IS Code Research Articles

Efficacy of IS Code Provisions for Design of Eccentrically Loaded Single Angle Compression Members

In practical applications, steel single angles are often subjected to eccentric loading when connected to a gusset plate through one leg only, resulting in complex compression behaviour. This behaviour has not been as extensively studied as that of concentrically loaded members. Various international codes of practice offer differed approaches for designing these elements. The literature indicates that the Indian Standard Code IS 800–2007 accurately predicts the axial capacity of eccentrically loaded single angle columns. However, a recent amendment to IS 800 in 2024 introduced modified design provisions. This study is the first to explore the implications of these latest design provisions by comparing them with earlier provisions and experimental strengths reported in the literature. Initially, the design strengths as per the previous and latest design provisions for various Indian Standard Angles (ISA) were presented and compared accounting for varying slenderness ratio, plate slenderness ratio (b/t), and different types of end connections and restraints. The findings reveal that the latest design provisions generally result in much higher design strengths compared to the earlier provisions, with a maximum increase of 104.84%. Upon noticing the significant variation, this study is further extended to compare with the reported data available in the literature. The nominal strengths calculated using the latest provisions were often higher than the strengths reported in the literature considered in this study, indicating potential unsafe design.

A Review on Experimental Study of Design of Rigid Pavement by using Recycled Coarse Aggregate with M30 Mix Design

Concrete, a fundamental construction material, boasts attributes like durability, versatility, and cost- effectiveness. However, the depletion of natural resources and the escalating concrete waste production necessitate innovative solutions. In this rapidly industrializing world, recycling construction materials plays a pivotal role in preserving our finite resources. Concrete pavements, widely practiced in developed countries, are relatively new in India. Selecting the right pavement type is crucial, but equally important is determining the optimal pavement thickness based on traffic levels, subgrade conditions, and environmental factors. Unfortunately, many existing methodologies overlook critical factors (such as vehicle loads, support loss, thermal gradients, and environmental stress), leading to inaccurate thickness calculations. In this context, rigid pavement construction using recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) emerges as an eco-friendly and cost- effective solution. In a recent research endeavour, Recycled Coarse Aggregates (RCAs) sourced from demolished material took center stage. These demolished materials are meticulously crushed to a suitable size and repurposed as recycled coarse aggregate. Meanwhile, natural sand continues to serve as the fine aggregate. Notably, the concrete industry consumes a staggering 12.6 billion tons of raw materials annually, making it the world’s largest natural resource consumer. The environmental impact of concrete production—especially the extraction of raw ingredients such as cement, coarse aggregates, and fine aggregates—is considerable. To address this, the study employed a trial-and-error approach for mix design, adhering to relevant standards (such as IS code and IRC: 44-2008). For M30 grade cement concrete, varying percentages (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of recycled coarse aggregates replaced conventional coarse aggregates. Casting used cube and beam models to obtain laboratory test results for rigid pavement to determine how much optimal percentage of RCA can be substituted in place of NCA. By integrating RCAs, we not only mitigate environmental impact but also contribute to sustainable rigid pavement structures. Key Words: Rigid Pavement Design, Recycled Coarse Aggregate, RCA Concrete, Natural Coarse Aggregate, NCA Concrete, Mix Proportion, Pavement Thickness, Life Cycle Cost, And Environmental Benefits etc.

Planning, Analysis and Design of Hotel Building at Karadi, Thamarassery

The project deals with the planning, analysis and design of a hotel building. The proposed building site is Karadi, Thamarassery. The building is aimed at providing multi-dimensional and comprehensive usage of space near a crowded city highway. The building is a reinforced concrete framed structure consisting of (G+4) floors with adequate facilities and amenities. The functional planning is done using KMBR and IS codes. The structure shall be designed to resist and bear all loads liable to act on it at some point in its life. It also satisfies serviceability requirements, including limitations on deflections and cracking. Drawing is done using AUTOCAD software, and the building is analyzed using STAAD Pro software. It focuses on the multifaceted considerations required to develop a hotel that meets both functional and aesthetic standards while adhering to regulatory and sustainability guidelines. Critical elements discussed include site selection, space allocation, architectural aesthetics, structural integrity, and environmental impact.

A Review Study on Comparison of G+10 Structure with Several Materials Masonry, Concrete and Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum Panel (GFRG)

Glass fiber reinforced gypsum plasterboard (GFRG) is an environmentally friendly product. They are made of modified plaster and reinforced with fiberglass strips. Its main use is in the construction of walls, but it can also be used in combination with reinforced concrete on floors and roofs. The panels have voids that can be filled with concrete or reinforced with steel bars to increase strength and ductility. These panels can be used as an alternative building material to replace bricks and concrete blocks. IIT Madras has conducted several research studies and developed a structural design manual for designing buildings constructed by GFRG. Phosphor gypsum is a by-product of the fertilizer industry. In addition to its use as a fertilizer, building material, and soil stabilizer, approximately 85% of phosphor gypsum is disposed of near phosphate plants, which require large disposal sites. Phosphorus from gypsum can be effectively removed by creating glass fiber reinforced gypsum plasterboard (GFRG), also known as fast wall. They may or may not be used as support structures. In this research work we design three different models of G+10 in 5th zone of earthquake as on IS code. The lateral load such as earthquake is to be classified as live horizontal forces acting on the structure depending on the structure’s geographic location, height, shape and structural material. In this study, a multi-story Glass fiber reinforced panel and Brick-infill and concrete block infill wall building has been shown and performed by using software ETABS constructed on a plan ground having G+10 stories. Keywords: GFRG Panels, Concrete Blocks, Clay Bricks, Lateral Loading, Light weight Construction and Masonry etc.

A Conceptual Study of Wind Load With Different Types of Lateral Load Resisting Methods in 15-Storey Structure

Abstract: In order to strengthen rigidity and control the base deflection of a high-rise structure, stabilizers and trusses are typically used. A stabilizing layer on the building's roof efficiently fortifies the structure. Lateral stiffness is increased by each succeeding stabilizer layer, albeit less so than by the preceding stabilizer layer. The essential components in multi-storey buildings that can withstand shear forces are the shear walls. More efficient shear walls are required as building code requirements rise and tall structures and skyscrapers get taller. The ductility, energy dissipation capacity, and deformation capacity of conventional reinforced concrete shear walls are limited. In the field of structural engineering, a damper in a building is a device intended to lessen the impact of dynamic forces like seismic vibrations or oscillations caused by wind. These devices are necessary in tall or flexible constructions where excessive movement may cause structural damage or cause discomfort for the residents. In this research, we prepare four different cases of 15-storey structure. All modeling work performed in ETABS 2016. Material properties use concrete grade M-40 and steel grade Fe375 and Fe250. One case has shear walls on corners, second case have FVD damper on corners and last case have outrigger on corners. For design wind speed data use code IS: 875-(2015).

Enhancing M30 Grade Concrete: A Comparative Study of Hooked vs. Crimped Steel Fibers in Fly Ash Mixes

The realm of concrete offers vast opportunities for inventive applications, design, and construction methodologies, given its adaptability and cost-effectiveness. Its versatility in meeting diverse requirements has established it as a highly competitive building material. To address escalating structural demands and harsh environmental factors, new cementitious materials and concrete composites are continually being developed, followed by the need for enhanced durability and performance, as well as pressure to utilize industrial waste materials. The research explores the impact of incorporating fly ash and steel fiber into M30-grade concrete, alongside cement, coarse, and fine aggregate, through experimental methods, with the primary aim of determining optimal ingredient proportions for achieving desired strength. The study evaluates compressive strength variations with fly ash ranging from [10%] to [30%] while hooked and crimped steel fibers [ranging from 0% to 1.5%] in concrete, alongside cement, fine and coarse aggregate. Environmental considerations and the imperative to utilize industrial waste have significantly contributed to advancements in concrete technology and sustainability. Through meticulous analysis of results, meaningful inferences are made in relation to the strength attributes of fly ash fiber-reinforced concrete. Two sets of experiments were conducted, one altering fly ash content while maintaining fixed steel fiber content, and the other varying steel fiber content while keeping other parameters constant. The study aims to provide practical insights for engineers seeking cost-effective and sustainable building construction methods, adhering to specified norms (IS Code: 456-2000).

USE OF SELF CURING AGENT POLYETHELENE GLYCOL (PEG400) IN M30 GRADE CONCRETE

Now days concrete is the most widely used construction material due to its high strength and durability.Concrete needs a pleasant atmosphere for the development of strength, which will be provided by curing as prescribed by IS Code. Any neglectful in curing will effect the strength of the concrete. The water demand is increasing day by day and the sources are depleting. To counter this water demand we have made a study on ‘Self-Curing Concrete by the use of polyethylene glycol in M30 grade of concrete' which can drastically save the water used on the construction site.This study involves the use self curing agent-PolyEthylene Glycol (PEG400) which helps in self-curing of the concrete. Key Words: Concrete,Glass Fibers, Aggregate,Polyethylene Glycol,Superplastisizer

Strength enhancement of recycled fine aggregate beam through chemical treatment - A waste to wealth Approach

The present research used detailed experimental data to examine the structural behavior of concrete beams incorporating recycled fine aggregates, both treated and untreated.This paper also reveals that microstructural analysis of both treated and untreated recycled fine aggregates. The hydrochloric acid was used for treatment of recycled fine aggregates. Two groups of beam specimens prepared were controlling specimnes and testing specimens. Totally five beam specimens were prepared out of which one control beam with natural fine aggregates, four testing beams with untreated recycled fine aggregates and three beams with treated recycled fine aggregates. The varying molarity of HCL acted as the parameter for examining the structural behavior of the RCFA beams under flexure. The flexural strength of untreated RCFA beams was marginally impacted by the RCFA content, whereas the crack pattern of treated RCFA beams was comparable to that of NCFA beams. Untreated RCFA beams had greater fracture width. Nonetheless, the RCFA concentration had no discernible effect on the beam's ductility. The flexural strength of the RCFA concrete beams was conservatively projected by the present provisions, according to a comparison of the testing data and the calculations from the IS codes, ACI 318, and EC2 regulations for the flexural.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON STUDYING THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE BEAM UNDER FIXED BOUNDARY CONDITION

Geo polymer concrete is one of the emerging construction material as a substitute for conventional cement concrete, eliminating the usage of OPC. This work is aimed to cast and testing of geo-polymer beam elements with restrained edge condition. The size of beam is 1m x 1m x 0.05 m. By using yield line theory, the moment of resistance and maximum deflection under flexural loading are calculated for the of GPC beam. Reinforcement details of these beam are calculated using ultimate load method as per IS code provisions. Geopolymer concrete is the greener concrete, which has the potential technology to reduce the carbon emission and lead to sustainable developments and growth of the concrete industry. During the manufacturing of ordinary Portland cement, large amount of carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere causing not only air pollution but also highly responsible factor of global warming.

Study on interaction of Viscoelastic and Mechano-sorptive creep and effect of Fibre Reinforcement on creep of Timber beams

Timber is a sustainable material widely used in structural elements. Its viscoelastic nature, in which the stress-strain relation varies with time, poses significant challenge to the durability of timber structures. Creep of timber under constant loading depends on various factors like stress level, moisture content, load-to-grain angle, temperature, relative humidity etc. Among these, relative humidity and moisture content in timber are the most crucial. Drastically varying moisture content causes mechano-sorptive creep. However, the interaction and contribution of various factors causing creep is still a matter of research. Various codes provide generalized creep coefficient for long term deflection and load reduction factors. A detailed rheological model was proposed by Toratti which addresses mechano-sorptive creep explicitly, incorporating both recoverable and irrecoverable part in creep. This paper aims to review the study on interaction between viscoelastic creep and Mechano-sorptive creep in various environmental conditions. Effect of reinforcing timber beams, on the long term deflection due to creep is also made a subject of study to identify a possible solution to the accelerated deflection by Mechano-sorptive creep, which will be unavoidable in tropical areas with extreme climactic changes. A comparative study between the various standard codes with Indian Standard Codes for timber with respect to creep, is also made, to identify the gaps in IS codes.

Machine learning optimization of bio-sandcrete brick modelling using response surface methodology

In this study, raw grinded groundnut shell (RGGNS) was used as a fine aggregate in the brick industry to reuse agricultural waste in building materials. In this study, an experimental approach was used to examine a new cement brick with raw groundnut shells integrated with compressive strength, water absorption and dry density optimization utilizing response surface methodology (RSM). The raw ground-nut shell content improved the fine aggregate performance of the 40%, 50%, and 60% samples. The 28-day high compressive strength with the raw ground-nut shell was 6.1 N/mm2 maximum, as needed by the technical standard. Samples made from 40%, 50%, and 60% raw groundnut shells yielded densities of 1.7, 2.2, and 1.9 kg/cm3 for groundnut shell (GNS) brick, respectively. A product's mechanical properties meet the IS code standard’s minimum requirements. RSM was then utilized to develop a model for the addition of raw groundnut shell to concrete. R-square and Adeq precision values indicated that the results are highly significant, and equations for predicting compressive strength, water absorption, and dry density have been developed. In addition, optimization was performed on the RSM findings to determine the efficiency optimization of the model. Following the optimization results, experiments were conducted to determine the applicability of the optimized model.

Performance Evaluation of Manual Seeder Machine for Precision Farming

Proper placement of seeds in the field is the most important operation to obtain an optimum yield of the crop. In India, about 75% of the landholders are small and have marginal land-holding capacity. Considering the limitations due to costly seed, the traditional method of manual dibbling, labor shortage, and small marginal land holding pattern there is a need for small manual planters for small and marginal landholders. Cotton, the white gold, is the king of textile, fibers and it is an important worldwide cash crop. The sowing of cotton is labor intensive as its planting requires 3-4 man-days/ha. Because of the above, the manual seeder was tested in the laboratory as well as in the field as per IS code: 6316-1993 with specific objectives. Laboratory analysis of manual seeder as seed rate (2.85 kg/ha and 2.88 kg/ha), seed damage (7.84% and 7.74%), and seed uniformity (62 cm and 64 cm) of cotton and castor crop respectively. Field analysis of manual seeder as coefficient of uniformity (91.63% and 93.23%), depth of seed placement (5.7 cm and 5.9 cm), speed of operation (1.82 km/h 1.84 km/h), theoretical field capacity (0.93 ha/h and 0.93 ha/h), effective field capacity (0.166 ha/h 0.171 ha/h), field efficiency (86.01% and 88.60%), draft (9.54 kgf and 10.46 kgf), energy consumption (10.93 MJ/ha and 10.04 MJ/ha) and cost of operation (440 Rs/ha and 445 Rs/ha) of cotton and castor crop respectively.

Comparative Study of R.C.C. and Composite Structures Under Different Soil Conditions

Abstract: The need for multi-storey buildings arises from a fact that it offers vertical expansion, making them an ideal choice for maximizing available urban space without influencing valuable land resources. A thorough literature review has conducted for comparative study of RCC and Composite buildings and its various advancements conducted before. This paper is based on regular and irregular plan area under different soil conditions. Total 18 cases have taken for consideration (6- square shape, 6 – L shape and 6 – T shape plan) with 3 cases each of RCC and 3 cases for Composite building and method selected - Response Spectrum Method. Results for Square shape plan shows that SCPH case i.e. Square plan with Composite structure over hard soil performs well in most of the output parameters. Results for L shape plan shows that LCPH case i.e. L shape plan with Composite structure over hard soil performs well in most of the output parameters while in case of story displacement and drift LRCCH i.e. L shape plan with RCC structure over hard soil performs better but the values of LCPH are also within the limits of IS codes. Results for T shape plan shows that in case of story displacement and drift TRCCH i.e. T shape plan with RCC structure over hard soil performs better because of the higher stiffness of RCC structure while in all other output parameters TCPH i.e. T shape plan with composite structure over hard soil performs well. Concluding the research work, use of composite structure performs well and can be used with building stability techniques so that the displacement factors can be minimized for composite structures.

Influence of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregates on Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete Mixes in Rigid Pavements

The use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) aggregates in rigid pavements instead of conventional aggregates in Himalayan regions solves the problem associated with shrinking natural resources and dumping of wastes. This study studied the effect of partial replacement of conventional coarse aggregates by RAP in Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) mixes suitable for rigid pavements. A total of 114 specimens (cubical and cylindrical) were cast and tested for mechanical and durability properties as per ASTM and IS code guidelines, partially replaced with CRAP by 25%, 50%, and 75% by weight. The simultaneous effect of fly ash addition by partial replacement of cement by it was also studied. The study concludes that 25% partial replacement by CRAP with 10% fly ash as partial replacement of cement led to the achievement of the strength benchmark as mandated by IRC SP 44 (2014). It was also observed that durability properties such as resistance to acid attack, sulphate attack and carbonation also improved in DLC mixes, including CRAP and fly ash, when compared to control mixes.

Comparative Study of RCC Rectangular Underground Water Tanks Considering earth quake and without earth quake condition

There are various kinds of water tanks and reservoirs that are used for storing different liquids such as water, petroleum, and chemicals. Residential and commercial use of water tanks is essential in order to meet the needs of those living in these places on a daily basis. During their lifetime, these tanks are subjected to the pressure of the water inside and the pressure of the earth outside. The tank bases are subjected to soil reaction from the bottom and internal water pressure from the inside. In order to protect them from top to bottom, they are always covered from top to bottom. Providing optimum height for easy pumping of water to the overhead tank is the purpose of this rectangular underground tank. Due to the underground nature of the water tank, lateral earth pressure and water pressure also need to be considered during design calculations, so the design must comply with IS code standards. An underground rectangular tank is designed in this project. Our project involves the design and research of an underground water tank capable of holding 3 lakh litters under earthquake conditions. The design in this project comprises of side walls, base slab and roof slab. STAD.PRO is used for the analysis and design of underground water tanks. For this design project limit state method is used. Researchers investigate parameters related to water tanks, including shear force and bending moment, to better understand how they respond to seismic forces, and to aid in more effective design and construction.

Experimental Investigation into the Impact of Substituting Natural Sand with Manufactured Sand in Landfill Construction

There is a lower requirement for river sand in construction because of a number of logistical and environmental problems. In response to these issues, alternative materials are being increasingly recognized by the construction field progressively M. Sand, derived from the mining and processing of rocks that is a low-particle-size substitute to natural sand which demonstrates potential. Amongst its numerous applications are surface polishing, prefabricated cement components, hollow block development, and lightweight component production. Practitioners and researchers both have been giving special attention on the usage of M. sand in the last few years. This has led to further study into its suitability for replacing river sand in concrete production. The formulation of concrete blends using M. Sand has been made possible through various mix designs developed according to relevant design codes such as IS codes. An assessment of the mechanical properties and structural performance -of concrete containing M. Sand has been conducted using cubes, cylinders, and beams compared to traditional natural sand concrete. As a result of these tests, the compressive, flexural, and tensile strength properties of M. Sand and M. Sand can be compared, suggesting M. Sand has similar properties. Concrete construction applications can utilize sand as an environmentally sustainable and viable alternative to natural-river sand, thereby addressing sustainability concerns and resource scarcity concerns.

Assessment on Quality of Coarse and Fine Aggregate of Riverbed Quarry as Construction Material Used in Kaski District of Nepal

Quality of the composite material and ingredient of the materials in composite material plays a vital role in the sustainable infrastructure development. The quality of concrete is conformance to technical requirements as per specification or fitness for uses having minimum acceptance level to use the products. Among the various properties of fine and coarse aggregate of sampled quarry, only physical and mechanical properties of coarse and fine aggregates were tested in the laboratory, analyzed and compared with IS code and Standard Specification for Road and Bridges Works-2073 (with second amendment-2078) of Department of Roads (DoR), Nepal. Results revealed that physical properties of all the sampled quarry on gradation of coarse and fine aggregate lies within the IS code provision, whereas only source of Rato Pairo Mishi Tunda Shanik Ghat and Gahara Ghat comply the specifications defined by Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works -2073 (with second amendment-2078), The specific gravity and water absorption of all the sampled quarry satisfied as per the Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works-2073 (with second amendment-2078). The mechanical properties such as crushing value of coarse aggregate of all sampled quarry satisfied standard value, impact value of sampled aggregate from Babya Tara, Mahari Ghat and Chuina Pahara Ghat dosen't comply within standard value, and abrasion value of sampled aggregate from Mahari Ghat and Chuina Pahara Pasupati Ghumari Ghat does not meet the standards as defined by the Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works-2073 (with second amendment-2078). The properties of fine and coarse aggregate have significant influence on performance, quality and serviceability of concrete mix & finally influence durability of the engineering structures.

Experimental Study on the Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates with Copper Slag and Spent Fire Bricks with Addition of Coconut Fiber

Abstract: Nowadays, there's associate increasing curiosity within the development of eco-friendly materials. There are number of new by products and waste materials are generated by various industries on a large scale. Concrete prepared with such recycled materials showed enhancement in workability and durability compared to normal concrete and used in the construction of power plants, chemical plants and under-water structures. CS is manufacturing by-product substance formed from the process of manufacturing copper. Bricks come in a variety of varieties because they are a widely used material. Brick aggregate levels are relatively low, and concrete produces excellent results. So it will be better option to use it as substitute or as a recycled material to prevent environment and land degradation, overcoming problem is indeed a need of present time and future also. The extant of destruction can be reduced if sustainability criteria would be considered. The objective of the investigation is to study mechanical properties of concrete, using copper slag, spent fire bricks with addition of coconut fiber percentages compared with the conventional concrete, hence determined the compressive strength, spilt tensile strength and Flexural strength of concrete. All Destructive tests are performed on concrete to check the strength and durability of this concrete at respective as per specified IS Codes. The result shows that concrete workability is fine and within limits after replacing fine aggregates with copper slag, spent fire bricks with addition of coconut fiber. However, workability gets reduced at higher replacement of materials. The strength parameters such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength also increase and show an optimum value at 21&21% fine aggregates replacement and 1.5% Addition of coconut fibers respectively. Test results are satisfactory up to 21&21% and 1.5% replacement. After this, there is a decrease in the strength of concrete.

Seismic studies on energy dissipation device performance for irregular steel structure in different soil conditions using ETABS

Earthquakes are sudden loads that occur and cause low to severe damage to the structure. Based on the intensity of an earthquake, the zones are divided into II, III, IV and V as per IS code 1893:2016(Part-1). Regular, Stiffness Irregular and Mass Irregular G+7 steel building is designed for four zones in ETABS software. Linear Static and Linear Dynamic analyses are performed on all zones for different conditions of soils. In this work, a steel G+7 storeyed structure is developed in ETABS and subjected to seismic loading. For Energy dissipation, the dampers are installed in the building and the analysis process is done. In this research, seismic study is carried out on various models using energy dissipation devices such as fluid viscous damper. The different irregularities in a building in four zones are analyzed with and without using dampers. The study is concluded by comparing displacement and storey shear values for different models.

Progressive Collapse Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Multistoried Frame Structure

Abstract: The objective of this project is to analyze the progressive collapse behavior of 10 story reinforced concrete frame structures by removing column suddenly from different locations, as per the GSA guidelines. To achieve this, a structural model of the building has been developed in ETABS version 18.1.1 and loads are applied as per GSA guidelines. The design and detailing of the structure are done in accordance with IS codes, using the special moment-resistant frame linear static analysis method. In accordance with GSA guidelines, three-column removal scenarios have been studied on the ground floor, including the removal of a Corner column, Middle column of longer and Middle column of shorter side. The Demand/Capacity ratios (DCR) for each member have been calculated using the linear static analysis method. Members with a DCR ratio greater than 2 are expected to fail in a similar column removal case. Past studies have revealed that shear in a beam and columns are not crucial in progressive collapse. However, the linear static analysis method has demonstrated that beams are prone to fail in flexure.