Irrigation Norms Research Articles

Impact of precision irrigation on the unit income of maize production

The study of the economic/economic impact of precision farming should be a priority area in digital agriculture, as the results, profitability, and efficiency indicators can have a significant decision-support effect on the development of both the agronomic and the technical regions of individual farms both in the longer and shorter term. Individual firms, companies, farmers, and family farms quantify the effectiveness of their farming processes. The modern age offers the possibility of digitally recording all the elements of farming technology, making it possible to analyse the cost-effectiveness of a farm more effectively and, in some cases, to carry out more detailed analyses. Nevertheless, the number of farms demonstrating their profitability with such precise economic calculations is still minimal. Our analyses were conducted on a 56,02 ha field of Balogh Farm-Tépe Ltd. The agricultural operations carried out were fully documented so that the inputs (seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, crop enhancers) were recorded in coordinates and kind, as well as the specific yields, grain moisture data, irrigation norms, and irrigation rotations. At the same time, the company's owner provided the data's monetary value. The main econometric indicators (yield, production value, cost of production, income, cost price) related to the evaluation of the enterprise management were evaluated along with the spatial data in the irrigated and non-irrigated tables. Our calculations show that a given year's climatic and market characteristics fundamentally determine the cost and income relations of a plot of land (and thus of an entire farm). In addition to additional inputs, introducing some elements of precision farming and intensification and increasing yields improves yield security and allows for excellent yield stability.

Изучение закономерностей передвижения, накопления влаги и химических веществ в агроэкосистемах по результатам лизиметрических исследований ФНЦ «ВИК им. В.Р. Вильямса»

Lysimetric studies were carried out at the lysimetric station of the Institute in different years in the agroecosystem "surface layer of air — plant — soil — infiltration runoff". These studies are highly appreciated in our country and in the world. They attract the attention of domestic and foreign researchers. With the help of lysimetric studies, it is possible to monitor the condition and development of plants, the dynamics of soil condition, the rate of deterioration of soil fertility, to anticipate and prevent possible waterlogging of irrigated lands in the shortest possible time. Lysimetric studies make it possible to determine the quality of irrigation water, establish the optimal irrigation period and rate, taking into account plant biology and hydrology of the site. Irrigation norms justified by lysimeters increase the efficiency of fertilizers, while maximally involving in the cycle the contained nutrients not only of the applied fertilizers, but also of the soil. Mobilization of plants' assimilation of basic nutrients (N, P, K, Ca) also allows to reduce losses due to leaching. The results obtained allow us to calculate the balance of nutrients in the soil and choose the best crops and fertilizer systems that ensure optimal productivity of agricultural land and reproduction of soil fertility.

Water balance in the aeration zone at the irrigation of red beets in the Russian Non-Chernozem area

Basing on experimental data, we obtained the correlation results between the water balance elements in the aeration zone and the calculated layer at the irrigation of red beets on sod-podzolic soils. We provided a methodology to conduct research on experimental plots and in lysimeters. The water balances for the aeration zone in the lysimeters and for the calculated soil layer on the experimental plots are presented. It is shown that the amount of precipitation during the growing season 2010–2011 (97, 195 mm) and the sum of average daily air humidity deficits (12.1, 9.6 mb) influence water consumption (510, 498 mm) and irrigation norms (414, 318 mm). Soil moisture at the conditions of sod-podzolic soil of watershed territories in Moscow Oblast at sprinkler irrigation has a significant impact on all the components of the water balance, especially on the irrigation norm and water consumption of red beets. We stated the relation between the irrigation norm for red beets and the moisture content of the calculated layer of sod-podzolic soil. The correlation coefficient of the considered values is 0,996+0,031. A relation between the water consumption of red beets and the moisture content in the watershed sod-podzolic soil was obtained. The correlation coefficient of the considered values is 0,991+0,053.

Influence of abiotic environmental factors on the biochemical composition of crop production fruits

The article provides information on the study of the effect of abiotic environmental factors on the quality of fruit and berry and medicinal plants in Volgograd and the region: Carthamus tinctorius L., Ribes aureum Pursh., Rosa rugosa Thunb., Rosa cinnamomea L., Rosa acicularis Lindl., Rosa spinosissima L., Rosa canina L. The studies conducted by the authors make it possible to assess the natural and climatic conditions of the region, as well as the suitability and safety of plant species, which is relevant from the point of view of improving the quality of life and improving the health of the population, as well as the development of crop production. The results of the experiments allowed us to recommend certain types of rosehip, safflower and currant for the production of plant products and use in medicine. During laboratory tests, the content of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper was found in the fruits of experimental plants. The maximum fat content in 1000 g of safflower seeds is achieved by applying a dose of sewage sludge of 10 t/ha with a seeding rate of 250 thousand pieces/ha. it was found out that the content of amino acids in fruit bushes depends on weather conditions – 2020 showed an increase in arginine, glycine, leucine and isoleucine in golden currant, proline in rose hips, which indicates their high drought resistance. It was revealed that the content of zinc (12 mg) and copper (8 mg) increased in the fruits of golden currant in areas located close to highways, which is why the collection of fruits for eating in these areas is not recommended. The characteristics of irrigation norms for species at different heights of the aboveground part are given.

Simulation of slotting conditions on irrigated lands in the south of Russia under increasing climate change

The article considers the results of numerical studies on the improvement of existing tillage tools, namely, the improvement of the technical parameters of the furrower, which will improve the water-physical properties of irrigated lands in southern Russia with increasing climate change. Every year, the areas of irrigated land are reduced as they are exposed to natural (for example, rains; floods; surface runoff; diversity of soil cover, the influence of micro- and macrorelief) and anthropogenic (for example, non-compliance with irrigation norms, crop rotation composition, soil cultivation rules; introducing incorrect doses of fertilizers; exclusion of technological operations in order to save resources) factors. In this regard, the solution to the problem of preserving the agro-resource potential of the lands is relevant, and its solution guarantees the food security of Russia. Numerical modeling of dangerous loadings of the technical parameters of the slotter-furrower has been carried out, the types and types of equipment have been selected, their parameters have been calculated, as well as the organization and technology of tillage processes.

Орошаемое луговодство и лизиметрические исследования в Федеральном научном центре кормопроизводства и агроэкологии имени В.Р. Вильямса (К 85-летию Б.И. Короткова)

Agricultural land reclamation is of great importance in the creation and life of grass ecosystems. Even V.R. Williams in his book "Meadow Farming" (1901) wrote about the need for reclamation of meadows by drainage and irrigation, which is a necessary condition for obtaining high and stable yields. In 1969, an irrigation system on an area of 85 hectares was put into operation at the V.R. Williams Forage Research Institute, and in 1970 — a drainage system (closed drainage) on an area of 25 hectares. After the organization of the problem laboratory of "Irrigated Meadow Farming" in 1970, senior researcher and later the head of the laboratory B.I. Korotkov conducted research here on the study of irrigation regimes of hayfields and pastures. He was born on February 20, 1938 in the village of Mordviny, Kovrovsky district, Vladimir region. After graduating from school, he studied in 1955–1960 at the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (TAA) with a degree in "Scientist agronomist" and worked for 5 years as an agronomist-meadow farmer of the Vladimir Meliovodstroy Trust. In 1965–1968, B.I. Korotkov entered and successfully graduated from the graduate school of the TAA, defended his PhD thesis on the topic "The experience of using irrigated by sprinkling cultural pastures in the Non-Chernozem zone". Together with his teacher, the famous scientist N.G. Andreev, B.I. Korotkov developed the topic of irrigation of pastures and hayfields of the Non-Chernozem region, including in combination with other methods of intensification of forage lands, developed criteria for pre-irrigation soil moisture, determined the capacity of the active water exchange layer, irrigation and irrigation norms. The result of their joint scientific activity was the book "Irrigated and cultural pastures" (1979), which summarizes the experience and achievements of science in our country and abroad. B.I. Korotkov made a significant contribution to the development of science and practice of irrigated meadow farming. He is the author of more than 100 scientific papers.

Анализ пространственного варьирования влажности почвенного покрова вдоль фронта дождевальной машины

In order to study the spatial relationships between the distribution of moisture in the 0‑5 cm layer of soil cover and the distribution of local irrigation rates along the pressure front of the sprinkler, a study was carried out, including the measurement of moisture along this front, as well as subsequent data analysis. Moisture measurement was carried out at the soybean sowing site, sprinkling of which was carried out by SM «Kaskad». The analysis of the results included statistical and geostatistical processing of measurement data, as well as analysis of the results of computer modeling of zonal irrigation norms and their comparison with zonal values of humidity. As a result of the analysis, the relationship between the influence of the uneven distribution of local irrigation norms on the formation of spatial patterns of moisture of the surface 0‑5 cm layer of soil cover was revealed. At the same time, it was shown that, despite the revealed correlation between the zonal values of humidity and the zonal values of irrigation norms, there are still a number of factors and conditions that could have a significant impact.

Режимы орошения перца сладкого

Purpose: to study the features of irrigation regimes and their impact on the yield of sweet pepper based on the analysis of scientific sources of information. Discussion. Sweet pepper is a moisture-loving crop. For its normal growth and development, optimal soil moisture is required. Plants experience a special need for moisture when planting seedlings, flowering, as well as during fruit set and formation. Since sweet pepper crops are located in southern regions with a moisture deficit, irrigation acts as a guarantor of obtaining the planned yield of this crop. The main elements of the irrigation regime are irrigation, irrigation norms, the number of irrigations, the timing of their implementation to maintain a given level of soil moisture during crop cultivation. Modern irrigation regimes for sweet pepper have been developed both for conditions of full provision of water resources and for conditions of their deficiency. Under conditions of full water supply, maximum productivity and product quality indicators, more efficient use of irrigation water are ensured by drip irrigation mode with maintaining the pre-irrigation moisture threshold of the calculated soil layer at least 70–80 % of the lowest moisture capacity during the growing season. In differentiated irrigation regimes, higher values of pre-irrigation soil moisture thresholds are maintained in the first half of the growing season, when it is necessary to create favorable conditions for the rooting of seedlings, growth and development of plants. However, during this period the size of the calculated soil layer is reduced. By the stage of technical ripeness and until the end of fruit harvesting, soil moisture thresholds are reduced to 70–75 % of the lowest moisture capacity, but the moistened layer is increased. Conclusions. Optimal irrigation regimes make it possible to maintain the vital processes of plants and obtain the planned productivity even in dry conditions. The combination of irrigation modes with other elements of the technological process (mulching, fertilizing, etc.) increases the productivity of sweet pepper by 15–20 %.

Комплексная оценка пригодности водных ресурсов для орошения

Assessment of the suitability of water resources for irrigation purposes using various approaches. The closure of the North Crimean Canal system has led to an increase in water scarcity in the Republic of Crimea. As a result, limited usable water resources have been used for irrigation purposes. For a comprehensive understanding of the consequences of this type of anthropogenic activity, it is necessary to assess the quality of water in terms of its negative impact on plants, soil, elements of irrigation systems and irrigation techniques. The article provides a brief description of the most widely used approaches in world and domestic practice to analyze the suitability of water resources for irrigation purposes. Based on them, on the example of specific water management facilities whose resources are used or are planned to be used for irrigation, a comprehensive assessment of water quality was carried out. As a result of the study, it was found that the analysis of the suitability of water resources for irrigation purposes, based only on the assessment of their chemical composition, does not always allow us to get an unambiguous answer to the question whether they should be used for irrigation, since this is further influenced by a number of factors: the amount of precipitation, the volume of irrigation norms, the method of irrigation, the type of soil and others. However, its results contribute to the justification of actions aimed at reducing / preventing the negative consequences of the use of water in agriculture that does not meet the quality requirements.

Justification of technological solutions for irrigation with electrified circular sprinkler machines

Improving the quality of irrigation can be achieved by changing the irrigation rate in accordance with the level of moisture reserves of the field areas at the time of watering, eliminating over-watering and water erosion of soils. The purpose of the presented research was to improve the technological process of irrigation with wide-reach circular sprinkler machines, which ensures the reduction of unproductive water losses, improving the quality of irrigation. The article discusses theoretical studies of irrigation technology with circular sprinkler machines, optimized irrigation modes. Based on the conducted experimental studies, a comparative assessment of the work of sprinklers according to the standard and proposed technology, taking into account the adjustment of irrigation norms, is presented. Comparison of standard and proposed irrigation technologies with sprinkler machines showed that irrigation using the proposed technology allows saving irrigation water up to 10%.

Problems of climate change and efficient use of water resources in the Aral region

This artiсle рresents the results of sсientifiс researсh on сlimate сhange in the Aral Baу region due to global сlimate сhange and inсreasing water sсarсitу, as well as the develoрment of сotton irrigation methods taking into aссount soil-hуdrogeologiсal сonditions. In the Reрubliс of Karakalрakstan, whiсh is loсated in the Aralboуi region, global сlimate сhange рaрametрlaрin Biр diversitу and T-test analуsis revealed an inсrease in aсoсida air haрoрathу bу 1.42°C, and the sсientifiс-based irrigation рroсedure of сotton “Methodologу of сonduсting field exрeriments” of the Sсientifiс Researсh Institute of Cotton Seleсtion, Seeding and Cultivation Agroteсhnologies (2007 )” on the basis of the VIII hуdromodule with the largest area in the region was develoрed for the region, and it was found that irrigating сotton 4 times in the 1-2-1 sсheme with irrigation norms of 623-882 m3/ha and seasonal irrigation norms of 2789-2867 m3/ha is highlу effeсtive.

Technological solutions are environmentally friendly safe watering with wide-ranging sprinkler machines

Erosion processes in the Russian Federation remain one of the main sources of loss of soil and crop fertility resources, deterioration of land conditions. The implementation of an environmentally safe irrigation process with wide-coverage sprinklers is an urgent problem and requires improvement of technology, technological techniques for soils with low water permeability. The aim of the study was to optimize the operating mode and technological methods of irrigation with wide-reach sprinklers, adaptation to conditions changing during the irrigation period, exclusion of over-watering and water erosion of soils. The article discusses the schemes of differentiated distribution of irrigation norms and the movement of wide-reach sprinkler machines of circular and frontal action, ensuring compliance of the irrigation norm with the level of moisture reserves of field areas at the time of their watering, reducing the environmental burden on the soil and preserving fertility.

Irrigation regimes for drip irrigation of watermelon in mulched and non-mulched fields

In most regions of Uzbekistan, the biological productivity of the climate will decrease by 10-20%, and in some regions by 30-40%, the steppe and semi-desert zones will expand further. Therefore, it is impossible to effectively develop irrigated agriculture without the development and implementation of resource and water-saving technologies aimed at increasing the efficiency of irrigated water use. We carried out our experiments based on the development of optimal irrigation norms for the cultivation of watermelon plants in mulched fields by drip irrigation, keeping the differentiated soil moisture (60...70...60%, 65...75...65%, 70…80...70% and 75…85...75% SAM) in the defined norm. In this case, the soil moisture limit before irrigation is 60...65...70...75% SAM according to the experimental options of 0-20 cm layer in the “planting - shatrik” period and 0-40 cm layer in the “shatrik - bloom” period; The 0-50 cm layer was maintained at 70...75...80...85% SAM during the “bloom - fruit formation” period and the 0-50 cm layer at 60...65...70...75% SAM during the “ fruit formation - ripening” period.

Development of scientific-based irrigation systems on hydromodule districts of ghoza in irrigated areas of bukhara region based on computer technologies

Аbstract. In this article, due to year-by-year global climate change and the increase in water shortage, the water demand for cotton in the Bukhara region was developed based on FAO methodology, i.e., CropWat 8.0 model program, taking into account soil-hydrogeological conditions the results of scientific research are presented. Water-saving, scientifically based irrigation procedures for cotton irrigation were developed according to the generally accepted scale of hydromodular regions N.F. Bespalov. The seasonal irrigation norms of cotton in the Bukhara region by hydromodule regions were 3900 (VIII) - 7200 (I) m3/ha.

The influence of fertilisation on the water-salt regime in the conditions of the Mugan-Salyan massif, Azerbaijan

The article presents research data on the amount of salts in the irrigated soils of the Mughan-Salyan massif, their composition, water-salt regime, and their forecast. It was found that the soils on the territory of the massif were saline to varying degrees. In general, the area of non-saline soils in the massif is 125,650 ha, mildly – 272,070 ha, moderately – 210,560 ha, highly – 125,850 ha, very highly – 109,450 ha and saline soils – 27,520 ha. The absorbed bases in the soils of the massif were studied, and it was determined that they change depending on the amount of salts as follows: in mildly saline soils, Ca – 57.82–68.31%, Mg – 25.26–36.28%, Na – 5.49–6.43%; in moderately saline soils – 56.77–65.76%, 27.03–35.58%, 7.12–7.94%, respectively; in highly saline areas – 54.05–64.75%, 24.94–43.67% and 9.19– 14.42%. As you can see, the soils are mildly and moderately saline. The soils in the surveyed areas are saline to varying degrees (i.e., the average value of salts in the 0–100 cm layer of the soil varies between 0.25 and 1.00%). The biological product used in these soils contains a wide range of macro and microelements, humic acids, fulvic acids, amino acids, vitamins and enzymes that do not contain BioEcoGum mineral fertilisers. This biological product was used for the first time and one of the main goals was to study the improvement of water-physical properties of soils after its use. Therefore, the water-salt regime of the soils of the study area was studied on three experimental sites selected for the area, the number of irrigations for different plants, and their norms were determined taking into account the depth of groundwater in the soils and shown in tabular form. They are widely used in farms and these regions, taking into account the proposed irrigation norms and their quantity.

ВЫБОР РЕЖИМА ОРОШЕНИЯ ОБЕСПЕЧИВАЮЩЕГО ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ УСТОЙЧИВЫХ УРОЖАЕВ СОИ В СУХОСТЕПНОМ ПОВОЛЖЬЕ

The article considers the results of research on the soybean irrigation regime in conditions of water scarcity. Irrigation norms of soybeans have been developed taking into account plant transpiration, evaporation from the soil surface, the amount of effective precipitation, recharge from groundwater, surface discharge, evaporation in the rain cloud zone, the volume of water necessary to create an optimal irrigation regime. The application of the developed norms and terms of irrigation will ensure the yield of soybean grain of 3.5 t / ha 2–3 times higher than from rain-fed lands.

Современное состояние и перспективы развития орошаемого земледелия в Республике Башкортостан

The article provides an analysis of the current state and prospects of irrigated agriculture in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The possibility of neutralizing the risk of adverse weather conditions and providing the population of the republic with food by increasing the irrigated areas in Bashkortostan by 7 times is shown. The volumes of local runoff water as a whole provide the irrigation norms necessary for irrigating areas that guarantee the food security of the population of the republic. However, in the context of a trend towards climate aridization, it is necessary to carry out research work on the productive use of local runoff for irrigation. The technical condition of the irrigation systems of the republic requires their reconstruction, taking into account modern innovative technologies and irrigation techniques. It is necessary to conduct research and develop scientific methods for the introduction of modern innovative technological and technical means of irrigation.

Влияние орошения и агротехнических мероприятий на урожайность растений

The article provides a review of the impact of irrigation norms and agrotechnical care on the cereals yield (wheat and barley) based on long-term data on the areas included in the Mugan-Salyan irrigation massif.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПОЛИВА ШИРОКОЗАХВАТНОЙ ДОЖДЕВАЛЬНОЙ ТЕХНИКОЙ НА ОСНОВЕ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНО-ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ СИСТЕМЫ «НОРМА ПОЛИВА – ПОЧВА – ДОЖДЕВАЛЬНАЯ МАШИНА»

Currently, the issue related to land reclamation is relevant due to the annual commissioning of new irrigated areas. However, most irrigation equipment is outdated and does not meet the modern requirements of irrigation technology. It is necessary to simultaneously modernize the old-style sprinkler equipment and design, create a new generation of equipment, modifications that expand operational capabilities and increase work efficiency. The most important factors of the competitiveness of modern wide-coverage sprinkler equipment are such indicators as productivity and reliability, energy intensity and environmental safety of the irrigation process. A feature of the operation of sprinkler machines is that the supporting surface during operation is moistened, and with significant watering rates, waterlogged soils. The aim of the work was to increase the environmental safety of irrigation with a wide-coverage sprinkler technique by improving the design and technological parameters based on experimental and theoretical studies of the "irrigation norm-soil-sprinkler machine" system. The research program included determining the irrigation rate before runoff, comparing the standard and proposed irrigation technology with a sprinkler machine. In the presented studies, based on the relationship of the irrigation norm - soil - sprinkler system, a method for adjusting the irrigation norm to ensure environmental safety was presented, the ratios of the design parameters of the water supply pipeline, span lengths and types of running systems were optimized, depending on the irrigation norms, the bearing capacity of the soil and the flow rate. The regularities of the process of track formation throughout the irrigation season during watering with different norms are revealed and recommendations for the choice of running systems are given.

Эрозионно-допустимые нормы полива на южных черноземах при дождевании

The currently existing traditional approach to calculating the water consumption of agricultural crops is based on a shortage of soil moisture, in which the irrigation rate is determined taking into account the degree of desiccation of the soil at the time of irrigation, its water-physical properties, the depth of soaking and irrigation techniques. The subsequent determination of the elements of sprinkling irrigation technique is based on the obtained irrigation rate without taking into account the strength properties of the soil, its resistance to the effects of artificial rain energy, as well as the possibility of erosion processes. However, the practice of sprinkling irrigation in various climatic zones of the country shows that one of the main problems of sprinkling is the formation of surface, uncontrolled water runoff during irrigation, which leads to irrigation erosion of the soil, loss of water to runoff and deep focal infiltration, which, in turn, worsens the reclamation condition of the irrigated area, and ultimately – to a significant decrease in the effectiveness of sprinkling and its environmental safety. The methodology for assessing the use of sprinkler devices depending on soil conditions, based on comparing the average intensity (layer) of rain with the rate of absorption (layer) of absorbed water during the irrigation period in one position does not exclude these negative consequences during sprinkling. It is established that when justifying erosion-permissible irrigation norms, the indicator of free (nonpressure) water permeability, which depends on the size of raindrops and its intensity, should be used as a criterion for assessing water absorption into the soil.