Timor Research Articles

Vida e obra de Alberto Osório de Castro em Timor

Neste artigo pretendemos explorar descritivamente a presença do jurista e poeta Alberto Osório de Castro em Timor, terra longínqua do extremo oriente. Num primeiro momento, apresentamos a sua infância, passagem pela Coimbra e Mangualde e respectiva participação nas revistas literárias como correspondente e autor, no qual publicou vários estudos literários, poemas, crónicas de história e de viagem. Num segundo momento, focamo-nos na sua estadia em Timor como juiz, bem como observamos algumas das principais obras associadas à ilha de Timor e sua gente com culturas diferenciadas, nomeadamente as Flores de Coral e A Ilha Verde e Vermelha de Timor, resultante de uma aproximação a estas obras mediada pela perspectiva dos estudos em literatura e apreciação exótica da paisagem orientalista no mundo timorense que se norteia pelas cores da gente.

Coastal and offshore provinces of Timor-Leste — Geophysics exploration and drilling

Regional geophysics research provides for prospect assessment of Timor-Leste, part of the Southeast Asia Archipelago in a region embracing the Banda Arc, Timor Island, and the northwest Australia Gondwana continental margin edge. Timor Island is a microcontinent with several distinct tectonic provinces that developed initially by rifting and drifting away from the Australian Plate. A compressive convergence began in the Miocene whereby the continental edge of the large craton collided with the microcontinent, forming a subduction zone under the island. The bulk of Timor Island consists of a complex mélange of Tertiary, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic, Permian, and volcanic features over a basal Gondwana craton. Toward the north, the offshore consists of a Tertiary minibasin facing the Banda Arc Archipelago, with volcanics interspersed onshore with the basal Gondwana pre-Permian. A prominent central overthrust nappe of Jurassic and younger layers makes up the mountains of Timor-Leste, terminating south against an accretionary wedge formed by this ongoing collision of Timor and Australia. The northern coast of the island is part of the Indonesian back arc, whereas the southern littoral onshore plus shallow waters are part of the accretionary prism. Deepwater provinces embrace the Timor Trough and the slope of the Australian continental margin being the most prospective region of Timor-Leste. Overall crust and mantle tectonic structuring of Timor-Leste is interpreted from seismic and potential field data, focusing mostly on its southern offshore geology where hydrocarbon prospectivity has been established with interpretation of regional seismic data and analyses of gravity, magnetic, and earthquake data. Well data tied to seismic provides focal points for stratigraphic correlation. Although all the known producing hydrocarbon reservoirs of the offshore are Jurassic sands, interpretation of Permian and Triassic stratigraphy provides knowledge for future prospect drilling risk assessment, both onshore and offshore.

The Analysis of the Roasting Tradition (Se’i/Nu), Maternal Hemoglobin Level and the Uterine Involution Process among Puerperal Women

Se'i/nu is one of the traditions of the local community on the island of Timor. The research objective was to prove the relationship between the roasting tradition (se'i/nu) with the hemoglobin level and the process of uterine involution in postpartum women. The research design was analytical with an observational approach. The sample consisted of 42 respondents obtained through total sampling. The independent variable was the roasting tradition (se’i/nu) and the dependent variables were hemoglobin level and maternal uterine involution. The method used to measure the roasting tradition (se’i/nu) was an observation sheet. To measure the hemoglobin level, we used a laboratory check and to measure uterine involution, we conducted a physical examination and used an observation sheet. The results showed that the largest percentage of hemoglobin levels in postpartum mothers was among those that did the roasting tradition (se'i/nu) with an abnormal hemoglobin level of 66.66% (22 people). The puerperal women who did the tradition of roasting (se'i/nu) obtained high uterine fundus and the abnormal mothers made up the largest percentage of 69.70% (23 people). There was a correlation between the roasting tradition (se'i/nu) and maternal hemoglobin level (p=0.025) and there was also a correlation between the roasting tradition (se'i/ nu) with the process of maternal uterine involution (0.00). The conclusion is that there is a prolonged uterine involution process and that the low hemoglobin levels in the puerperium may be due to exposure to chemical susceptibility as a result of inhaling polluted air due to the se'i/nu process.

The Diplommatinidae of Timor-Leste, with description of five new species (Gastropoda, Architaeniglossa, Cyclophoroidea)

ABSTRACT This is the first systematic treatment of the Diplommatinidae of Timor-Leste, the country that encompasses the eastern part of the island of Timor. Three diplommatinid species in two genera were recorded from the western part of the island in previous systematic literature. Based on 28 samples collected between 2010 and 2012 throughout Timor-Leste, we describe five additional species (Diplommatina atauroensis n. sp., Palaina ainaro n. sp., Palaina orelimo n. sp., Palaina tuba n. sp., and Palaina brandontrani n. sp.), raising the number of diplommatinid species on the island to eight. Two species previously described from West Timor (Diplommatina fluminis B. Rensch, 1931 and Palaina mutis Greke, 2017) were also recorded in Timor-Leste; both appear to be more widespread, the former also occurring on the neighbouring island of Sumba and possibly also on Flores, Bali and Java. However, all newly described species are known only from their type localities, all of which are on exposed limestone. They are deemed to be narrow range endemics that probably do not occur outside Timor-Leste. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:03796E39-003B-4CF1-87A0-DCB23D6AA396

Stem Biomass Equation of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake

Eucalyptus urophylla is one of the typical plants of the Province of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia whose distribution includes the islands of Timor, Alor, Wetor, Flores, Adonara, Lomblen, and Pantar. The best land for the growth of E. urophylla is an area with rainfall above 1000 mm every year. E. urophylla dominate the island of Timor hence the potential to absorb carbon and store it in biomass as part of climate change mitigation. This study aims to determine the allometric equation model to predict the potential of E. urophylla stem biomass. Calculation of the amount of stem biomass based on allometric equations is an analytical method used in this study. The sample trees used in equation modeling is 100 trees as a result of the inventory. The equations that can be used to estimate the biomass potential of the stem of E. urophylla in Timor Island were ln = -2.12 + 2.472 ln ( ) and (R2= 0.98); ln = -3.617 + 1.046 ln and (R2= 0.99); and ln = -3.510 + 2.157 ln ( ) + 0.983 ln and (R2= 0.99). The stem biomass potential with the model I amounting to 276.877 tons ha-1, model II of 279.671 tons ha-1, and model III of 280.209 tons ha-1.

Phytochemicals Screening and Effectiveness of Free Radical Inhibitors of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Ethanol Extract from Timor Island

The purpose of the study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites and the effectiveness of garlic (Allium sativum L.) ethanol extract from Timor island which has the potential to inhibit free radicals. The method used for testing secondary metabolites is phytochemical screening using color reagents. The effectiveness of free radical inhibitors from the ethanol extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.) from Timor island was carried out in two steps are: 1.) Determination of DPPH wavelength (λ) maximum and 2.) Measurement of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The results showed the ethanol extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.) from Timor Island contained secondary metabolites of flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids. The ethanol extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.) from Timor Island also has strongest effectiveness in inhibiting free radicals, with the acquisition of IC50 values <50 ppm which is equal to 9,729 ppm

Botanical Composition and Carrying Capacity in Various Agroecosystems on The Timor Island

This research aims to know the type of vegetation, nutrient components of feed and carrying capacity based on agroecosystems on Timor Island conducted from January-March 2018 (transition from the rainy season to the dry season). The research location was chosen purposively so that those it represented the pasture were in the District of Belu, Malaka, and TTU; agriculture in the District of Kupang and Kota Kupang; plantation in Kupang District; and forests in TTS District. Forage samples were taken using the 1x1m2 quadrant method. The quadrant is thrown at random. All vegetation in the quadrant is cut and analyzed in the laboratory. Descriptive data analysis. The result is that the main vegetation types of Bali cattle consumption in pasture agroecosystems is natural grass with a nutrient composition of ash (9.9%), CP (5.7%), CF (38.5%), EE (2.2%), NFE (36.4%) and TDN (42.1%). Agriculture agroecosystem is ricestraw with a nutrient composition of ash (9.6%), CP (5.8%), CF (27.6%), EE (2.1%), NFE (48.8% ) and TDN (52.8%). Plantation agroecosystems is lamtoro with a nutrient composition of ash (13.6%), CP (12.0%), CF (20.4%), EE (3.3%), NFE (42.8%) and TDN (54.9%). Forest agroecosystems is kabesak with a nutrient composition of ash (8.6%), CP (11.5%), CF (26.9%), EE (1.2%), NFE (44.2%) and TDN (53.1%). The carrying capacity of pasture, agriculture, plantation and forest in sequence are very high, namely 4.8 UT and CCI 0.4 with an average body weight of 229.3 kg; 5.6 UT and CCI 0.6 with an average BB of 188 kg; 6.8 UT and CCI 0.7 with an average BB of 227.5 kg; and 5.8 UT and CCI 0.7 with an average BB of 194.9 kg. The entire agroecosystem area on Timor Island is classified as a very critical area.

Analysis of Dynamic System Toward Governor Policy of Nusa Tenggara Timur about Quota of Beef Cattle Export (Case Study in Plantation Agroecosystem of Timor Island)

The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of the policy of the Governor of Nusa Tenggara Timur regarding the quota of beef cattle exports to areas of a national beef consumer toward the development of the Bali cattle population on Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara. Determination of the location by purposive sampling based on physical criteria (land area), biology (availability and population of Bali cattle), and socio-culture (policy) so that the sampling locations representing the agroecosystem of plantations in Kupang district. The material used was 57 Bali cattle and involved 107 respondents of Bali cattle farmers. Respondents were interviewed using a questionnaire of reproduction status of Bali cattle. In addition to interviews, field observations were also conducted to measure the response of Bali cattle production. This research uses primary and secondary data. Data analysis is done by building a dynamic system using Powersim and interpreting simulation results for the next 30 years.The results showed a significant decrease in the population of Bali cattle over the next 30 years due to the high mortality of calves and female parent, low reproductive status of the female, and the export of cattle from uncontrolled agroecosystems. The results of this study indicate that the beef cattle export quota currently determined by local governments needs to be reviewed. The strategy to improve the quality of Bali cattle production in plantation agroecosystems to support cattle export quotas from Timor Island namely (1) farmers and local governments in striving to increase the population of Bali cattle in the agroecosystem of plantation can be done with a technical approach including prevention of death of cattle to the lowest level (<5% per year) and limitations on cattle exports according to the ability of the region; (2) improving the reproductive quality of Bali cattle through artificial insemination or controlled mating management so that it is more efficient; and (3) the government and stakeholders need to review the policy to determined cattle export quotas and improve the reproductive status of cattle in good breeding practice.

IDENTIFIKASI METABOLIT SEKUNDER BRUCEA JAVANICA (L) MERR DI PULAU TIMOR MELALUI UJI FITOKIMIA

Brucea javanica (L) Merr is a shrub that has various types of secondary metabolites that have pharmacologic effects. Various studies on this plant in Indonesia have been conducted, but research on secondary metabolites that have the potential as herbal medicines from this plant originating from the island of Timor has never been done. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate secondary metabolites found in Brucea javanica (L) Merr which originates from Timor Island. Samples in the form of roots, stems, leaves, seeds, and flowers of plants are sent to the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) to identify these plant species. Plant determination is carried out under the determination procedure in the LIPI ethnobotany laboratory. The plant determination test results showed that the plant samples sent were Brucea javanica (L) Merr. While the phytochemical tests were carried out at the Laboratory of Chemistry at the Faculty of Science and Engineering of the University of Nusa Cendana to identify secondary metabolites from the Brucea javanica (L) Merr plant according to the phytochemical test standards in the Undana Chemistry laboratory. Phytochemical tests show that there are 4 secondary metabolites found in Brucea javanica (L) Merr namely Alkaloids (+), Tannins (+++), Saponins (+), and Triterpenoids (+++) while secondary metabolites such as Flavonoids and Steroids are not contained in this plant.

TATA SPASIAL ARSITEKTUR TRADISIONAL SUKU ATONI DI KAMPUNG TAMKESI PULAU TIMOR


 
 
 Title: Spatial Planning of Tradisional Architecture as Observed among the Atoni Tribe in the Tamkesi Kampong on Timor Island
 This research aims to investigate the concept of spatial planning found in the traditional architecture of the Atoni tribe living in the traditional kampong of Tamkesi on Timor Island. The method employed for this research project consists of the following steps: first of all, to record and re-sketch the entire physical state of this kampong in the greatest possible detail. The result of these sketches is subsequently subjected to an anatomical analysis to arrive a classification of the relationship between all of the elements encountered and scrutinized; secondly, to make an analysis by exposing the latter to the principles of identification and orientation. The analysis is based on an elaboration of the phenomenological approach by Norberg-Schulz and the structural approach involving function-form-meaning by Salura.
 Based on the outcome of this analysis, the local concept serves as the basis for the spatial planning of traditional architecture as observed in the Tamkesi kampong. The conclusion drawn reveals that the relationship between the immediate environment, the site, form, framwork and the natural-cultural cycle in traditional architecture is clearly influenced by the concept of top-down (upper vs. lower) hierarchy as well as the binding element (datum) of the tribal order (hierarchy, the gender code/etiquette, ethnic bonds and traditional customs as well as cultural and spiritual symbols).
 
 

Short Communication: Willingness to participate in planting and protecting mangrove forest: community response related to mangrove fruit product utilization in Pariti, Timor Island, Indonesia

Abstract. Kurniadi R, Koeslulati EE. 2020. Short Communication: Willingness to participate in planting and protecting mangrove forest: community response related to mangrove fruit product utilization in Pariti, Timor Island, Indonesia. Trop Drylands 4: 1-4. Mangrove forests provide a wide range of goods and services so that protecting them is of great importance. In some areas in Indonesia, there is some utilization of mangrove fruit as cookies or any kind of food, however, it was not the case in Pariti, Kupang Regency, Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) Province. This form of utilization might serve as stimulus for mangrove restoration and protection by local community. This research aimed to investigate the attitude of local communities in mangrove conservation which is reflected by their willingness to restore and protect the forest stimulated by fruit utilization for cookies. A total of 27 respondents were interviewed using a questionnaire, purposively selected. The result showed that the willingness of communities to protect the mangrove forest was low (3.7%) as well as the willingness to plant mangrove trees (3.7%). Despite the acceptance to develop cookies from mangrove fruit was high (100%), but they need to see its market. They will be motivated to plant mangroves if the market for fruit products exists or when there is a program. Unless the market of mangrove fruit cookies is developed, it could not serve as the stimulus for planting and protecting mangroves.

Ant Colony Optimization for Traveling Tourism Problem on Timor Island East Nusa Tenggara

Timor island consists of five districts and one city, namely Kupang District, South Central Timor District, North Central Timor, Belu District, Malaka District, and Kupang City. On the Timor island, it has natural tourist destinations, culinary tours, cultural and historical attractions most on the island of Timor. The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Algorithm is very unique compared to the other nearby search algorithm, this algorithm adopted because of Ant Colony who were looking for food from the nest to food sources by leaving a footprint called Pheromone. Mapping system algorithm using ant, tourist sites can show the shortest route between two points is desired. Ants algorithm proved to be applied in determining the optimum route, but still has the disadvantage of dependence on the parameter value is not maximized. From the test results based on parameters of the cycle and the number of ants affects the simulation time, for ant algorithm parameters. From the test results based on the parameters, α and β affects, number of node, the simulation time and the shortest distance varying toward the destination even if the starting location and ending on the same location.

Importance-Performance Analysis toward Productivity of Bali Cattle Based on Agroecosystem in Timor Island

Importance-Performance Analysis toward Productivity of Bali Cattle Based on Agroecosystem in Timor Island

The adsorption of Cr(VI) from water samples using graphene oxide-magnetic (GO-Fe3O4) synthesized from natural cellulose-based graphite (kusambi wood or Schleichera oleosa): Study of kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics

Graphene oxide material has been studied widely as a novel adsorbent due to its unique surface structures, excellent physicochemical properties, strong affinity and high efficiency for the metal ions adsorption [Pang H, Wu Y, Wang X, Hu B, Wang X. Recent advances in composites of graphene and layered double hydroxides for water remediation: a review. Chem - Asian J 2019;14:2542–52; Liu X, Ma R, Wang X, Ma Y, Yang Y, Zhuang L, et al. Graphene oxide-based materials for efficient removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution: a review. Environ Pollut 2019;252:62–73]. The present report involves Cr(VI) adsorption studies using graphene oxide-magnetic (GO-Fe3O4) based on natural graphite made from kusambi wood from Timor Island, Indonesia. GO with large specific surface area and abundant functional groups was synthesized using Hummers modification method, while GO-Fe3O4 was synthesized using in situ co-precipitation method. Characterization of GO and GO-Fe3O4 material was carried out using FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDX. The maximum adsorption capacity is optimum at the use of 0.1g adsorbent GO-Fe3O4, under conditions: pH 2 with contact time for 80min and temperature of 298K. Nine kinetic models, five ishotherm models and two adsorption thermodynamics were used to study the mechanism of Cr(VI) adsorption on the surface of GO-Fe3O4. The results of kinetics and isotherms modeling show that the adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI) on GO-Fe3O4 follows pseudo-second (PSO) order kinetics with a high regression coefficient (>0.99) and was well described by Langmuir isotherm with adsorption capacity of 3.197mg/g. The thermodynamics data revealed the exothermic nature, a decrease in the randomness or irregularity on the surface of adsorbent during adsorption process and takes place through physisorption. Studies on isosteric enthalpy values show that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on the surface of GO-Fe3O4 is strongly influenced by the amount of adsorbate which tends to decrease in adsorption capacity as the amount of Cr(VI) ions increases.

Histological Structure of the Varanus Salvator Kidney

Varanus salvator is known as the monitor lizard. This animal is a subspecies of endemic Indonesian monitor lizards which is only found in Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara (except Timor Island). This study aims to determine the histological structure of the monitor lizard (Varanus salvator). The research was carried out for two months starting from September 2019 to October 2019 at the Animal Physics Laboratory and Zoology of UIN Sunan Kalijaga. The method used is the paraffin method. The results of the study were analyzed in a comparative descriptive manner by observation through a microscope and then taken using a camera. Based on the results of studies lizards (Varanus salvator) have distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, glomerulus, medullary ray and bowman’s capsule.

RADIATION MEASUREMENT OF RADIOISOTOPE IN MINERAL DEPOSIT AT SUBDISTRICT OF MIDDLE KUPANG WEST TIMOR ISLAND INDONESIA

The general objective of this work was investigation of radioisotope distribution and accumulation center in mineral deposit at sub-district of Middle Kupang West Timor Island Indonesia. The purposes of research were: to map of radioisotope distribution in the mineral deposit, to estimate area of radioisotope accumulation center in the mineral deposit, to establish range of nuclear radiation counts in the center region of radioisotope content in mineral deposit. The general methods used in this research were observation, survey, mapping, analysis, and interpretation. Procedures detail of research consists of: observe and identify the potential region and plot gridding, calibrate equipment necessary, measure background count in around of survey location and nuclear radiation in the survey location, plot of three dimensions curve and contour after corrected by background count. Based on geology information or geology data (drilling data) three depth levels determined (about 20 m, 40 m and 60 m), Radiation powers were calculated for estimation of accumulation center of radioisotope in deposit mineral, and contour and three dimensions curves of radiation power of radioisotope in deposit mineral were plotted. Results: Based on three dimensional curves and contour map (radiation counts and radiation powers on three levels) of radioisotope in mineral deposit respectively was distributed on area 3.00 x 106 m2, and 1.56 x 104 m2. The interval of radiation counts of radioisotope in mineral deposit was 10 counts per minute-137 counts per minute.
 Keywords: Radiation, measurement, radioisotope, mineral, deposit

Sistem Informasi Geografis Pemetaan Sungai dan Bangunan Utama pada Daerah Irigasi Kewenangan Provinsi di Pulau Timor

Water is one of the basic human needs for various daily needs. One source of water that is often used by the general public is river water. With proper utilization, river water can support the economic development of the surrounding community. The main priority for water use is for domestic use such as drinking water and household needs and also used for industrial, agricultural, plantation, livestock, fishery, and so on. Optimal use of rivers for irrigation areas must be supported by information related to river conditions and buildings in rivers. Therefore it is necessary to make a database related to river conditions and irrigation building conditions. One of the software used in making a river database in the Provincial Irrigation Authority on Timor Island is Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) because it is open-source software that does not require a license but provides ample room for users to add functions such as software other paid mapping.

HAUTEAS IS THE LIVING TREE OF THE DAWANESE PEOPLE

Before the arrival and the dominion of the Portuguese and the Dutchmen with its Christianity in the island of Timor, the Dawanese people of Timor have been inheriting and practising its own tribal religion. Even today this native religion has quite strongly and deeply influenced the religious conduct and behaviour of many Dawanese Catholics. These Catholics, beside practising their Catholic faith, they are still practising the “faith and the rite” of Hauteas. Hauteas itself is a strong big stick of wood with three branches, and sorrounding its foot there is a constructed circular altar of stones, that is Faot Makana. Hauteas is always built in the front of the sacred house of the Dawanese that is Uem Leu or Uem Adat. For the Dawanese people, the Hauteas is essentially “the living tree” since it is symbolizing, representing and manifesting the faith and belief of the Dawanese people to their gods. Hauteas functions also as an altar to pray and to offer the sacrifices. Hauteas is the “fountain of life”. The “life” of the Dawanese people comes through the trunk of this wood with its three branches. The longer and tallest branch of Hauteas symbolizes and represents the presence of the supreme god (Uis Neno), that is the lord of heaven. One of the lower and shorter branches symbolizes and represents the presence of Uis Pah, that is the lord of earth, and another one symbolizes and represents the presence of Be’i-Nai, that is the genealogical ancestors. The altar of stones (Faot Ben Makana) is “the offering and meeting place” between the Dawanese with their gods. The Dawanese people of Timor have a kind of “triune god” that gives and grants upon them life, safety, fertility, welfare, peace and blessings.

Preface

The first higher education in Indonesian Chemical Engineering was established at ITB in 1941. International Seminar on Chemical Engineering Soehadi Reksowardojo (STKSR) is an annual seminar held by the Chemical Engineering Study Program of ITB, in collaboration with other institutions, and usually takes place in Bandung. The International Seminar on Chemical Engineering Soehadi Reksowardojo (STKSR) 2019, however, was held in Kupang, the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) for three days, starting from October 7th to October 9th. Brought forward the theme of "Bioenergy and Bio-based Chemical Products for National Sovereignty and Self-Reliance", the STKSR 2019 was inviting scholars, practitioners and experts to contribute to this event. The aim of STKSR 2019 is to promote the implementation of EBT (Energi Baru Terbarukan/Renewable Energy) in Timor Island, NTT supporting the government program of national sovereignty and self-reliance. Throughout the procession of this seminar, there have been collaborations between the Department of Chemical Engineering of ITB, Faculty of Agricultural Technology of Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana (UKAW) Kupang, the City Government of NTT, and Directorate General of Renewable and Conservation Energy (EBTKE), Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia (ESDM).List of Message from Chairman of STKSR 2019, Sponsor, Steering Committee and Organizing Committee are available in this pdf.

‘Bele Quadrant’ as Philosophy of Life to Live in Harmony

To live in harmony with the others and nature is the way of life of the Buna’ people in Timor, Indonesia. Love each other is not only a philosophical or theological term for them. They practice it as a tradition. The root of this tradition of living in harmony is the object of our research done from 2005 to 2019, fourteen years. The Buna’ people is a local tribe, about 100,000 members live in the Island of Timor, Indonesia & the Democratic Repubblic of Timor. Here we present the result of our study that they live for centuries on the basis of their way of live: Nopil, Nawas, Nejel, Nimil, in English: desire, reason, instinct and conscience. We named this four aspects: ‘Bele Quadrant’ as four parts of human being. Keywords: ‘Bele Quadrant’, desire, reason, instinct, conscience. DOI: 10.7176/JPCR/48-01 Publication date: March 31 st 2020