Irrigation Performance Research Articles

Optimization of Key Hydraulic Structure Parameters of a New Type of Water–Pesticide Integrated Sprinkler Based on Response Surface Experiment

To meet the requirements of trellis grape crop root irrigation, spraying pesticides on branches and leaves, an integrated sprinkler was designed, which relies on the flow pressure to change the irrigation water and spray pesticide working modes. The structural parameters that affect the hydraulic performance were selected based on the working principle of the sprinkler. The key parameters for the irrigation mode included diversion hole inclination angle, refractive cone angle, refractive cone length, and cone hole distance. The key parameters for the spray pesticide mode included diversion chute width, the number of diversion chutes, the diversion chute inclination angle, the rotary acceleration chamber height, and the nozzle outlet cylindrical section length. The central composite design response surface tests of the water–pesticide integrated sprinkler were carried out; the analysis of variance and regression analysis were selected; the main influence rules and interactions of key structural parameters on irrigation performance and pesticide spraying performance of sprinkler irrigation system were obtained. The optimal parameters of the water–pesticide integrated sprinkler were: the diversion hole inclination angle is 20.8°, the refractive cone angle is 123.7°, the refractive cone length is 8.8 mm, the cone hole distance is 3.6 mm, the diversion chute width is 2.5 mm, the number of diversion chutes is 2, the diversion chute inclination angle is 10°, the rotary acceleration chamber height is 1.3 mm, and the nozzle outlet cylindrical section length is 0.7 mm. The irrigation hydraulic performance of the wetted radius is 3.4 m, the average irrigation application rate is 0.65 mm/h, and the uniformity coefficient is 88%. The spraying pesticide performance of the droplet volume mid-diameter is 200.2 μm, the droplet spectrum width is 2.2, and the droplet coverage is 9.4%.

Measurement and simulation of irrigation performance in continuous and surge furrow irrigation using WinSRFR and SIRMOD models

The SIRMOD and WinSRFR models were used to model and assess the irrigation performance under continuous and surge irrigation strategies with two furrow lengths of 70 m and 90 m and stream sizes of 0.4 l/s and 0.6 l/s for each length. According to the normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) and the relative error (RE), WinSRFR had, on average, excellent accuracy in the continuous and surge irrigation for simulating advance-recession times (NRMSE: 6.15 and 4.24% for advance time, and 2.20 and 5.20% for recession time), infiltrated water depth (NRMSE: 3.37 and 6.38%), and runoff volume (RE: 6.93 and 2.57%), respectively. SIRMOD had also, on average, excellent simulation in the continuous and surge irrigation for advance-recession times (NRMSE: 3.34 and 2.45% for advance time, and 2.28 and 6.41% for recession time), infiltrated water depth (NRMSE: 2.98 and 5.27%), and runoff volume (RE: 5.31 and 17.49%), respectively. The average of irrigation application efficiency (AE), distribution uniformity (DU), deep percolation (DP), and tail-water ratio (TWR) were 61.50, 90.25, 11.75, and 26.75% in continuous irrigation, and 72.03, 94.09, 8.39, and 19.57% in surge irrigation, respectively, which shows that surge irrigation increased AE (irrigation management performance) and DU (irrigation method performance) and reduced DP and TWR compared to continuous irrigation. Moreover, longer furrow lengths increased AE and DP under both irrigation methods, while it decreased TWR and DU. However, increasing the stream size decreased AE and DP and increased TWR under both continuous and surge irrigations. The higher stream size improved DU in continuous irrigation but reduced DU in surge irrigation. The results confirmed that both SIRMOD and WinSRFR are reliable analytical tools to evaluate furrow irrigation strategies for improving irrigation management. In conclusion, this study showed that surface irrigation models could be employed in practice by irrigation engineers and practitioners to design and define the optimized furrow length and stream size in arid and semi-arid areas where efficient and high performance irrigation strategies are required to save water and reduce water loss.

Analisis Kinerja Jaringan Irigasi Ogoamas 1, Kecamatan Sojol Utara, Kabupaten Donggala

Irrigation performance is influenced by several aspects, namely: physical infrastructure, crop productivity, supporting facilities and infrastructure, personnel organization, documentation, and water user farmer associations (P3A). The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of the irrigation network in the Ogoamas 1 Irrigation Area based on the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works No.12/PRT/M/2015. The research method was carried out by direct survey to the location, interviews and documenting the irrigation network to obtain primary and secondary data. secondary. After that, data analysis was carried out. From the results of the analysis it can be concluded that the weight value of the physical infrastructure condition is 33.21%, the condition of crop productivity is 10.40%, the condition of supporting facilities is 8.75%, the personnel organization condition is 11.40%, the documentation condition is 3.80. %, and the P3A condition is 6.15%. The result of the overall weight value of the performance of the Ogoamas 1 irrigation network is 73.71% with good performance category.

Mapping global maximum irrigation extent at 30m resolution using the irrigation performances under drought stress

Accurate global irrigation information is essential for managing water scarcity and improving food security. However, the mapping of high-resolution irrigation at the global scale is challenging due to the wide range of climate conditions, crop types and phenology, ambiguous and heterogeneous spectral features, and farming practices. Here, a robust method is proposed using irrigation performance under drought stress as a proxy for crop productivity stabilization and crop water consumption. For each irrigation mapping zone (IMZ), dry months in the 2017–2019 period and the driest months in the 2010–2019 period were identified over the growing season. The thresholds of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the dry months from 2017 to 2019 and the NDVI deviation (NDVIdev) in the driest month were identified to separate irrigated and rainfed cropland with samples. The final threshold from either the NDVI or the NDVIdev of the IMZ was determined with a higher overall accuracy in separating irrigated and non-irrigated areas. The results show that the global maximum irrigation extent (GMIE) at a 30-m resolution was 23.38% of global cropland in 2010–2019, with an overall accuracy of 83.6% globally and significant regional differences in irrigation proportions ranging from 1.1% in western Africa to 100% in Old World deserts among the 110 IMZs and from 0.4% in Belarus to 80.2% in Pakistan and 100% in Egypt among 45 countries. The study quantitatively distinguished annually and intermittently irrigated regions, which had values of 42% and 58% of global cropland, respectively, by applying indicators. This method, using the NDVI and NDVIdev thresholds, is simple, concrete and reproducible and better for zones with homogeneous weather conditions. The study offers independent, consistent and comparable information for defining the baseline, tracking changes in irrigation infrastructure, and leading future changes in how stakeholders plan and design irrigation systems.

Assessing the biophysical factors affecting irrigation performance in rice cultivation using remote sensing derived information

Assessing the biophysical factors affecting irrigation performance in rice cultivation using remote sensing derived information

PERFORMANCE STUDY OF IRRIGATION NETWORK IN RENGGUNG IRRIGUNG AREA, LOMBOK CENTRAL REGENCY

The impact of the decline in irrigation performance is direct and indirect. The direct impact is a decrease in productivity, a decrease in cropping intensity and an increase in farming risk. The indirect impact is the weakening of the farmer's commitment to maintaining the paddy field ecosystem because the poor performance of irrigation makes the land less conducive for farming, especially rice crops. In order to obtain an overview of the condition of the irrigation areas being managed, it is necessary to conduct a study of the irrigation areas, to determine the conditions of irrigation performance and to determine priorities for handling the rehabilitation of irrigation networks and to make policies. DI performance appraisal evaluation results. Renggung is 75.8% where the performance condition of Irrigation Area of Renggung Irrigation is Good Performance.

Effect of wheat crop height and canopy coverage on microsprinkling hose irrigation uniformity

AbstractCrop shading affects irrigation uniformity and water distribution under microsprinkling hose irrigation (MHI). This study aims to ascertain how MHI distributes irrigation water under crop shading. Various crop heights and canopy coverages of wheat specimens were designed. The experiment was conducted under four working pressures (20, 24, 28 and 32 kPa). The irrigation water distribution of the MHI under crop shading was analysed under various crop heights and canopy coverages. The results showed that (1) the irrigation uniformity of MHI could reach approximately 50% while the planting row spacing of wheat was appropriate. Crop shading had little effect on irrigation performance. (2) During the jointing period, when the wheat height reached 0.4 m, intensive stems reduced the irrigation uniformity and spraying range of MHI. (3) The wheat height could reach 0.6–0.7 m in the maturing period. The uniformity was 25%–50%, which was far lower than the effect of irrigation during the jointing period. To obtain great irrigation performance and acceptable crop yield, it is important to select the proper pressure under the various crop heights and canopy coverages of wheat under MHI.

System Performance Evaluation for Tea Plants Replacing Sprinkler with Drip Irrigation using Water Uniformities in Dooars, India

Tea gardens are facing water scarcity; moreover, their irrigation utilises overhead sprinklers, which lack uniformities and controlled irrigation methods. Evaluating the performance of drip irrigation is an important research area for better water resources management. To address these issues different drip irrigation methods have been experimented with having different combinations of drippers. Two plots are online drip systems while the other two are inline systems operated at the same pressure on water application uniformity while other conditions remain similar. Earlier studies witnessed experimentation of drip irrigation with only the same emitter flow. While in this research, the uniformity coefficient, emission uniformity and performance index are calculated. It is found that due to various dripper discharges and systems the water application significantly changes. Extreme values of discharge variation of the emitters were observed during field operations under the same pressure and length of laterals. From the evaluation of the uniformities and investment cost, the performance of an inline system with a 4 lph dripper at 60 cm with 1-m lateral spacing is found to be the best model for tea irrigation under the specified conditions. Later stage and further research efforts should be aimed at the findings of the efficiencies and yield response of tea under the four drip systems.

Benchmarking of Irrigation Performance in Karataş and Karaçal Irrigation Associations

This study was carried out to evaluate the system performances of Karataş and Karaçal irrigation associations located in Burdur province. Karataş irrigation association was put into operation in 1982 and Karaçal irrigation association in 2015 with irrigation areas are 5476 and 4975 ha, respectively. The same public personnel were appointed to both irrigation associations as the Head of the Association in 2018, and as of 2019, both irrigation Associations were gathered under the management of Karataş irrigation association. In this study, the performances of Karataş irrigation, which has an old and predominantly open canal system, and Karaçal irrigation systems, which are relatively new and have a pressurized irrigation system, between the years 2015-2019 have been evaluated. In the performance evaluation, a set of indicators under two main headings as water use efficiency, and financial efficiency recommended by the International Technology and Research Program in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID) was used. According to the results of the research, when the water use efficiency is examined, especially Annual relative irrigation supply (0.53-0.73 for Karataş; 0.47-0.96 for Karaçal) and irrigation ratio (20-72% for Karataş; 36% for Karaçal) 55) values were not at the desired levels. In terms of Financial Efficiency, cost recovery ratio (119-401% for Karataş; 144-311 for Karaçal) and revenue collection performance (78-442% for Karataş; 10-130 for Karaçal) were found to be high. Although this is a new irrigation, Karaçal irrigation shows that relatively high maintenance costs are incurred. Total operating maintenance and management (MOM) cost per unit area is US$ 9.60-14.98/ha for Karataş and as 1.32-22.92 US$/ha for Karaçal. These values showed that, in general, both irrigations have sufficient financial strength.

Assessment of irrigation water distribution using remotely sensed indicators: A case study of Doho Rice Irrigation Scheme, Uganda

The rising competition for scarce land and water resources and the need to satisfy the global food demand from an ever-growing population necessitates novel methods to monitor irrigation scheme performance for improved water use efficiency. The traditional methods employed in sub-Saharan Africa to assess irrigation performance are point-based, expensive, and time-consuming, making monitoring and evaluation of these capital-intensive projects difficult. This study aimed at employing satellite data with high spatial and temporal resolution in assessing the performance of Doho Rice Irrigation Scheme through estimations of actual evapotranspiration. Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was modelled from Landsat 7 imagery using the surface energy balance system algorithm on five clear days between January and April 2020. Using equity and adequacy metrics, the derived ETa was used to assess the irrigation performance of the scheme. Results showed that the equity indicator was generally fair, with the coefficient of variation between 0.11 and 0.08, close to the 0.10 threshold implying irrigation water is fairly distributed within the scheme. The average adequacy was 0.87, above the 0.65 threshold, indicating adequate water supply throughout the scheme. The study's findings can be used in future research and benchmarking with other irrigation schemes to address the country's water resource management challenges.

Water Delivery Performance of Canal Irrigation: A Case Study of Chalakudy River Diversion Scheme

The role of irrigation is important in mitigating the challenges involved in food production under the changing climate scenarios. Adequacy and equity in water distribution are the primary concern regarding the performance of any irrigation scheme. Conveyance efficiency and two adequacy indicators, namely, Relative Water Supply and Adequacy were used to evaluate the performance of Chalakudy River Diversion Scheme (CRDS) located in central Kerala, India, in the present study, Water withdrawal data collected from Irrigation Department, and data collected from field measurements of canal discharge and seepage loss were used in the study. Irrigation requirement of the canal command area was worked out using the FAO’s CROPWAT 8.0 software. The results revealed that the average annual irrigation demand of the CRDS command area is 46.90 Mm3. Measured flow rate through the canal system showed that the flow decreases towards the tail end. Loss of water through seepage from the canal was high in the irrigation scheme due to the highly damaged condition of canal lining and poor maintenance. The CRDS canal system’s overall conveyance efficiency was found to be 51%. Based on Relative Water Supply and Adequacy Indicator, functioning of the irrigation scheme falls in the category of ‘fair’. Apart from proper repair and maintenance of canal system, conjunctive use of groundwater and canal water for irrigation is suggested towards the tail reaches to alleviate irrigation water inadequacy problems in the CRDS command area.

Assessment of Dentinal Tubules Penetration by Hyben X Delivered into the Root Canal System as an Irrigant; An in Vitro Study.

Disinfection of the root canal system is crucial for a successful endodontic treatment. Several factors influence the performance of effective irrigation. Diverse irrigating substances have been used but none has proved to completely penetrate the root canal system. HybenX dries biofilm due to its hygroscopic properties; therefore, it is effective in the treatment of biofilm-related diseases. This investigation aimed to estimate HybenX's degree of penetration into the dentinal tubules of upper first premolars. Experimental in vitro intervention where 30 extracted maxillary premolars were evaluated to determine HybenX's degree of penetration and 5% sodium hypochlorite in the dentinal tubules using three different irrigation techniques (passive ultrasonic irrigation, dynamic manual irrigation and conventional single jet irrigation technique). After preparation, the root canals were irrigated with fluorescent rhodamine 6G; then 500-micrometer sections were made to be analyzed under a fluorescence microscope. Measurements were made in micrometer in ZEN software to determine the penetration degree of each substance in the different root thirds. In the apical third, significant differences between the 3 irrigation techniques were found (P<0.05), similarly, for the middle and cervical thirds. Significant statistical differences between the HybenX and sodium hypochlorite were found at the cervical and middle levels when using the conventional Monoject irrigation and passive ultrasonic irrigation techniques. As for the apical level, differences were found between the passive ultrasonic irrigation techniques and the dynamic manual irrigation technique. Based on this in vitro study, HybenX proved to highly penetrate into the dentinal tubules, especially when using the passive ultrasonic irrigation technique. HybenX may be a useful option for root canal irrigation in endodontics.

Water balance and technical-financial performance of irrigation in the cassava cultivation

Water balance and technical-financial performance of irrigation in the cassava cultivation

Assessing Water Consumption Pattern and Delivery Irrigation Performance Indicators Using the Wapor Portal Under Data-Limited Conditions, Ethiopia

Assessing Water Consumption Pattern and Delivery Irrigation Performance Indicators Using the Wapor Portal Under Data-Limited Conditions, Ethiopia

Assessment of a Tidal Marsh Irrigation Area Based on the PAKSI-PU

This research intends to investigate the evaluation of existing tidal marsh irrigation areas based on the PAKSI-PU currently in effect in Indonesia. However, the tidal marsh irrigation is needed for the modeling of tidal marsh irrigation performance, which is necessary for developing this type of irrigation. This research is conducted in Terantang irrigation area, South Borneo Province, Indonesia. The methodology consists of literature study for determining the reliability condition of infrastructure facilities; survey or reliability parameter measuring water supply, irrigation management, management institutions, and human resources; and verification of survey or measurement results. The performance of an irrigation area is an indication in the scheme to illustrate the management of irrigation system and based on the performance indexes of the irrigation facilities after the development and rehabilitation. Generally, the development of tidal marsh in the future has to meet three conditions that are technically is easy to be implemented and can be accepted by society, economically is feasible and profitable and does not damage the environment so the natural resources is remain maintained. The result shows that based on the recommendation of the document, if it is reviewed from the performance condition and classification which the criteria due to the excellent performance is from 80 until 100%, good performance is from 70 until 80%, less performance is from 55 until 70%, and bad performance is less than 55%; so there is about 93.6% of 70 unit of IKSI data is in the condition of less until bad; only 6.4% is in the good performance. These results are very needed to support the tidal marsh irrigation performance. Keywords : assessment, tidal marsh, Terantang, PAKSI-PU. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.50.4.12

Analysis of performance and agriculture-education-ecotourism (Agri-Edu-Ecotourism) development potential of Koto Kandis irrigation area, Pesisir Selatan Regency, West Sumatra Province

This study evaluated the performance, efficiency, and effectiveness of the Kota Kandis Irrigation Area (KKIA) secondary irrigation network and the KKIA potential for agriculture, education, and ecotourism (Agri-Edu-Ecotourism) area. The data were obtained from field investigation and interviews of farmers for primary data and supported with secondary data gained by data collected from reports and related statistical data. The average inflow and outflow discharges were 367.31 and 304,90 liters/second, respectively, and creating water loss rate reached 18.53%. The irrigation distribution efficiency and effectiveness are 81.47% and 54.19%, respectively. It indicated that much water had not been properly distributed. The evaluation results of the technical and social aspects are still categorized as unsatisfactory. According to the PUPR Ministerial Regulations (2017), the Irrigation Performance Index (IPI) of KKIA is 69.5, categorized as poor. The damage level of irrigation infrastructure ranges from 20 to 40%. It is necessary to improve socialization, guiding, coaching, and extension activities to improve operations management, routine, and periodic maintenance and repair. The KKIA also has excellent potential to be developed for an Agri-Edu-ecotourism area.

Irrigation Performance Index Model (Case Study in IPDMIP)

Each irrigation area has its own unique characteristics, depending on its geographical location, topography, population, climate, soil, and others. Based on government regulation, since 2015, all irrigation schemes in Indonesia have to be measured with the irrigation system performance index (IKSI or Indeks Kinerja Sistem Irigasi) every year. Several studies have been conducted since that year, but the IKSI model has not been evaluated yet, especially for surface irrigation. An increasing value of IKSI indicates an increase in the quality of irrigation system services. Conversely, the decreasing value of IKSI means that the efficiency and effectiveness of irrigation system management need further review and improvement. Therefore, this research aims to develop a mathematical model of the irrigation performance index as an evaluation using six parameters that examine the quality of irrigation system management. The research locations are in 947 Central Government Authorized Irrigation Areas, which was chosen considering that the irrigation performance index model had not been evaluated. The methodology consists of a SmartPLS (partial least square) application to analyze and narrow down the variables in this study, the analysis using the GRG (generalized reduced gradient) method to calculate nonlinear equations. In the initial equation, two variables, 12 dimensions, 24 indicators were analyzed. After analyzing the results using PLS-SEM, three indicators were eliminated so that the composition of the new equation became two variables, 12 dimensions, and 21 indicators that were interrelated with one another. Furthermore, GRG analysis using Microsoft Excel solver showed changes in variable weights so that the new model equation for IKSI-Bakti was 0.744 x primary irrigation network + 0.256 x tertiary irrigation network, which applies to the irrigation area of the Central Authority, especially for surface irrigation. Keywords : irrigation, partial least square, generalized reduced gradient, performance index. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.50.4.1

An empirical assessment of the institutional performance of community-based water management in a large-scale irrigation system in southern Mexico

Understanding irrigation performance by focusing on its institutional dimension can help improve water use and smallholder farmers' livelihoods. While many studies have evaluated the institutional performance of small-scale, farmer-managed irrigation systems, virtually no empirical studies have evaluated the performance of community-based water management institutions in large-scale irrigation systems with non-governmental bureaucratic administration. This study aims to fill this gap using a mixed-methods research design combining ethnographic work and a quantitative survey of 81 smallholder farmers' from four community institutions (ejidos) in an irrigation district in Chiapas, southern Mexico. While the management model implemented in the transfer of Mexican irrigation districts to users consisted of a bureaucratic administration entirely in the hands of contract agents, this study reveals the essential role of community institutions in local water management. However, although all four communities use water from the same irrigation district, the results revealed significant differences in the institutional performance of irrigation management. Using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework developed by Elinor Ostrom, We showed that these differences could be explained by the biophysical attributes involved in irrigation (irrigation technique, access to groundwater resources, location of the water intake) and community characteristics (social capital and group size). The study recommends that water managers involve communities in the creation of farmers' associations, which could increase their social capital and thus the performance of local irrigation. Furthermore, the results suggest that farmers' views on the institutional performance of irrigation management should receive more attention in the large-scale irrigation system with bureaucratic administration. This knowledge can be particularly useful to improve the different levels of organization and thus water governance of irrigation districts in Mexico.

A Real-Time Adaptive Control System for Border Irrigation

The shortage of water resources makes it urgent to increase agricultural irrigation efficiency. In response to this need, this study develops a real-time adaptive control irrigation (RACI) system for border irrigation. Avoiding the need for traditional real-time control systems to calculate soil infiltration properties in real-time, RACI adjusts the inflow rate based on the difference between the actual and expected advance time. Simulations of the collected data are used to evaluate and analyze the sensitivity of RACI to input parameters, and field experiments were carried out to further verify the irrigation performance and efficiency. The experimental results indicate that RACI delivers an average application efficiency, distribution uniformity, requirement efficiency, and deep percolation of 0.930, 0.884, 0.954, and 0.070, respectively. A sensitivity analysis of irrigation input parameters (infiltration parameter, roughness coefficient, inflow rate, and slope) shows that the irrigation performance of RACI remains satisfactory even when the parameters are varied. Given the satisfactory irrigation performance and robustness and the more facile operation than traditional real-time control systems, RACI has the potential to become widely used.

Evaluation and optimization of surge and alternate furrow irrigation performance in maize fields using the WinSRFR software

Low efficiency of irrigation is a major problem with surface irrigation methods, mainly due to poor management and improper design. The objective of this study was to evaluate and improve the performance of different surge and alternate furrow irrigation methods. A field experiment was conducted during the grain maize growing season in the Jayedar Plain of Poldokhtar City (southwest of Iran) in the years 2020 and 2021. Five different furrow irrigation methods including conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), surge irrigation with on/off cycle ratios of 1 and 0.5 (SFI1–1 and SFI1–2, respectively), fixed alternate irrigation (FFI) and variable alternate irrigation (AFI) were investigated. A total of 15 irrigation evaluations were performed at the initial, middle, and end of the growing season by measuring inflow rate, cutoff time, outflow rate, infiltration and advance time. The length and spacing of experimental furrows were 120 and 0.75 m, respectively, and the inflow rate of furrows and the flow cutoff times at the initial (3rd irrigation), middle (6th irrigation), and end (9th irrigation) of the season were 0.28 L/s and 240 min, 0.42 L/s and 360 min, 0.35 L/s and 300 min, respectively. The WinSRFR 3.1 software was calibrated and applied using field data based on the zero-inertia model. The results of the furrow irrigation sensitivity analysis with WinSRFR 3.1 software demonstrated that furrow irrigation in the studied area was most sensitive to the inflow rate, cutoff time and infiltration parameters, respectively. There were high correlations between the measured and simulated values of runoff, infiltration and advance time (coefficient of determination of 1.0, 0.94, and 0.97, respectively). The relative error values in estimating runoff, infiltration and advance time were 5.60 %, 5.09 %, and 2.14 %, respectively. Mean performance indices of different furrow irrigation methods under field experiments showed that the highest values of Application Efficiency (78.7 %), Potential Application Efficiency of the minimum (69.5 %), and Potential Application Efficiency of low-quarter (74.1 %) were observed under the AFI method. By optimizing the inflow rate and flow cutoff time, application efficiencies of 66.6–80.7 % were obtained for different irrigation methods. The results of this study show that AFI is a more suitable method for maize irrigation in the study area.