Irrigation Norms Research Articles

Water-saving irrigation technologies for cotton in the conditions of global climate change and lack of water resources

The article presents the results of the experiments on the study of irrigation technologies of cotton in the conditions of grassy-alluvial, saline, and medium loam soil of the Bukhara oasis by lying black film on cotton furrows and using polymer complexes. In field experiments, irrigation technology was carried out by using the irrigation received moisture content of the soil recommended for grassy-alluvial, saline, and medium loam soil of the Bukhara oasis at 70-80-65% compared to LSMC. When the cotton was irrigated 4 times according to the scheme 1-3-0 with irrigation norms of 767, 604, 622, 644 cbm/ha and seasonal irrigation rate of 2637 cbm/ha by covering furrows with the black film and 1818 cbm/ha compared to the control option, the river water was economized and the yield was higher which was 46.8 h/ha. Even when irrigated by using polymer complexes, cotton was irrigated 4 times according to scheme 1-3-0 with irrigation norms of 779, 616, 650, 667 cbm/ha and seasonal irrigation rate of 2712 cbm/ha by using polymer complexes and in this regard, 1743 cbm/ha of the river water as compared to the control option was saved while the yield was 44.8 h/ha. Increased cotton yield by 3.0-5.0 h/ha and saving river water by up to 30-40% was achieved through the irrigation technology by using the screen, which was created by covering the black film and polymer complexes.

Assignment of Irrigation Norms for Available Water Reserves Taking Into Account Soil Heterogeneity as a Water Saving Approach to Crop Irrigation

Water-saving irrigation regimes for crops include reducing irrigation costs by reducing water supply. However, it also affects obtaining maximum crop yields, and increasing the fertility of the land, and avoiding negative environmental consequences. Creating the optimal, most favorable, comfortable level of soil moisture is a difficult task, which is influenced by many factors. One of the approaches to the appointment of irrigation norms is to take into account the heterogeneity of the soil profile and available moisture reserves. Formulas for calculating irrigation rates for available moisture reserves allow rational use of irrigation water, minimizing losses. The calculation was carried out according to two formulas - according to A.N. Kostyakova both for available moisture reserves for the 0-60 cm layer as a whole and layers every 10 cm. The choice of the estimated year was based on the availability of a water balance deficit, defined as the difference between the water consumption E and precipitation Pe for the calculation period. As a result of calculations, the following results were obtained: taking into account the heterogeneity of the soil profile, it is possible to save from 100 to 400 m3 / ha during the growing season without loss of crop yield.

Режим орошения и водопотребления картофеля в Республике Башкортостан в зависимости от мелиоративного состояния земель

Data of long-term researches (2015–2018) in southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan, is justified theoretically and experimentally the mode of irrigation of potatoes on leached chernozems of unsatisfactory, satisfactory and good ameliorative condition of irrigated lands. For the growing periods of potatoes with different heat and moisture supply, the number of watering, the timing of their implementation, irrigation and irrigation norms are established. On lands with unsatisfactory meliorative state the number of irrigation depending on weather conditions of potato vegetation period varied from 0 to 3 (1.5 on average) with average irrigation norm – 990 m3/ha. With satisfactory meliorative state of lands the number of irrigation on average increased from 0 to 4 (2.3 on average) with irrigation norm – 1305 m3/ha. On lands with good meliorative state the number of irrigation was the highest – from 1 to 5 (3 on average) with average irrigation irrigation norm is 1653 m3/ha. It was noted that in the dry periods of potato vegetation the greatest number of watering was carried out (3–5 watering), and in the wet periods (2017) watering was not carried out except for the area with a good reclamation state, where only one irrigation was carried out by the norm of 550 m3/ha. Water consumption of potato was studied in dynamics as a whole during the growing season and the months of the growing season depending on weather conditions of vegetation period and land reclamation condition of irrigated lands, as well as in the control (without irrigation). The lowest total water consumption was in the area without irrigation and averaged 226.8 mm. In irrigated areas, its values increased to 319-353.4 mm. The average daily water consumption varied from 2.12 to 3.3 mm. The highest rates of potato water consumption were observed in June and July, and the lowest – in May and August. In the total water consumption of potatoes on the site without irrigation, the largest share was occupied by atmospheric precipitation and in addition to them the arrival of moisture from the soil. Irrigation water was used in irrigated areas along with precipitation, the share of which was 30.2–46.1 %.

Оптимизация режима орошения сельскохозяйственных культур для различных зон Саратовской области

In the conditions of the Volga region, the zone of risky agriculture, the stability of crop production directly depends on the degree of moisture supply of crops [1, 2, 12]. The article presents the results of many years of research on the study of irrigation regime on crops with differentiated irrigation.
 Studies of irrigation regimes of agricultural crops on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of agro-climatic conditions allowed to establish environmentally sound differentiated irrigation rates of major crops for different natural areas of the Saratov region, depending on the degree of aridity of the year.
 Recommended irrigation norms were 300–350 m3/ha at the beginning of vegetation and no more than 450–500 m3/ha during the period of maximum water consumption. The use of differentiated irrigation norms for the main crops will allow to control the development of erosion processes on irrigated lands and provide resource saving in irrigated agriculture.

SUBSTANTIATION OF COTTON IRRIGATION REGIME ON MEADOW-ALLUVIAL SOILS OF THE KHOREZM OASIS

The article provides a comparative analysis of the establishment of cotton irrigation regimes on irrigated meadow alluvial soils of the Khorezm region of Uzbekistan from a groundwater level of 2,0 - 3,0 m based on the methods of the Research Institute for Breeding, Seed and Agricultural Technology of Cotton Cultivation and FAO. Experiments on the irrigation regime of cotton were carried out with the following variants of irrigated soil moisture: 70-70-60%, 70-80-60% and 70-80-60% (increased irrigation rates by 30 %) Maximum field moisture capacity MFMC. To establish the irrigation regime for cotton according to the FAO method, the program CROPWAT and AquaCrop are used. The comparison of the results showed that, corresponding to the FAO method, the number of irrigations by 4-6 times more (given in small irrigation norm amounts that`s why numbers of watering multiplies) than by the method of the Research Institute for Breeding. The best results were obtained for creating a meliorative reclamative condition for the growth and development of cotton in the experimental plots, provided that the over-irrigation moisture in the soil was maintained at 70-80-60% of the Ultimate Field Moisture Capacity (UFMC). During the growing season, followings are necessary: light soil that was irrigated 6 times, in the cotton development phase according to the scheme 1-4-1, irrigation norms 437-825 m3/ha, irrigation norms 3641-3676 m3/ha, yield was 4.02 t/ha, an average mechanical structure of the soil must be irrigated 5 times, based on the 1-4-0 scheme, with irrigation norms of 494-664 m3/ha and irrigation norms of 3090-3133 m3/ha, yield 4.01 t/ha, heavy mechanical soil should be irrigated 4 times, corresponding to the scheme 1-3-0, with irrigation norms of 541-753 m3/ha and irrigation norms of 2766-2786 m3/ha, yield 3.93 t/ha. Compared with the production (control) option, the cotton yield was more than 0.98 t/ha, 0.93 t/ha and 0.88 t/ha.

Cultivation of Cotton in Uzbekistan and Xinjiang (NW China) Using Drip Irrigation

The article highlights the importance of cultivation of major crops - cotton, both in the Republic of Uzbekistan and China, the problems arising from the use of furrow irrigation with surface water shortages in these countries. Proposals on the application of drip irrigation of cotton under cultivation for the purpose of rational use of water. Presents conclusions and expected results in the implementation of drip irrigation of cotton, given the calculations of irrigation norms and fertilizer, obtained data analysis.

Рациональное использование водных ресурсов с автоматизированным расчетом полива посевов на орошаемом поле

Crop production is accompanied by a set of tasks, each of which for different soil and climatic conditions has its own characteristics and standards. Irrigation is one of the types of water reclamation in areas with insufficient and unstable natural moisture, aimed at preventing soil and partially atmospheric droughts. Determination of crops moisture supply and irrigation norms is the most important task when growing crops in arid regions. The objective of our work is to develop an automated information technology for decision-making during irrigation. The main indicators of moisture supply of the irrigated field is the reference, potential and actual evapotranspirations, crop water stress index. Indicators of moisture supply are determined according to the monitoring of agro/meteorological, physiological parameters of crops. For monitoring tasks in the Agro/physical Institute (St. Petersburg), an automated mobile field agro/meteorological complex (AMFAC) was created. The software of the complex allows real-time saving of synchronously measured data time series, which are used for automated calculation of reference, potential and actual evapotranspirations, crop water stress index and irrigation norms. As a result of the field experiments, methods for assessing the evapotranspiration and crop water stress index were tested. Automated information technology, including monitoring, the creation of a database, and computational algorithms for models of energy exchange in the «soil – plant – atmospheric surface layer» system can serve as the basis for an expert decision-making system for irrigation.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ТА ЕКОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ РОЗРАХУНКУ ВОДНИХ РЕЖИМІВ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ КУЛЬТУР

Дефіцит водних ресурсів країни потребує ретельного підходу довикористання поливних вод, коригування строків і норм зволоження. У статті проаналізовано традиційні методи визначення величини поливних норм: за найменшою вологоємністю та мінімально допустимим запасом води для рослин. Режим зрошення сільськогосподарських культур слід ув’язувати не з водозабезпеченням рослин та їхнім урожаєм, а з оптимальною вологістю ґрунтоутворення.Тому запропонований новий підхід визначення поливних і зрошувальних норм за шпаруватістю ґрунту. Це дозволить більш ефективно використовувати зрошувальну воду в межах поля та підтримувати на ньому задовільний еколого-меліоративний стан.

Efficiency of Cultivating Corn for Grain under Irrigation in the Prialeyskaya Steppe

To assess the effectiveness of irrigation when cultivating corn for grain in the conditions of the arid Prialeyskaya steppe of the Altai Territory, an irrigation regime was developed to maintain pre-irrigation moisture at 60 and 70 % minimum moisture-holding capacity in the soil layer – 0.5 m. Water with irrigation was used mineralization of 0.3 g/l, it lacked toxic salts. In 2015, the irrigation norm with an irrigation regime of 60 % minimum moisture-holding capacity was 2650 m3/ha, with a regime of 70 % minimum moisture-holding capacity – 2850 m3/ha. In 2016, irrigation norms for irrigation regimes were 60 and 70 % minimum moisture-holding capacity of 2250 and 2450 m3/ha, respectively. In 2017, at the 60 % minimum moisture-holding capacity option, 7 irrigations were carried out, the irrigation rate was 2700 m3/ha. On the irrigation variant of 70 % of the minimum moisture-holding capacity, 8 irrigations were carried out, the irrigation rate was 2900 m3/ha. The highest yield of corn grain was obtained while maintaining a humidity level of at least 70 % minimum moisture-holding capacity. The maximum yield in 2015 was 6.7 t/ha, in the control – 3.8 t/ha. The yield increases on this option were significant in comparison not only with the control without irrigation, but also in comparison with the 60 % minimum moisture-holding capacity. To identify the economic efficiency of cultivating corn with irrigation, the costs of irrigation and the cost of the resulting crop were considered. The highest net income and profitability were obtained in 2016 with an irrigation regime of 70 % minimum moisture-holding capacity. Net income was 63.31 thousand rubles/ha, profitability level 370.45 %. In all years of research, the economic indicators for irrigation options were significantly superior to those for the non-irrigation option.

Available water supply is a determining factor of bulb onion effective development

The article reveals the role of irrigation as a leading principle in optimizing the life of bulb onions. The purpose of the research was to assess the effectiveness of water use by onion plants under various irrigation regimes. We studied watering and irrigation norms that determine the different irrigation regimes of 7 onion hybrids: Valero F1, Kuantach F1, Soltis F1, Utrero F1, Pandero F1, Katinka F1, Cometa F1 and Chalcedony. The most effective irrigation regimes were identified for the studied hybrids and varieties of bulb onion. The best for the Soltis F1 hybrid was a differentiated irrigation regime, and for the rest of the hybrids and Chalcedony varieties it was increased one. The most productive hybrid in the conditions of the Lower Volga region was Pandero F1, which produced 187.0 t/ha with an increased irrigation regime.

Agrophysical properties of black soils depending on types of economic use in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe

About 50% of the world’s distribution of the richest soils on the planet, black soil, is concentrated in Russia. On black soil, 75% of the gross output of grain crops and 50% of livestock production are manufactured. However, the current state of black soils causes concerns about the increasing degradation that threatens Russia’s food security. Black soils are a subject to significant anthropogenic stress; first of all they are exposed to agricultural impact. The problem of degradation of arable black soils is largely due to the deterioration of agrophysical properties and the degree of degradation varies in different soil-climatic zones. The granulometric compositions, density of soil structure, general porosity and water permeability depend on the nature of the soil use. Throughout the entire range of the studied agrophysical soils properties, arable black soils are inferior to virgin analogues located in similar conditions of the landscape. Post-irrigative soils transformed into a set aside are inferior in their agrophysical properties to virgin analogue, but surpass arable soils in some indicators. The range of unfavourable properties of black soils acquired as a result of irrigation is quite wide and manifests itself at almost all levels of their structural organization. It should be noted that irrigation with ecologically safe irrigation norms of 300 m3 / ha does not impair the physical properties of the soil, in contrast to heavy irrigation norms, that determine the unidirectional and noticeable expression of the main indicators in the direction of their deterioration.

Tractive characteristics of multi-based irrigation machines

It is noted, that optimization of parameters of working system of multi-based irrigation machines “Fregat” and “Kuban-LK1” is based on studying the system “rain-surface-DM”, inferencing indexes of energy-connecting car qualities. Questions of influence of the degree and height of soil-connections on the underlined characteristics are discussed. The data of laboratory researches is presented, that let judge about practical absence of soil sticking on tires by means of powerful washing by artificial rain. It is stated that irrigation - machines provide necessary energy – connecting qualities in the whole range is irrigation norms. Their increase is observed in cases of elevated water supply (400 m3/ga and more) and in cases of changing the direction and height of soil – connections.

DEPENDENCIES BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND EARLY RIPENESS OF GREENHOUSE TOMATOES AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FERTILIZATION AND DILFERENT WATER SUPPLY

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of controlled permanent water deficiency and three levels of fertilization on earliness and total yield of tomatoes, greenhouse production using different mathematical approaches. In order to evaluate the morphological manifestations, the early harvest and the total yield under the influence of different irrigation and nutritional regimes, a tomatoes variety "Vitelio" was used. The irrigation is done with a drip irrigation system. Against the background of the same fertilizing rates in the variants with different irrigation norms there is a decrease in the early stage with an increase of the irrigation norms. A high correlation between plant height and total yield, with correlation coefficient (r = 0.899) and between sheet count and total yield r = 0.824 was found. There was a negative correlation between the first and third harvests and the total yield, respectively with correlation coefficients r = -0.724 and r = -0.704. The nature of the linear relationship between plant height and total yield is determined by the coefficient R2 = 0.8. Based on a two-factor analysis, it was found that irrigation regime had a dominant influence on the two parameters considered: height and yield, which was statistically proven with a very high degree of confidence (p ≤ 0.001).

Classification and Estimation of Irrigation Waters Based on Remote Sensing Images: Case Study in Yucheng City (China)

The downstream plain of the Yellow River is experiencing some of the most severe groundwater depletion in China. Although the Chinese government has issued policies to ensure that the Yellow River can provide enough irrigation waters for this region, groundwater levels continue to decrease. Yucheng City was selected as a case study. A new method was designed to classify the cropland into various irrigated cropland. Subsequently, we analyzed data regarding these irrigated-cropland categories, irrigation norms, and the minimum amount of irrigation water being applied to cropland. The results showed that 91.5% of farmland can be classified as double irrigated (by both canal/river and well water), while 8.5% of farmland can be classified as well irrigated. During the irrigation season, the sediments brought in by the river have blocked portions of the canals. This has led to 23% of the double-irrigated cropland being irrigated by groundwater, and it is thus a main factor causing reductions in groundwater supply. These blocked canals should be dredged by local governments to mitigate local groundwater depletion. The method for classifying irrigated cropland from high-resolution images is valid and it can be used in other irrigated areas with a declining groundwater table for the sustainable use of groundwater resources.

Hysteresis of the Water Retention Curve: Wetting Branch Simulation Based on the Drying Curve

Hysteresis of the soil water retention curve (SWRC), manifested as a difference between equilibrium curves of soil wetting and drying (hysteresis loop), is a phenomenon specific to soil hydrology, which is of practical importance for calculating irrigation norms. We have attempted to derive a model of the wetting curve from the drying curve. Modeling was based on parameters proposed by van Genuchten [6] and certain soil physical characteristics. SWRC hysteresis characteristics were obtained experimentally using capillarimetric measurements for wetting and drying curves at soil water pressures ranging from 0 to –800 cmH2O. Two models, М-1 and М-2, based on the hypothesis of dissimilarity of parameters α for wetting (αw) and drying (αd) and the constancy of other parameters of the van Genuchten SWRC approximation for both curves of the hysteresis loop, have been developed for wetting curve assessment based on the drying curve. The M-1 error (RMSE = 0.05 cm–1) was less than that of M-2 (RMSE = 0.06 cm–1), which used clay content and soil density as predictors, as well as that of the well-known model proposed by Kool and Parker [11]. This approach to derive the wetting curve from the drying curve for a presumed correlation between the values of one parameter and equal values of the other parameters, can be used to predict an estimate of the SWRC hysteresis for a specific soil.

THE ECONOMY OF WATER RESOURCES WITH THE USE OF POLYMER COMPLEXES IN IRRIGATION OF A COTTON

The article deals with the use of polymer complexes in alluvial-meadow soils under the pre-determined humidity of 70-80-65% of the maximum field moisture capacity, in the second option with the 1-2-1 scheme in the Bukhara oasis. During the seedling and flowering phase, one irrigation irrigation norm was performed at 734 m3/ha; during the blooming and fruit cultivation phase, three irrigation operations were performed with irrigation norms of 631-644 m3/ha, one irrigation with a watering rate of 865 m3/ha was performed during the maturation phase. The irrigation norm was 2874 m3/ha or, relative to the control variant, by 1754 m3/ha less, which allowed saving manual water, as well as the results of the conducted experiments and their impact on cotton growth, development and yield.

Automatic system of ornamental plants watering under coverage on the basis of Arduino

The automatic irrigation system for ornamental plants watering is regarded in the article. It provides irrigation of plants according to the needs of each species. In this system, it is possible to regulate not only the timing and irrigation norms, but also the ability to monitor the lower and upper limit of soil moisture in the pot, which makes it possible to save irrigation water in general and, if necessary, visualize the processes on the computer.

Improving the drip irrigation system for crops in foothill areas of Kazakhstan with minor elevation difference

This study was conducted with an objective to develop the construction of an open flow drip irrigation system for crops that do not require additional pumping equipment, providing even distribution of water along the length of the dripper line. The present study was based on general scientific methods, in particular, mathematical modelling of processes, graphical method and experimental production experiment. The analysis of results was carried out with regard to the field experience methodology and specific conditions and challenges. The study was carried out by field experiments in Jambyl Region of Kazakhstan, in desert areas with a pronounced continental climate. The system provides the possibility to fully automate dripper cleaning simultaneously on the entire area of irrigated land, and to accumulate the calculated irrigation norms with a view to provide local moisturizing of plant root zone within a short period. The open flow drip irrigation system with technical means of supplying water to the soil provides high-performance micro irrigation for farms and farmers in the arid zone. Optimizing the geometrical parameters of the irrigation circuit where the pre-irrigation moisture content, type, granulometric content, waterphysical properties of the soil, interrelated position of drip lines, head-capacity curve of drippers and system pressure are the main factors, it is necessary that minimum water consumption be provided with a view to ensure crop yield and evolution.

Основные методы обоснования рациональных элементов технологии поверхностного полива по бороздам

One of the main tasks in mechanized surface irrigation is to ensure the uniformity of distribution of irrigation norms along the length of the furrow, reducing the limit of discharges and reducing water losses to deep spillage. The magnitude of the technical elements of furrow irrigation is prescribed on the basis of permeability of soils, slope of the field surface, the value of irrigation norms to create the moisture reserves in the calculation of the soil, determining the development of the main mass of the root system of plants and technologies of their cultivation. Discusses various approaches to substantiation of rational elements of the technology of surface irrigation. Most appropriate to address the issue of rational justification of the elements of the technology of surface irrigation are the balance equations. Examples of balance equations based on the theory of infiltration absorption, developed by A.N. Kostyakova. Offered as possible solutions to the form of balance equations of water movement in a furrow and absorption of irrigation norms. It is expected that the dependence will simplify the approach to the assignment of rational parameters of elements of the mechanized watersaving furrow irrigation technology for specific production and economic conditions for ensuring the uniformity of soil moisture along the length of irrigation furrows not less 0.7...0.8 and justify the requirements to the technical means of irrigation.

Improved Technology of Furrow Irrigation on Mountain Slope Fields

The article reviewed furrow irrigation of agricultural crops, as the most common method of surface irrigation, given its advantages and disadvantages. It is noted that in order to achieve uniform wetting of the soil water flow fed into the furrows is increased, while the excess water is collected at the end of the furrow, and then reset the bleed water collection network. The dependence of uniform wetting of the field on the length of the furrow, the water flow, soil fertility and slope areas. Noticed, that the loss of water in the discharge of up to 40% of the irrigation norms, especially characteristic fields slopes steep. It is noticed that the loss of water in the discharge of up to 40% of the irrigation norms, especially characteristic for fields with steep slopes. Blow-off water washes away the fertile soil from fertilizers applied to improve soil fertility and crop yields. It is shown that as a result of irrigation erosion are reduced not only agricultural yields, but also quality of products. Keeping traditions furrow’s watering, ubiquitous in the Central Asian region, we have identified an opportunity to improve the technology of furrow irrigation on slop of the mountains fields, the strengths of which are water conservation, the preservation of fertility and other soil properties, the relevant environmental requirements. At the cutting on the three-wheeled tractor furrows his rear wheel compared to the front more than compacted soil between rows, furrows and the soil located between the wheels, it is not compacted. For this reason, the water permeability of the soil of different grooves will vary accordingly the velocity of the water in the furrows, and the time until the end of the down hill furrow different. To address this shortcoming, it proposed to equip the new cultivator working organization in the form of additional wheels with different pitches density pattern on the tires, which will be left in the furrows respectively different path for the movement of water when watering. Irrigated water, moving the ejected trace left working organization will be overcome by a different path length in the furrows, but in the end comes at the same time different grooves. This allows the soil furrows evenly moistened, to the same start time of water in the furrows reduced accordingly reduced the feed water flow. The volume of waste water is also reduced, which prevents erosion of the soil. The advantages of this technology furrow irrigation on fields with large slopes.