Nine species were identified as threats to the fishing industry, marine aquaculture, power plant operation, coastal tourism or human health, while eight species are providing economic benefits to the jellyfish fishery and aquarium trade.

A POTENTIAL LOCATIONS OF MARINE TOURISM IN PASUMPAHAN ISLAND, PADANG CITY – INDONESIA

The purpose of this study was to determine the condition of the underwater substrate and the location that has the potential to be developed as marine tourism (snorkelling) in Pasumpahan Island, Padang city. The research method used scoring assessment the suitability parameters of marine tourism with weighting the score. The location in this research was Pasumpahan Island waters based on waters brightness, beach type, lifeform, and underwater substrate. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that 1) the basic substrate of Pasumpahan Island waters is a living coral area of 63,900 m² with a percentage of 25.81%, dead coral covering 75,600 m² with a percentage of 30.54%, and sand covering 108,000 m² with a percentage of 43.63 %; and 2) Pasumpahan Island has a suitability category for snorkelling tours as follows, quite suitable category (S2) with an area of 64,859 m², very suitable category (S1) with an area of 117,276 m².

Spatial Compatibility of Implementing Nature-Based Solutions for Reducing Urban Heat Islands and Stormwater Pollution

Cities worldwide are facing several challenges connected to urbanization and climate change. Several cities have identified the implementation of nature-based solutions (NBS) as an option to mitigate several challenges at once. However, can two different aims be reached with NBS in the same location? This question has not yet been addressed. This paper discusses the spatial compatibility of NBS implementation strategies to tackle (1) urban heat island (UHI) effects and (2) water pollution at the same location. The evaluation is based on a spatial analysis of Berlin. We found a positive correlation of high UHI and median high stormwater pollution loads for zinc, total suspended solids, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Terbutryn. Out of more than 14,000 building/street sections analyzed, 2270 showed spatial matching of high UHI and high stormwater pollution loads. In the majority of building/street sections, stormwater pollution was high for three out of the four parameters. We conclude that the compatibility of NBS implementation for both challenges depends both on the implementation strategies for NBS and on the specific NBS measures. Our spatial analysis can be used for further planning processes for NBS implementation.

Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of sea cucumber (Muelleria lecanora) from Barrang Lompo Islands, Makassar South Sulawesi

Barrang Lompo Island Waters is home for different species of marine biota of sea cucumber (Muelleria lecanora). Many sea cucumber species have been used as health supplements because they contain bioactive compounds that are beneficial to people in Indonesia. Given this, our study was designed to investigate the phytochemical, and antibacterial properties of crude acetone, methanol and hexane extract of sea cucumber using maceration extraction methods. The sea cucumber extract was prepared and the phytochemical profile was studied by analysing Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed that the extracts were a complex mixture of numerous compounds; many of which were present in trace amounts antioxidants and antimicrobial; hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9-octadecenoic acid (z) -, methyl ester (stearic acid methyl ester), octadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 2-[(hexadecyloxy)methyl]oxirane, cholest5-en-3-yl acetate, ergosta-14,22-dien-3-ol, acetate,(3.beta.,5.alpha.,22e), 5,8,11,14- eicosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester, (all-z) epa/omega 3, pentacosane, hexatriacontane, and 9-hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z). The extract was also evaluated for activity against three pathogenic bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella) using the disc diffusion method. The extract exhibited clear zones of inhibition against the tested bacteria. Maximum inhibitory zone concentration values were demonstrated to be: Escherichia coli = 6.84 mm , Staphylococcus aureus = 7.22 mm, and Salmonella = 7.87 mm. These results revealed the significant potential of sea cucumber as a source of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents and also highlight the necessity of further purification and characterisation of solitary bioactive compounds for their prospective applications in pharmaceutical industries, food, and nutraceutical (food functional)

Seasonal variations and main influencing factors of the water cooling islands effect in Shenzhen

Enhancing the water cooling islands (WCIs) effect of urban water bodies is one strategy to alleviate high temperatures in urban areas. At present, the influencing factors of WCIs effect have been investigated comprehensively, but the relative importance of these factors has not been compared. In this case, urban planners cannot give priority to the most important factors when using WCIs to weaken urban heat islands effect in urban planning. Shenzhen, located in the south of Guangdong Province, China, is a rapidly urbanizing city with abundant urban water bodies. The urban heat islands effect in Shenzhen has already become severe as the city is affected by the climate and the urbanization process. This study compared the seasonal variations of WCIs in Shenzhen and explained WCI intensity based on landscape pattern, geographical location, and surrounding land cover. The main influencing factors of the WCI intensity were identified by stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that the WCIs effect was evident in all four seasons, and the intensity of cooling was the greatest in the summer, followed in decreasing order by autumn, spring, and winter. The main influencing factors found in this study include water area, elevation, and surrounding land cover. In general, surrounding land cover has a greater impact than water area during all four seasons and has a greater impact than elevation in spring, summer, and autumn. These main influencing factors have a greater impact than other factors and can be used as indicators to predict the WCI intensity of water bodies in the future. In addition, the threshold of water area affecting WCI intensity was observed, and the heat island water bodies were found in all four seasons. Among the surrounding land cover buffers of water bodies, the optimal buffer was the most correlated to the WCI intensity, and the warmer the season, the smaller the optimal buffer. This study highlights these main influencing factors, and they will help urban managers reasonably modify existing water bodies or plan new ones.

The harmonization of small-scale marine spatial protection in the Argentine Islands area (Antarctic Peninsula) under the Antarctic Treaty System

The purpose of the article is to summarize the results of field studies carried out in the framework of the State Antarctic Research Program for 2011–2020 and undertaken to identify areas of special interest for small-scale marine spatial protection in the Argentine Islands water area. The scientific results reported in the publications and relevant meetings’ documents officially presented by the Ukrainian delegation in 2012–2019 were summarized and interpreted in view of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) provisions on marine spatial protection. GIS analysis was applied to field data. It is shown that the development of protection regime for small-scale underwater landscape is based on systematic biogeographical data collected during seasonal and year-round Ukrainian Antarctic expeditions in 2011–2019. In order to harmonize the application of all available tools of spatial ecosystem-based protection across the ATS, it is proposed to designate the long-term environmental monitoring sites around Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station as a new Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) consisting of terrestrial and marine components. It is shown that the marine component of the proposed ASPA could serve as one of the scientific reference areas of the broad-scale Marine Protected Area in Domain 1 within the Antarctic Peninsula region for assessing the impact of climate change on benthic communities, as well as breeding success and distribution of penguin colonies.

Simulation and Evaluation of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Supplying a Desalination Unit on the Island of Lipsi, Greece

Water scarcity is a serious problem for the Aegean Islands in Greece. Due to the fact that tourist development grows in a continuous way, the situation has deteriorated over the last years. Current water resources management practices involving the exploitation of the groundwater reservoirs have provoked the salty water intrusion into the aquifers and in many arid islands water is transported by sea, at a considerably high cost (reaches about 12 €/m³ in some cases). Desalination is foreseen as a solution to this problem and it has already been adopted in many islands, as it is a process that can provide fresh and potable water in the required quantities, at a much lower cost. The coupling of desalination with renewable energy sources (RES) constitutes an appealing and promising option. This paper presents an integrated case study regarding the design and operation of a water-energy system for meeting irrigation and potable water demand in Lipsi Island (Dodecanese complex, Greece). As the desalination unit operation depends on the wind power, a detailed description regarding the generation of synthetic time series of wind speed data is also presented. Finally, a Cost-Benefit Analysis is carried out to discuss each scenario we examine from a financial perspective.

Benthic foraminifera as ecological indicators in the Tunda Island Waters, Serang District, Banten Province, Indonesia

Abstract. Nurruhwati I, Ardiansyah F, Yuniarti, Yuliadi LPS, Partasasmita R. 2020. Benthic foraminifera as ecological indicators in the Tunda Island Waters Serang District, Banten Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3142-3148. Coral reef communities all across Southeast Asia are experiencing intense pressures from extensive tourism and massive coastal development. A prediction regarding coral reefs’ capacity to recover is a necessity since it is constantly exposed to damaging events such as mass bleaching and increased erosion. Tunda Island (which is highly rich in biodiversity and include coral reefs, mangrove forests, seagrass, and algae meadows) was sampled at 10 different sites in August 2019. Coral reefs are highly influenced by ecological factors such as temperature variability, salinity, DO, and pH. The assessments were conducted using the FORAM Index (FI) to accurately predict the capacity of coral reefs to recover based on relative abundances of symbiont-bearing larger benthic foraminifera in reef sediments. The FI values ranged from 3.7 to 7.9 with a median of 4.7 and the average of 5 indicates that the water quality should support the recovery of reefs by reef-building corals and symbiont-bearing larger benthic foraminifers. The lowest FI value sampled was recorded from a site with extensive human activities (FI=3.4), while the highest one was recorded from a site with minimal to none human activities (FI=7.9), which indicates that the deterioration of water quality is caused by wastes from tourism activities near the coastal area.

Análise da fragmentação da paisagem na região extremo Oeste Paulista, Brasil

O conceito de estrutura da paisagem se refere ao estudo da paisagem a partir da medição e quantificação de seus aspectos estruturais e espaciais. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar as métricas da paisagem no extremo Oeste Paulista, Brasil. Para isso, usamos informações de imagens de satélite e um Sistema de Informação Geográfica, a fim de identificar o grau de retalhamento e isolamento da paisagem. Como resultados temos que a área é recoberta por usos antrópicos, que representavam 73,92%, e o restante está distribuído em áreas naturais (área úmida, ilha e fragmentos florestais e corpos d'água). Ao analisarmos o índice de área, referente ao tamanho dos fragmentos, pudemos identificar que os maiores percentuais estão concentrados na pastagem (42,51%) e agricultura (28,58%). Os índices analisados confirmam que a fragmentação da paisagem é expressiva e sofre intensas perturbações.

Reef fishes at waters of Kei Kecil Islands, Southeast Maluku Regency, Eastern Indonesia

Study on reef fishes at waters of Kei Kecil Islands was conducted on October to November 2018. Eighteen stations of coral reef habitat were chosen randomly for this study and were observed by using underwater visual census method. The transect area of 250 m2 (50 m length, 5 m width) was established at reef slope zone of each station and reef fish found in each transect was identified to the species level. At least 40 families of reef fish which consist to 120 genera and 381 spesies, and 3 of which are endemic species were found during the study. Those reef fish species found can be categorized into target species (141 species), major species (203 species) and indicator species (37 species). Coral Fish Diversity Index (CFDI) determined based on six indicator families indicate that relative diversity of reef fish in the study area can be classified into poor to good categories. Based on CFDI value, estimated number of reef fish in the coral reef of Kei Kecil Islands was 742 species.

Sustainable aquaculture of a protected species: The case of juvenile humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) around the Anambas Islands

Humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), also called napoleon fish or “katepas “ in Anambas Archipelago Regency, Indonesia, is a reef fish which commonly found in tropical seas. Napoleon fish exploitation is still getting higher especially in Indonesia. Nevertheless, this species had listed as a protected species by the Indonesian Government as well as enlisted in Appendix II of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species). Following a dialog among Indonesian officials, FAO and CITES, quota permission has been given to the fisherman community of Anambas Regency. This permission was legally allowed the Anambas Fishermen to fishing the napoleon fish juveniles and reared them in floating net cages for 3-4 years to reach commercial size. About 147,000 napoleon fish were estimated to be reared in Anambas Island. The first export of Napoleon fish was recorded in 2018 by one of the Indonesian fish exporters from Anambas to Hong Kong with 1,000 fish or Rp 1 billion worth and equivalent to $ USD 71.4/kg. The aim of this research was to analyse spatial distribution, juveniles abundance and water quality of the Anambas Islands to improve the sustainability of napoleon fish juveniles resources. Juveniles and water quality data were collected during field survey in 2014 and 2015. The abundance of the juvenile was estimated from monthly data recording by fishermen and water samples were measured in-situ. Post to the measurement of the physical and chemical properties, water quality was determined by using the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI) based on The Classification of the Index numerical values. The results showed that napoleon fish juveniles were concentrated in several specific locations around Anambas waters. The highest abundance of napoleon fish juvenile was observed in November and December. The waters quality indexes show good and very good conditions for culturing the juvenile in floating net cages. The success in napoleon fish juvenile rearing is a starting point to achieve the fish sustainable aquaculture-based fisheries management. This research concludes that the identified natural rearing areas of juvenile napoleon fish, good water conditions, and improved existing rearing technology might support sustainable ranching-based aquaculture of humphead wrasse in Anambas Islands waters.

Analysis and Diversity of Benthic Foraminifera Based on Test Wall Composition in the Surface of Coastal Sediments from Tunda Island, Serang, Banten, Indonesia

Tunda Island has become one of the marine tourism spots that is much considered by tourists because it has good coastal ecosystems. To find out the suitablecondition of Tunda Island waters, benthic foraminifera were used in this area. Foraminifera have the potential to be a bioindicator, which can be seen from the distribution, simple anatomy of the body and its ability to form hard shells. The purpose of this study was to determine the abundance and diversity of foraminifera based on shell walls on the surface of the coastal sediments of Tunda Island. This research was conducted on August 2019. Six samples were used in this study to analyze the abundance and diversity of benthic foraminifera based on test walls on the coast of Tunda Island. The analysis showed that only 2 sub-orders were found, namely Rotaliina and Miliolina. The most common sub-orders found in all studied stations are the Rotaliina with an abundance of 55% and 45% for the Miliolina. Calculation of community structure with diversity values ranging from 1.55 to 2.24 and dominance values ranging from 0.13 to 0.38 indicate that environmental conditions are under pressure both naturally and anthropogenically.

"Mammals of Prince Edward Island and Adjacent Marine Waters" by Rosemary Curley, Donald F. McAlpine, Dan McAskill, Kim Riehl, and Pierre-Yves Daoust, 2019. [book review

"Mammals of Prince Edward Island and Adjacent Marine Waters" by Rosemary Curley, Donald F. McAlpine, Dan McAskill, Kim Riehl, and Pierre-Yves Daoust, 2019. [book review