Ternate Island Research Articles

An Overview of Microplastics in the Marine Ecosystem of North Maluku

North Maluku has been the site of microplastic study for some years. The goal of this paper is to revisit the earlier analysis. The intent is to be a quick guide for scholars studying microplastics in North Maluku. Additionally, this article's goal is to quantitatively analyse some of the findings from the research that has been done. The terms "Microplastics in the North Maluku Sea" were entered into the search engines Google Scholar and Science Direct to conduct journal and research searches. Previous studies on microplastics on Mare Island looked at sediments in the island's waters and the levels of microplastics in various kinds of sea cucumbers. A total of 272 microplastic fragments were discovered in sea cucumbers. At the same time, two stations were doing a study on deposits. Microplastics weighing between 17,000 and 37,000 particles/kg of dry sediment were discovered at the first station in Maregam. 13,839-30,666 particles/kg of silt were discovered in Marekofo. According to research conducted on the island of Ternate, skipjack tuna contains up to 948 microplastic particles that were collected from 16 market fish samples. According to studies on other fish species like Epinephelus Fuscogutattus, E. coioides, and E. Suillus, the digestive tract of fish contains 594 microplastic particles.

First Report of Genus Plumeria L. (1753) in Ternate Island as The Flora Ternate Database

The genus Plumeria Tourn ex. Linn., family Apocynaceae Juss officially has 20 accepted species from around the world. The genus is native from Mexico to Caribbean; however, it was introduced to some part of world especially to tropical area. In this paper, we formally reported for the first time the data for the genus Plumeria in Ternate, North Maluku, Indonesia. The exploration research was conducted from March to June 2022 for around Ternate Island. All species of Plumeria spp are noted and collected from 21 villages as representative of five subdistricts in Ternate Island. Three accepted species namely Plumeria obtusa L., P. pudica Jacq., dan P. rubra L are validated in Ternate. All species are discovered as ornamental plant and cemetery marker. P. obtusa is the most common species found in many villages followed by P. rubra. This publication shares information about location, general utility, and key identification for every species

The First Report on the Application of ISSR Markers in Genetic Variance Detection among Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) Accession in North Maluku Province, Indonesia

Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a leguminous plant with several potential health benefits. The scientific name is derived from its origin on Ternate Island, North Maluku. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the genetic variability in butterfly pea using Intergenic Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers in North Maluku. Field surveys, collection trips, and habitat studies of butterfly pea plants were conducted on Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera, and Morotai Islands. Genetic diversity was analyzed based on molecular data from the ISSR method. The molecular analysis results obtained using PCR-ISSR on 18 accessions showed a low degree of similarity. Among these, 15 accessions from Ternate, Tidore, Morotai, and Halmahera were in group A, while 3 from Ternate, Tidore, and Halmahera were in group B. All accessions exhibited a genetic similarity level of 0.709, indicating significant diversity. The arrangement among accessions on the dendrogram was similar to the phylogenetic tree, showing separation and spread at 0.608–0.924 based on the Jaccard coefficient. The results suggested that C. ternatea probably originated from Ternate, and subsequently spread to Tidore, Halmahera, and Morotai due to its use as a herbal medicine and ornamental plant. This information could be used as the basis for butterfly pea conservation and cultivation activities in Indonesia, specifically in Ternate Island, North Maluku.

Spatial Analysis of Built-Up Land Suitability in Ternate Island

The population of Ternate City which is increasing every year can certainly cause the need for land as a space for their activities to increase and will lead to a kind of competition to get a suitable space and in accordance with the various interests and needs of the community there. This study aims to spatially analyze the suitability of built-up land on Ternate Island, North Maluku Province. This research uses Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis method using variables of terrain shape, slope, distance from road, distance from river, distance from economic activity center, and disaster prone area of Mount Gamalama. The results showed that 49.12% of the Ternate Island area was in the suitable area, 29.57% of the research area was in the less suitable class and the unsuitable class had an area of 21.31% of the total research area. The results of this study are expected to be a reference and input for the evaluation of the Ternate City RTRW in the future.

Distribution of heavy metals Hg, Pb, and Cr in the coastal waters of small islands of Ternate, Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to analyse the distribution of heavy metal concentrations of Hg, Pb, and Cr in the coastal waters of Ternate Island. There are 10 sampling points, each 4 sampling points around fishing boat docks, 2 sampling points around settlements, and 4 sampling points around Pertamina's Port. Heavy metal analysis of Hg, Pb, and Cr was carried out on seawater and sediment samples using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The measurement of the physical-chemical parameters of the waters obtained that the average of each parameter was temperature 30.39 °C, salinity 30.33 ‰, pH 7.88, dissolved oxygen (DO) 11.54 mg/l, total dissolved solids (TDS) 35.02 mg/l, and organic carbon dissolved 62.65 mg/l. The physical-chemical parameters of the waters at this research site were still good for the survival of marine organisms. Sediment texture indicated that the dominant sediment texture at the research site was sand. The average concentrations of heavy metals Hg, Pb, and Cr in the seawater were 0.00085 mg/l, 0.01 mg/l, and 0.045 mg/l, respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals Hg in the seawater was in accordance with quality standards, while heavy metals Pb and Cr have exceeded water quality standards (Government Regulation Number 21 of 2022). The average concentrations of heavy metals Hg, Pb, and Cr in the sediment were 0.390 mg/kg, 15.66 mg/kg, and 14.02 mg/kg, respectively. Based on the Canadian Council of Ministers for the Environment (CCME, 2001), concentrations of heavy metals Pb and Cr in sediments were below the threshold for the marine biota protection while Hg has exceeded the threshold. Each heavy metal has unique characteristics and a distinctive distribution pattern controlled by physical-chemical processes that occur in the marine systems so that studies of heavy metals from each region globally are always required.

Bean quality and taste of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) from Bale village on Halmahera Island, Indonesia

North Maluku is one of the provinces producing Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) in Indonesia. Although coffee production is smaller than in other provinces, coffee can be found in many locations in the provinces, namely Halmahera Island, Bacan, Obi, Tidore, and Ternate. Bale Village, located on Halmahera Island, is one of the villages in the Oba sub-district, Tidore Island. The village is known on Halmahera Island, Ternate Island, and the surrounding areas as a producer of coffee beans and coffee powder. Some of the people in the village live as farmers and home coffee entrepreneurs using traditional processing methods. The quality and taste of the coffee beans from smallholder coffee plantations from Halmahera Island, especially Bale Village, need to be studied to set the status of bean quality and taste of local coffee in Indonesia. This study is an effort to gain an initial illustration that will become a foundation for a comprehensive local coffee development in North Maluku. It will encourage resorts to generate local coffee with a unique taste that is widely known, favored by many people, and has the potential to be a Geographical Indicator (IG) of Halmahera coffee. The research result indicates that Robusta coffee beans from Bale Village Halmahera Island are free from live insects, not rotten or moldy, and do not contain foreign matters with moisture content meets the general requirement of SNI 01-2907-2008. The result of quality testing of Robusta coffee beans from Bale village is within the criteria of quality 4b in the SNI 01-2907-2008. The attributes of coffee taste consisting of fragrance/aroma, flavour, bitter/sweet, and mouthfeel/body are in an excellent category, whereas clean cup and uniformity are in an outstanding category. The final score and cup testing is 84.62, which is in the specialty coffee category.

Sustainability Development Index of Reef Fisheries in Indonesia: A Case Study of Reef Fisheries at Ternate Island, North Maluku Province

Increasing of the fisheries problems, especially the decline of fisheries resources stock, made the sustainable issues become intense discussed in fisheries. The importance of the system indicator for fisheries sustainable development are widely known and have been done in several countries through tremendous effort in their fisheries development. In Indonesia, the assessment of fisheries sustainability has been carried out with various approaches to sustainability assessment, mostly on management status. This study aims to assess the rate of sustainable development and management of the reef fisheries in Indonesia using the integrated index approach of sustainability aspect using the multi-dimensional scaling procedures with a case study of reef fisheries at Ternate Island. The result shows that the sustainable development index of reef fisheries at the coastal area of Ternate Island tends to move toward sustainable development within integrated management from all sustainable dimensions. Dimensionally, economic and social dimensions show a positive trend on sustainable development, while ecological and technological dimensions tend to show the inverse direction. The relationship between economic and social benefits obtained from reef fisheries to improving the community well-being will provide a positive trend for the sustainability of reef fisheries. However, on the other hand, the increase in production can lead to overfishing for the reef fisheries resources. Management policy that integrated every indicator of sustainable fisheries dimension may extend the chance to develop reef fisheries at the coastal area of Ternate Island within the sustainability of the resources and ecosystems management.Keywords: Sustainable development, integrated management, fisheries management, sustainability index, coral reef

Study of the Condition of Mackerel Scad Stocks (Decapterus sp) in Ternate Island Waters

Mackerl scad, is an economically important small pelagic fish species in the waters of Ternate Island which is exploited by fishermen with various types of active fishing gear such as purse seine, bagan and gill net. The use of fishing gear that is less selective with fishing activities throughout the year and not equipped with utilization regulations, is expected to cause pressure on skipjack stocks in the waters of Ternate Island. . This research is a type of empirical research carried out using the experimental fishing method, in which the researcher participates in fishing activities for 120 trips and samples of the fish caught are taken for the measurement process in the Lab. Processing of Fishery Products for 5 months, from October 2022 to March 2023. The results showed that the condition of the flyfish population parameter in Ternate Island waters was relatively stable with a maximum length value of 33.49 cm, a growth coefficient of 0.99 per month, fishing mortality 0.42, natural mortality 1.71 , the exploitation rate is 0.2 and the SPR is 42% and the recruitment value is Y/R 1.9% and B/R 56.8%. Where from these results indicate the need for an increase in fishing effort until the exploitation value reaches 0.4 for optimal and sustainable management.

Composition and Abundance of Phytoplankton with Potential Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) on Ternate Island Coastal Waters, North Maluku

The existence of several species of phytoplankton with potential HABs (Harmful Algal Blooms) was investigated on the coastal waters of Ternate Island. This work aims at describing the distribution, species composition, and the abundance of phytoplankton with potential HABs and their ecological index. Data collection was carried out in August 2022 in the coastal waters of Ternate Island at three research locations, namely in Dorpedu (Station 1), Falajawa, Muhajirin Village (Station 2) and Kulaba (Station 3), respectively. Sampling of phytoplankton uses a filtering method with a plankton net. The results of this study quantified 24 genera of phytoplankton where 11 generas were included the group of potential HABs, namely Leptocylindrus, Coscinodiscus, Pseudo Nitzschia. Rhizosolenia, Chaetoceros, and Nitzschia (Class Bacillariophyceae), Gymnodinium, Protoperidinium, Alexandrium, and Ceratium (Class Dinophyceae), and Phaeocystis (Class Prymnesiophyte). The highest abundance of potential HABs varied between research stations, Rhizosolenia sp. of 7.6388x104 cells/l at station 1, Leptocylindrus sp. of 5.4504x104 cells/l, Phaeocystis sp. of 4.0x104 cells/l at Station 2. On the other hand, the lowest abundance was Nitzschia sp. of 4.1291x102 cells/l at Station 1, Gymnodinium sp. of 4.1291x102 cells/l at Station 2, and Pseudo Nitzschia sp. of 1.2387x103 cells/l at Station 3. Generally, the ecological condition of the phytoplankton community in Ternate Island Waters has a moderate level of species diversity with fairly even distribution of species and no dominance of certain species.

Assessment of the Relationship Between Repose Period and Eruption Magnitude of Gamalama Volcano for Community Preparedness in Ternate Island – Indonesia

Assessment of the Relationship Between Repose Period and Eruption Magnitude of Gamalama Volcano for Community Preparedness in Ternate Island – Indonesia

Hypertension phenotypes in rural part of East Indonesia: the TENSI pilot study

Background: Though extensively studied in other Asian countries, office and home blood pressure (BP)-based hypertension determination and phenotypes in rural population are still scarcely investigated in Indonesia. We aim to elaborate this in an East Indonesia rural area, by implementing two available BP thresholds. Material and methods: The Ternate Sehat Indonesia (TENSI) pilot study obtained demographic, anthropometric, biochemistry, office and home BP data from 146 residents aged ≥ 18 years old living in Ternate Island from July–August 2022. Hypertension and its phenotypes were defined in accordance with the 2019 Indonesian Society of Hypertension (InaSH) and the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) BP guidelines. Office and home BP differences were analyzed within each participant’s characteristics. Results: Mean mm Hg ± SD office and home (i) systolic BP were 121.8 ± 17.9 and 117.8 ± 14.8 mm Hg (p < 0.001), (ii) diastolic BP were 77.9 ± 12.1 and 74.7 ± 8.9 mm Hg (p < 0.001). Hypertension was evident in 26% (InaSH) and 34.2% (ACC/AHA) participants. Moreover, 17.4% (InaSH) and 24.8% (ACC/AHA) of those self-reported to not having hypertension were found to be hypertensives. The proportion of sustained, white-coat, and masked hypertension were 7.5%, 9.6%, 8.9% (InaSH), and 8.2%, 21.2%, 4.8% (ACC/AHA). Compared to office BP, home BP significantly differed throughout more characteristics. Conclusions: Our study has ascertained the actual hypertension status and phenotypes within a rural East Indonesia environment. The revelation of stronger home BP ability to detect BP differences may promote its application within the population in the future.

Land Use Changes of Ternate Island 2017-2022

The phenomenon of land use change always increases with population growth so that sooner or later these conditions will cause changes in land use. This study aims to determine changes in land use on Ternate Island in 2017-2022. The method used maximum likelihood classification and used Ternate island land use data from sentinel 2 image extraction in 2017, 2020 and 2022 to analyze changes in land use. There are 7 forms of land use in the study area, namely water bodies, dense vegetation, bushes, farm land, settlements, bare land, Scrub and cloud cover that cannot be extracted from multispectral images. Land use that dominates the island of Ternate is dense vegetation and settlements. Land use, dense vegetation is evenly distributed on the slopes of Gamalama volcano and settlements are scattered at the foot of the volcano. Land use change on Ternate island in 2017-2020 and 2017-2022 is dominated by dense vegetation to settlements. Changes in dense vegetation to gardens and grasses are land clearing activities in preparation for the use of settlement land.

Pendidikan Karakter melalui Metafora dan Nilai Budaya Sastra Lisan Dolabololo

The purpose of this research is to analyze character education of forms, types, and meanings of metaphors and their relevance to cultural values ​​in the Ternate community. This study qualitative approach by utilizing content analysis methods and integrating them with the theory of metaphor analysis by Knowles and Moon. The research was conducted in Ternate Island District. The research subjects are the indigenous people of Ternate who are in the Ternate Island District, and the traditional holders of the Ternate Sultanate Palace. The data in this study is in the form of traditional Dolabololo expressions obtained from interviews and written documentation. The stages of analyzing the data are through data reduction, data presentation, and data verification stages. The value of cultural character education contained in the ontological metaphor is the teaching to always tell the truth and describe the culture of mutual respect and respect that the people of Ternate have.

Implementation of the Ternatenese Language Revitalization Policy as an Identity of North Maluku Culture in Ternate City

This study aims to see how the Ternatenese language revitalization policy is implemented in Ternate City, especially 1). To identify what efforts have been and will be carried out by the Municipal Government of Ternate in revitalizing Ternate Language in Ternate City, and 2). To see how Ternatenese language revitalization occurs through Ternatenese teaching and learning in elementary schools in Ternate City. This study used qualitative research and involved 96 (ninety-six) participants, consisting of three (3) related officials, three (3) community leaders, 15 primary school heads, 15 elementary teachers, and 60 elementary students from four sub-districts in Ternate City. (North Ternate, Central Ternate, South Ternate, and Ternate Island. The research participants were selected by applying the purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and relevant documents. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Research findings indicate that some Ternatenese language revitalization programs in Ternate City have been and will be carried out by both relevant agencies and schools with several successes, obstacles, and hopes.

Identifikasi Akuifer Air Tanah Di Kaki Gunung Api Gamalama Pulau Ternate Menggunakan Data Geolistrik Tahanan Jenis 2-Dimensi

This study aimed to identify the distribution of groundwater aquifers and seawater intrusion at the foot of Mount Gamalama on Ternate Island using 2-dimensional electrical resistivity data. This island has experienced significant eruptions that have caused new deposits to form on its body and have caused the formation of an aquifer layer. Small in size but surrounded by seawater, Ternate Island experiences seawater intrusion at the aquifer zones. We researched using 2-dimensional electrical resistivity techniques on nine lines in the eastern and southern parts of the Island, namely the Bandara, FKIP, PDAM, Kayu Merah, Skep, Lapangan Fitu, Sasa, and Takome lines. Each line has a length of 75 meters to 230 meters. This measurement was carried out in the direction parallel to the shoreline using two electrode configurations: the Wenner and the Wenner-Schlumberger. Electrode spacing was 10m. The results showed that aquifer zones with a resistivity value of 10 – 150 Ohm.m exist in the eastern and southern parts of the island. We found seawater intrusion in the east part of the island on the PDAM lines with a resistivity value of 1 – 10 Ohm.m. The zones show high conductance values in the low resistivity range of 3.01 to 3.41 Ohms. Visual evidence reveals that this PDAM line locates at the beach, where Ternate inhabitants utilize groundwater excessively through dug wells.

The Relationship of Chlorophyll-A to Mackerfish Captures In The Waters of Ternate City

Chlorophyll-a is an indicator of the abundance of phytoplankton in waters which plays a role in the process of photosynthesis. Phytoplankton plays a crucial role in determining primary productivity in waters. Organic carbon production during photosynthesis is defined as direct or net primary productivity (Net Primary Productivity). Ternate Island waters are part of the province of North Maluku and as one of the waters that play a vital role in contributing to the production of capture fisheries, especially pelagic and demersal fish. This research was carried out from January to June 2020, located in the waters of the City of Ternate. This research data was obtained by downloading the detected image/Aqua MODIS. This image data is available on the internet (http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov).

USING SHORT SEQUENCE matK GENE AS BARCODE DNA FOR IDENTIFICATION OF DURIO Sp IN TERNATE ISLAND

The Barcode of Life Consortium (CBOL) recommended a standard method for the identification of plant species using matK and rbcL barcoding gene. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of matK DNA barcoding for identification of local durian (Durio sp.) from Ternate Island. Total 15 local durian has been used in this study. Whole genom DNA was isolated by Geneid plant DNA kit and then successfully amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique using specific primer. MatK successfully amplified with 245 bp in length. MatK has sequencing success (71.3%) and relative high of Quality value 20+ (86%). BLAST analysis of the sequence showed that local durian in Ternate are identifies as Durio zibethinus and Neesia malayana with query cover 97%-99%. It could be concluded that matK with short sequence is not efficience for durian identification. The recommended in this studies for using of molecular markers with sequence lengths above 500 bp would be more effective for the identification of cryptic species Durio sp. and other.

New Record of Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Local Butterfly in Ternate Island

Ternate is one of the spots in the Walacea expedition. Ternate Island has unique characteristics in the diversity of flora and fauna. So far, information on local butterfly diversity has not been reported. The purpose of this study is to update the latest information on the diversity and distribution pattern of local butterfly species on the island of Ternate for conservation efforts. An exploratory descriptive research using survey method has been conducted at the research location on the island of Central Ternate. The results of the study found 88 individuals consisting of 15 types of local butterflies from 5 families, namely; 1) family Papilionidae as many as 2 species including Pachliopta polyphontes, Papilio sataspes; 2) the Nymphalidae family as many as 9 species including Euploea tulliolus, Danaus genutia, Mycalesis perseus caesonia, Paratica Aspasia-aspasia, Limenitis helena, Yoma sabina, Vindula dejone dorokusana, Ideopsis similis, Cyrestis acilia latifascia; 3) family Pieridae as many as 2 types Pieris brassicae, Eurema sari sodalis); 4) 1 species of Lycaenidae family (Arhopala major) and 5) 1 species of Callidulidae family (Callidula evander). The local butterfly diversity index value on the island of Central Ternate is H'= 2.33 categorized as low diversity. Furthermore, the analysis of the distribution pattern is 17.6 or S2 > x̄, categorized as group distribution.

Study of Dengue Virus Transovarial Transmission in Aedes spp. in Ternate City Using Streptavidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex Immunohistochemistry.

Aedes aegypti is the most dominant vector in the transmission of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). In addition to Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus is a secondary vector of the dengue virus, and both species are widespread in Indonesia. The dengue virus is transmitted from person to person through the bite of an Aedes spp. The vertical (transovarial) transmission of the dengue virus from infective female mosquitoes to their offspring is one of the means by which the dengue virus maintains its existence in nature. Transovarial dengue virus transmission in Aedes spp. mosquitoes contributes to the spread and maintenance of the dengue epidemic. This study employed a qualitative survey to detect dengue virus transovarial transmission in Ternate using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ISBPC) immunohistochemical test. The ISBPC examination of samples collected from the four subdistricts in Ternate revealed a positive result for transovarial transmission of dengue virus. Four Aedes spp., including two Ae. aegypti females, one Ae. albopictus female, and one Ae. albopictus male, tested positive for transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the district of North Ternate. Four Aedes spp., including three Ae. aegypti females and one Ae. aegypti male, were found to be positive for the transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the Central Ternate district. Seven Aedes spp., including five Ae. aegypti females, one Ae. aegypti male, and one Ae. albopictus female, tested positive for transovarial transmission of the dengue virus in the district of South Ternate city. One Ae. aegypti male showed positive results for transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the Ternate Island District. In this study, the transovarial transmission of the dengue virus occurred in both Aedes spp. female and male mosquitoes. It was demonstrated that Aedes spp. carry the dengue virus in their ovaries and can pass it on to their offspring. As a result, the cycle of passing the dengue virus on to local mosquito populations in the city of Ternate is not going to end just yet.

Coastal Hazard Modeling in Indonesia Small Island: Case Study of Ternate Island

Indonesia’s small islands have a high potential for multi coastal hazards, including tsunami and coastal floods due to sea-level rise and tidal waves. Meanwhile, most small island populations live in coastal areas, which increases the potential for disaster risk. Hazard assessment is one of the essential stages and bases in disaster management. This study focuses on tsunami and coastal flood hazards modeling in Ternate Island and analyzing the potential impact on coastal land use. This research combined detailed remote sensing data and geographic information system methods to assess the coastal hazard models. A very detailed resolution remote sensing imagery of Pleiades and detail resolution imagery of SPOT 7 are used as input for physical parameter extraction. DEMNAS (Digital Elevation Models Nasional) data as a topographic parameter is used in potential tsunami and coastal flood hazard area coverage. A numerical model is applied to assess the tsunami hazard model using surface roughness, slope, and run-up scenarios based on historical data. At the same time, the coastal flood model integrates sea level rise parameters and average tidal waves. The research results are believed to contribute as important input data for disaster management based on the sister island concept in Indonesia.