Irrigation Solution Research Articles

Acidic solution irrigation as a novel approach for treating infected walled-off pancreatic necrosis

Walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) is a severe complication of acute pancreatitis arising from pancreatic or peripancreatic necrosis complicated by infection, leading to elevated mortality rates. Extravasation of pancreatic juice creates a weakly alkaline microenvironment favorable for the survivial of translocated intestinal bacteria and activated pancreatic enzyme-mediated autodigestion of pancreatic and peripancreatic tissues. Conventional treatments for WOPN involve invasive procedures with irrigation to mitigate postoperative infections. However, there remains a lack of a unified standard for lavage fluid. Herein, we raise the hypothesis that the utilization of acidic solution irrigation may serve as a promising strategy for preventing and treating infected WOPN. Acidic solutions create an unfavorable environment for translocated intestinal bacteria in WOPN cases. Additionally, the acidic microenvironment may alleviate self-digestion of pancreatic and peripancreatic tissues by inhibiting pancreatic enzyme activity. This innovative approach holds potential for enhancing the management and outcomes of infected WOPN.

An Overview of Research for the Application of a Novel Biofilm-Preventing Surgical Irrigation System for Total Joint Arthroplasty Procedures in Order to Reduce the Risk of Periprosthetic Infection.

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a serious postoperative complication in joint arthroplasty procedures that carries substantial morbidity and mortality associated with it. Several strategies have been developed both in the preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative periods to both combat and prevent the development of this devastating complication. Intraoperative irrigation is an important modality used during arthroplasty procedures prior to the implantation of final components that seeks to eradicate any biofilm formation. In this updated review, we discuss the XPERIENCE™ Advanced Surgical Irrigation solution (Next Science, Jacksonville, Florida) and the various completed, ongoing, and planned basic science and clinical investigations associated with it. Although there is already an impressive body of literature supporting its widespread utilization, future basic and clinical trials will continue to be performed to comprehensively characterize the effect this antimicrobial solution has on eliminating the risk of PJI following arthroplasty procedures.

Response of Articular Cartilage to Hyperosmolar Stress: Report of an Ex Vivo Injury Model

Background: Physiological 0.9% saline is commonly used as an irrigation fluid in modern arthroscopy. There is a growing body of evidence that a hyperosmolar saline solution has chondroprotective effects, especially if iatrogenic injury occurs. Purpose: To (1) corroborate the superiority of a hyperosmolar saline solution regarding chondrocyte survival after mechanical injury and (2) observe the modulatory response of articular cartilage to osmotic stress and injury. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Osteochondral explants were isolated from bovine stifle joints and exposed to either 0.9% saline (308 mOsm) or hyperosmolar saline (600 mOsm) and then damaged with a sharp dermatome blade to attain a confined full-thickness cartilage injury site, incubated in the same fluids for another 3 hours, and transferred to chondropermissive medium for further culture for 1 week. Chondrocyte survival was assessed by confocal imaging, while the cellular response was evaluated over 1 week by relative gene expression for apoptotic and inflammatory markers and mediator release into the medium. Results: The full-thickness cartilage cut resulted in a confined zone of cell death that mainly affected superficial zone chondrocytes. Injured samples that were exposed to hyperosmolar saline showed less expansion of cell death in both the axial (P < .007) and the coronal (P < .004) plane. There was no progression of cell death during the following week of culture. Histological assessment revealed an intact cartilage matrix and normal chondrocyte morphology. Inflammatory and proapoptotic genes were upregulated on the first days postexposure with a notable downregulation toward day 7. Mediator release into the medium was concentrated on day 3. Conclusion: This in vitro cartilage injury model provides further evidence for the chondroprotective effect of a hyperosmolar saline irrigation fluid, as well as novel data on the capability of articular cartilage to quickly regain joint homeostasis after osmotic stress and injury. Clinical Relevance: Raising the osmolarity of an irrigating solution may be a simple and safe strategy to protect articular cartilage during arthroscopic surgery.

A STUDY ON MAKING SOLAR-POWERED IRRIGATION SYSTEM ECONOMICALLY VIABLE AND SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE IN BANGLADESH

&lt;p&gt;Solar power is at the forefront of sustainable development discussions due to the global movement toward renewable energy. In Bangladesh, where agriculture is vital to the economy, sustainable irrigation is crucial. This thesis investigates the economic viability and socio-economic acceptability of solar-powered irrigation systems (SPIS) in Bogra, Bangladesh. Several approaches have been proposed to make solar power irrigation in Bangladesh more profitable. High-value crops like summer tomatoes and hybrid vegetables highlight the economic benefits and increased profitability of solar-powered irrigation systems. Furthermore, it is imperative to decrease the expenses associated with these systems. Partnering with government agencies to make vital equipment affordable and accessible can achieve this goal. Researching new methods and localized production can also lower solar panel prices. A collaborative technique between marginal and large-scale farmers can help small-scale farmers afford solar power irrigation by distributing costs fairly. Government backing, expanded R&amp;amp;D, localized manufacture, training, and subsidies can also help solar-powered irrigation become economically sustainable. To improve socio-economic acceptability, solar power irrigation benefits must be promoted and communicated. Training, informed advertising, and successful case studies help build faith in the technology and motivate farmers to employ it. Community involvement and practical examples in Bogra can boost social approval as farmers see the benefits of solar-powered irrigation. Sharecroppers, a large part of Bangladesh's agricultural community, need subsidies or reasonable financing. This paper examines the economic viability and socio-economic acceptability of solar-powered irrigation systems in Bangladesh, specifically in Bogra. The goal is to sustainably enhance agriculture in the region by examining many options and strategic methods. This field addresses the critical need for environmentally friendly and sustainable irrigation solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/lit/0787/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN RAMANIA (Bouea Macrophylla Griff) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Streptococcus mitis

Background: The presence of cavities causes bacterial invasion and spread of infection to the pulp tissue. If left untreated, infection will lead to pulpal necrosis. Root canal treatment can prevent caries from developing into necrosis. The success of treatment is influenced by the preparation and irrigation stages. One of the bacteria that survived after the treatment was Streptococcus mitis. The irrigation solution used in treatment is a 2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Ethanol extract from Ramania leaves is known to contain flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids which proven to have antibacterial activity. Objective: To analyze the antibacterial effectiveness of Ramania leaf extract concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% against the growth of Streptococcus mitis . Methods: The research conducted was a true experimental study with 6 treatment groups and 4 repetitions. This study used broth and agar dilution methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ramania leaf extract against Streptococcus mitis. Results: The MIC was shown by 10% concentration with a decrease in absorbance value of 1.726. The MBC in this study were not found because there was still bacterial growth in the concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. Conclusion: Ramania leaf extract concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mitis with MIC value at a concentration of 10%. The MBC value was not found because the extract had not been able to kill the growth of Streptococcus mitis. Keywords : MBC, MIC, Ramania Leaf Extract, Streptococcus mitis

The effect of the irrigation solutions on dentin organic components: Pilot study

INTRODUCTION. Tooth decay and its complications are prevalent dental issues among adults. Endodontic treatment is the standard of care for complicated caries, specifically pulpitis and periodontitis. Endodontic irrigants, which are placed in the root canal lumen for a specific duration, can affect the intracanal dentin structure (organic and inorganic substances) in various ways. The use of polyhexanide-based antiseptic products in endodontics is a promising idea to overcome microbial resistance and minimize microbial-related endodontic treatment failures.AIM. The aim of this study is to investigate the qualitative impact of standard irrigation solutions and a polyhexanide-based composition on the collagen matrix of dentin.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study investigated the effect of nine solutions on the dentin of the tooth root. Twelve intact maxillary third molars extracted for orthodontic reasons were taken for the study. The teeth were fixed in a 10% neutral formalin solution for at least one day and were decalcinated. 5–10 μm thick sample sections were made and stained with picrosirius (Picrosirius Red, Biovitrum, Russia) before being examined under polarized light. The histological slice was analyzed using a Carl Zeiss (Germany) software and hardware complex based on ZEN v3.0 and light microscope Axioimager M.1. All microphotos were loaded into the Fiji distribution program of ImageJ for microscopy pixel classification.RESULTS. Upon analysis of the diagrams, it appears that there is a lower amount and density of stained dentin collagen array after exposure to sodium hypochlorite solutions of 3% and 1.5%, as well as polyhexanide.CONCLUSIONS. The data obtained from the histogram analyzer of samples stained with picrosirius suggests that polyhexanide may have a qualitative effect on the organic structure of hard tissues, particularly collagen.

Smart irrigation system: an IoT based approach prototype

Agriculture, especially crop cultivation, is one of the most important economic activities that contributes to the growth of most developing countries. Mostly practiced in African countries crop cultivation depends on irrigation and improvements in irrigation methods can improve yields. The use of IoT, cloud technologies and microprocessors like Raspberry Pi can be used to create better irrigation solutions. This research takes advantage of these technologies to create a smart irrigation system prototype that would improve irrigation methods for farmers. This system uses a Raspberry Pi, sensors for soil moisture, pH, temperature and humidity, a web application, and a cloud-based database. The smart irrigation system assesses environmental conditions by analyzing data from the sensors and comparing it to the values stored in the database which determine the conditions needed to cultivate the crop. Results from testing the system show that irrigation actions were successful after analyzing soil moisture; when moisture is low, pH range; higher or lower and temperature; higher than required, while no irrigation was triggered when all conditions were in required bounds according to the values saved in the database for the maize crop. Unfortunately, humidity sensor yielded erroneous readings that could not be used to decide whether irrigating the field was required.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Etidronic Acid against Enterococcus faecalis in Primary Teeth: An In Vivo Study.

In pulpectomy, to remove the inflamed or diseased pulp tissues and smear layer, the root canal is disinfected with mechanical instrumentation and copious irrigation. The purpose of this present study is to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of etidronic acid as an irrigant in primary teeth. A total of 60 necrotic primary teeth in children aged 3-8 years were included. Of these, 30 were irrigated with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate (group I) and 30 with 9% etidronic acid (group II). Two microbiological samples were collected with sterile paper points from the canal in both groups during the pulpectomy process-first after access opening and before the first irrigation (S1), and second after instrumentation and final irrigation, before filling (S2). The presence of Enterococcus faecalis was determined using colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) in all samples (S1 and S2). After analyzing the samples before and after irrigation in groups I and II, there was a statistically significant reduction in CFU/mL (p < 0.05). Group II had a statistically significant advantage when the two groups were compared after irrigation. As a result, etidronic acid can be recommended as a pulpectomy irrigating solution for necrotic primary teeth. Supraja AN, Arali V, Rapala H, et al. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Etidronic Acid against Enterococcus faecalis in Primary Teeth: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(4):433-436.

Effects of drip and flood irrigation on soil heavy metal migration and associated risks in China

BackgroundDifferent irrigation methods have variable effects on the physiochemical properties of soils. The predicted widespread replacement of flood irrigation with drip irrigation will alter the micro-environment of the associated soils in terms of migration, transformation, morphology, and toxicology of heavy metals and pesticides. The dynamics of heavy metals in soil under drip irrigation have only been investigated with regard to the use of sewage and reclaimed water; studies comparing these patterns across different irrigation methods are scarce. PurposeHere, we aimed to investigate the effects of drip and flood irrigation on heavy metal distribution in soil and the related risks in three typical agricultural systems in China. MethodsWe used fixed-point sampling, digestion analytical methods, descriptive analyses, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Nemerow pollution index analyses, and correlation analyses to investigate the different effects of drip and flood irrigation on heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in soils from Hebei, Xinjiang, and Ningxia Provinces, China. Results and DiscussionAnalyses of soil samples collected from drip-irrigated fields revealed significant differences in the concentrations of soil heavy metals at depths of 0–60 cm. Drip irrigation had a greater effect on heavy metal content in the soil surface than flood irrigation. In addition, heavy metals likely accumulated at the edges of the wetting fronts following prolonged irrigation. In comparison to drip irrigation, flood irrigation elevated pollution levels in the soil. The amount of fertiliser affected the leaching and migration of heavy metals in the soils by altering the physiochemical characteristics of the drip irrigation solution. ConclusionDrip irrigation alters the dynamics of heavy metals in soil by influencing their migration and accumulation patterns. This effect can be attributed to the methods of adding water and fertilisers to the soil under drip irrigation. Altering these variables can impact the level of heavy metals that bioaccumulate in crops. This study provides a scientific basis for reducing heavy metal pollution under drip irrigation.

The role of theoretical models in IoT-based irrigation systems: A Comparative Study of African and U.S. Agricultural Strategies for Water Scarcity Management

This review paper presents a comparative study of the theoretical models underpinning the Internet of Things (IoT)-based irrigation systems, focusing on their application in managing water scarcity within agricultural sectors in Africa and the United States. By examining the adaptation and implementation of these models, the paper sheds light on the diverse strategies employed to optimize water use and enhance crop yields in response to the pressing challenge of water scarcity. In Africa, the emphasis is on low-cost, innovative solutions tailored to local conditions and resource constraints, whereas in the U.S., the focus shifts to leveraging advanced technology, scalability, and economic viability. The study underscores the significance of IoT-based irrigation systems in promoting sustainable agriculture and water management practices across different environmental and socio-economic contexts. Through a detailed discussion, the paper reflects on the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for policymakers, farmers, and technology developers, acknowledging the limitations of the current analysis while suggesting directions for future research. The comparative insights highlight the potential of IoT technologies to revolutionize water scarcity management strategies globally, advocating for increased collaboration and innovation in the development of sustainable irrigation solutions.

Effectiveness of manganese foliar spraying to mitigate salt stress in ornamental cabbage: Insights into morphological, physiological biochemical adaptations and mTERF gene responses

Salinity has been the subject of research for many years. However, salt stress studies on ornamental plants have increased recently. It is very important to determine the responses of bedding flowers, which are widely used in landscaping, to salt stress, and to strengthen the defense against stress. Ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleareacea L.) is widely used bedding flower in winter. The aim of this study was determining the effects of foliar application of manganese (Mn) on morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular parameters in ornamental cabbage ('Pigeon Purple F1′) under salt stress. Plants were irrigated with 4 different irrigation solutions which containing 0 [control], 75, 150 and 300 mM NaCl concentrations and Mn (4000 ppm) was sprayed to the leaves on 0, 7th and 14th days of the salt stress application. The application of manganese did alleviate the negative effects of salinity on shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight in 75 mM NaCl plants. Ion leakage for 0 and 75 mM NaCl decreased with foliar spraying of Mn, but relative water content of plants did not change with Mn application. Lipid peroxidation (7.6 %) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) (21.3 %) contents increased with Mn foliar spraying. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase activity did not change with Mn application under salinity. The highest catalase activity obtained from 150 mM (13.81 Unit g−1 leaf) and 300 mM NaCl (16.00 Unit g−1 leaf) which treated with Mn. Root Na content was lower with Mn-treated plants when compared control plants under salt stress. Foliar spraying of Mn significantly increased the K content of the plants. Furthermore, Na/K and Na/Ca ratios which are important indicators for salt stress also decreased by Mn application under saline conditions. In addition, m TERF genes were measured by using the q-RT PCR. In most cases, mTERF expression was slightly induced by salinity, while manganese application generally led to downregulation of mTERFs.

Impact of Interfering Substances on the Bactericidal Efficacy of Different Commercially Available Hypochlorous Acid-Based Wound Irrigation Solutions Commonly Found in South-East Asia.

The high prevalence of chronic wounds is a growing concern. Recently, hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-based solutions were introduced as an alternative antimicrobial for wound cleansing. In this study, we assessed the in vitro bactericidal activities of seven commercially available wound irrigation products commonly found in South-East Asia. The evaluation was conducted using quantitative suspension method, EN 13727 in either low or high protein conditions. Under low protein conditions, four out of the five HOCl products achieved bactericidal activity (≥5 log10 reduction factor; RF) within 2-5 min, and only one product achieved 5 log10 RF at 15 s. None of the HOCl achieved 5 log10 RF under high protein, even after 30 min of exposure time. In contrast, protein interference on the antimicrobial activities of polyhexamethylene biguanide-based product is less pronounced (low protein: 60 s vs. high protein: 2 min to attain ≥5 log10 RF). Octenidine dihydrochloride is the only active not affected by protein interference achieving ≥5 log10 RF within 15 s in both low and high protein conditions. These findings warrant the need to screen antimicrobial wound care products, especially HOCl-based products, in high protein condition to better reflect the antimicrobial activities in wound care.

Lipopeptide biosurfactant as a potential root canal irrigation agent: Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm evaluation

ObjectivesLipopeptide Biosurfactant (LB) is a bacteria derived compound able to reduce surface tension between water and hydrophobic substances and exhibit antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effect of a Lipopeptide Biosurfactant (LB) on Enterococcus faecalis, and its potential use in root canal treatment, either as a standalone irrigation solution or in conjunction with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). MethodsLB was extracted from Bacillus clausii isolate and the dry extract was diluted in deionized water. The antimicrobial effect of LB against planktonic E. faecalis was evaluated by determining the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC50). The anti-biofilm effect was evaluated by Minimal Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC50) and Minimal Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC50) assays on biofilm grown on dentin specimen surface. To evaluate the effectiveness of LB as a single irrigation solution and as a pre-irrigation prior to NaOCl, live and dead bacterial cells were quantified using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), and cell biomass was assessed. ResultsLB exhibited an MIC50 and MBIC50 of 100 ppm, with an MBEC50 of 1000 ppm, resulting in 52.94 % biofilm inhibition and 60.95 % biofilm eradication on dentin specimens. The effectiveness was concentration-dependent, at 500 ppm, LB demonstrated comparable antimicrobial efficacy to 2.5 % NaOCl. Pre-irrigation with LB resulted in lower biofilm biomass compared to NaOCl alone. ConclusionPre-irrigation with LB enhanced the antimicrobial effect when followed by NaOCl irrigation. Consequently, LB shows promise as both a standalone root canal irrigation solution and as an adjunct to NaOCl in root canal treatment. Clinical significanceThe study highlights the potential of Lipopeptide Biosurfactant (LB) as an environmentally friendly irrigation solution for root canal treatment, demonstrating potent antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against Enterococcus faecalis. LB exhibits concentration-dependent efficacy comparable to 2.5 % NaOCl and can be used as a standalone irrigation solution or in conjunction with NaOCl.

Adhesion and sealing of different universal adhesive systems associated with bulk-fill resins after using endodontic irrigation solutions: An invitro study.

This study aimed to evaluate the interface of universal adhesive (UA) with bulk-fill resin (BF) and dentin, after endodontic irrigation. The pulp chamber of 96 molars was irrigated with chlorhexidine 2% (CHX) or sodium hypochlorite 5.25% (NaOCl) and restored according to three restorative protocols. Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage tests were performed after 24 h of thermocycling. Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon were performed (p < 0.05). Comparing restorative systems, a difference was found only when irrigated with CHX after 24 h. CHX provided higher μTBS than NaOCl after 24 h for two restorative protocols; after thermocycling, NaOCl provided the greatest μTBS than CHX for one group. Decreased μTBS was observed for all restorative systems when CHX was used after thermocycling. NaOCl demonstrated the highest nanoleakage. The composition of UA influenced the immediate adhesion and sealing to BF when CHX was used; ageing has a deteriorating effect on adhesion and sealing for all restorative systems.

Effects of Nutrient Solution Application Rates on Yield, Quality, and Water-Fertilizer Use Efficiency on Greenhouse Tomatoes Using Grown-in Coir.

The yield, quality, and water-fertilizer use efficiency of crops are important parameters for assessing rational water and fertilizer management. For an optimal water and fertilizer system with respect to the nutrient solution irrigation of greenhouse tomatoes using cultivation substrates, a two-year greenhouse cultivation experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2023. Three drip fertigation treatments (T1, T2, and T3) were implemented in the experiment, where nutrient solutions were supplied when the substrate's water content reached 60%, 70%, and 80%. The frequency of nutrient solution applications is based on weighing coconut coir strips in the morning and evening at 7:00 to determine the daily water consumption of plants. Nutrient solutions were supplied when the substrate's water content reached the lower limit, and the upper limit for nutrient supply was set at 100% of the substrate water content. The nutrient solution application was carried out multiple times throughout the day, avoiding the midday heat. The nutrient solution formula used was the soilless tomato cultivation formula from South China Agricultural University. The results show that plant height and the leaf area index rapidly increased in the early and middle stages, and later growth tended to stabilize; the daily transpiration of tomatoes increased with an increase in nutrient solution supply, and it was the greatest in the T3 treatment. Between the amount of nutrient solution application and the number of years, the yield increased with the increase of the amount of nutrient solution, showing T3 > T2 > T1. Although the average yield of the T2 treatment was slightly lower than that of the T3 treatment by 3.65%, the average irrigation water use efficiency, water use efficiency, and partial fertilizer productivity of the T2 treatment were significantly higher than those of the T3 treatment by 29.10%, 19.99%, and 28.89%, respectively (p < 0.05). Additionally, soluble solid, vitamin C, and soluble sugar contents and the sugar-acid ratio of tomatoes in the T2 treatment were greater than those in the other two treatments (p < 0.05). Using the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) method, it was concluded that the nutrient solution application rate of 70% can significantly increase water and fertilizer use efficiency and markedly improve the nutritional and flavor quality of the fruit without a significant reduction in yield. This finding provides significant guidance for the high-yield, high-quality, and efficient production of coconut coir-based cultivated tomatoes in greenhouses.

Effectivity of Irrigation Solution from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Leaf Extract on the Growth of Enterococcus faecalis Bacteries

Disinfection of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in dental root canal treatment using NaOCL 0.5-2.5% is still a challenge. There is still very little data on the effectvity of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaf extract irrigation solution against the growth of Enterococcus faecalis. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaf extract irrigation solution against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 through MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimal Bactericide Concentration) values. A number of 100 µl of E. faecalis suspension was inoculated into 96 microtitration wells, each containing 100 µl of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56% of Stevia leaf extract irrigation solutions, positive (NaOCL 2.5%) and negative (distilled water) control. Incubation was carried out for 24 hours at 37°C then optical density was measured with a microplate reader at 600 nm. Five µl of 10-9 dilution of each group was dripped and spread onto nutrients agar plate. The number of Enterococcus faecalis colonies was counting manually. There was no significant difference in average colony count of Enterococcus faecalis between the 100% and 50% Stevia leaf extract irrigation solution groups and the positive control (p&gt;0.05). However, the 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, and 1.56% Stevia leaf extract irrigation solution groups showed significant differences (p&lt;0.05). Stevia leaf extract irrigation solution suppressed growth at MIC 6.25% by turbidimetry and MIC 1.56% by total plate count method using nutrient agar and than killed Enterococcus faecalis at MBC 50%. The bactericidal ability of 100% and 50% Stevia leaf extract irrigation solution is equal to NaOCL 2.5%.

The advancement in irrigation solution within the field of endodontics, A Review

The purpose of endodontic treatment is to eliminate all germs, microbial by-products, and vital tissues from the root canal system. Root canals can be mechanically and chemically used for this purpose. The needs and details of the irrigation solutions are described in this article. Because of its wide range of antibacterial activities and its ability to dissolve organic tissues, sodium hypochlorite is suggested as the main irrigation. On the contrary, chelation solutions are recommended as supplemental treatments to either eliminate the smear layer or prevent it from forming on the dentin surface. Data: Only articles that were published electronically were searched within the review. Sources: ‘Google Scholar’ and "Pub-med" websites were used to search data, The most papers related to the topic were chosen, specifically original articles , including only articles from 1999 to 2023.Journal papers that weren't published in a highly regarded publication, irrelevant studies, editorials, personal viewpoints, and social media sources were all disqualified from consideration. 98 articles were retained after the filtering procedure. In conclusion, this article reviews many types of new irrigations that may be used in endodontic practice in the future.

Effect of sodium hypochlorite, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and dual-rinse irrigation on dentin adhesion using an etch-and-rinse or self-etch approach

The aim was to investigate the influence of endodontic irrigation solutions and protocols on the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin using an etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE) adhesive approach. Eighty extracted human molars were ground to dentin. After pretreating for 27 min (21 min–3 min–3 min) with five different endodontic irrigation protocols (Group 1: NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl; Group 2: NaOCl–NaOCl–EDTA; Group 3: NaOCl–NaCl–NaOCl; Group 4: Dual Rinse–Dual Rinse–Dual Rinse; Group 5: NaCl–NaCl–NaCl), an ER (Optibond FL, Kerr) or a SE (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray) adhesive system was applied. After light-curing, composite build-ups were made and cut into dentin-composite sticks. μTBS and failure modes were analyzed. Nonparametric statistical analyses (α = 0.05) were performed for comparison of the five groups within each type of adhesive as well as between the two adhesive systems used. The use of an ER instead of a SE adhesive system resulted in significantly higher μTBS for all irrigation protocols except for group 1 (NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl) and 2 (NaOCl–NaOCl–EDTA). A statistical difference between the five different endodontic irrigation protocols was only found within the SE adhesive group, where group 1 (NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl) achieved highest values. The use of an ER adhesive system cancels out the effect of the endodontic irrigation solution. The highest μTBS was achieved when using a NaOCl–EDTA–NaOCl-irrigation protocol in combination with Clearfil SE Bond, which shows that the selection of the endodontic irrigation should match the corresponding SE adhesive system.

Effectiveness of Cordia verbenacea and Propolis as Irrigation Solution on the Bond Strength of Filling Material to the Root Dentin: In vitro Study

Introduction: Endodontic treatment aims to eliminate pathological microbiota from root canals to prevent or treat infections in periapical tissues. Irrigation is a crucial step in this process, serving important mechanical, chemical, and biological functions.&#x0D; Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation with Cordia verbenacea and propolis solutions compared to chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite on the bond strength of the filling material to the root dentin.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This In vitro experimental study involved 40 healthy human premolars subjected to the push-out test. The teeth underwent decoronation, followed by biomechanical endodontic preparation using mechanized files. The teeth were then divided into four groups according to the irrigating solution: NaOCl 5.25%, chlorhexidine 2%, aqueous extract of Cordia verbenacea and aqueous extract of propolis. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and the Post-Hoc Bonferroni test.&#x0D; Results: The group irrigated with propolis showed greater resistance to the push-out test in the middle and apical thirds when compared to the other groups (p&lt;0.05). There were no statistically significant differences among the other groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: Irrigation with propolis extract resulted in higher bond strength of the obturating material to the root canal, while irrigation with Cordia verbenacea showed similar results to chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite.

Effect of sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite on the apical sealing ability of endodontic sealers

Aim: This study aimed to compare the influence of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2 ] on the apical sealing capacity of AH Plus (Dentsply Maillefer) and Bio-C Sealer (Angelus) endodontic sealers. Methods: Sixty permanent human lower incisors were randomly allocated (http://www.randomized.org), according to the irrigant used, into three groups (n=20): 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl/Control); 2.5% NaOCl; and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 . The root canal was prepared with rotary files under 10 mL of the solution corresponding to the experimental group. Each group was subdivided into two (n=10) according to the sealer used for filling: AH Plus (Dentsply Maillefer) or Bio-C Sealer (Angelus). Then, all samples were immersed in black India ink for one week. After the storage period, the roots were then grooved longitudinally and split, and the ink penetration was measured from the apical part to the coronal part of the root canal into which the ink penetrated using a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests. Results: There was no statistical difference in ink penetration between the different endodontic sealers tested for the same irrigating solution (p &gt; 0.05). However, when the Bio-C Sealer (Angelus) was used, the group treated with 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 was associated with lower values of apical leakage, compared to 2.5% NaOCl (p &lt; 0.05). For the AH Plus sealer (Dentsply Maillefer), there was no difference between the irrigants (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Associating Ca(OCl)2 irrigant with Bio-C Sealer (Angelus) seems to be a good option to reduce apical leakage.