Irrigated Plots Research Articles

Provision of remote methods for estimating soil salinity on meliorated lands

The proposed methodological recommendation on the ground support of remote methods for assessing salinization of soil in reclaimed lands is devoted to the operational monitoring of salinity of reclaimed lands. The assessment and forecasting of cotton yield in the Hungry Steppe and the lower reaches of the Amu Darya, by direct signs of determining salinity at farms, a separate irrigated plot, based on remote information (aerial and space photography - APS and KFS). The task of the under investigations study is visual assessment of soil salinity level by indirect signs: condition of crops, fall of plants, salt bloom, etc. The results of the established check are recorded in the field journal. Salinity map with salinity contours; slightly saline, moderately saline and strongly saline soils are created based on the studied research materials. Number and location of the main sites for determination of soil salinity features are determined on the basis of analysis of the research materials determined with involvement of other available materials on the soil cover characteristics. Classification of soils according to the degree of salinity is carried out according to the formula WP = PVU + VJp; WP = 51.42 - 96.28 Jp ± 1.12 g ha-1. It is presented in Table 2 for Amu-Darya lower reaches (Khorezm province and the Republic of Karakalpakstan), where + Y - yield calculation; PVU - maximum yield. This program is designed for use in the educational process during practical lessons on agricultural reclamation directions.

Biomass and Nutrient Accumulation by Dual-Purpose Hemp and Concurrent Soil Profile Water Depletion at Three Locations in Kansas in 2022

Hemp has garnered interest as a potential crop that is not constrained by the typical food, feed, and fuel market channels. Although hemp varieties are available for either grain, fiber, or both (dual-purpose: both grain and fiber) markets, little information is available on hemp growth and water use in Kansas environments. Experiments were conducted at three locations representing the precipitation gradient across Kansas in 2022 to characterize hemp growth, nutrient uptake, and soil water depletion. One fiber and one grain variety were evaluated with and without fertilizer nitrogen at Manhattan, Haysville, and Scandia, KS. Both non-irrigated and fully irrigated plots were evaluated at Scandia. Soil water content and biomass accumulation were monitored in plots with full nitrogen fertilizer. Results from the 2022 season confirmed the benefit of nitrogen fertilizer. Although total biomass yield was similar for the two varieties, more of that yield was partitioned to grain in the grain variety and to stalks in the fiber variety. Nutrient uptake patterns were similar to those observed for hemp in previous years and documented in other crops. Nitrogen and potassium accumulation occurred at a faster rate than dry matter, and phosphorus accumulation lagged that of dry matter. Carbon accumulation closely followed total dry matter accumulation. The sum of net depletion of the soil profile water plus precipitation averaged 17.3 inches across the three locations in 2022, but some of the precipitation came in intense events that resulted in runoff. Relatively stable stalk yield coupled with more variable grain yield reveals hemp’s ability to adjust growth to match the inconsistent growing conditions typical of Kansas.

Особенности изменения мелиоративного состояния и почвенного плодородия при регулярном орошении и в постмелиоративный период земель юга России

Purpose: to reveal the features of changes in the reclamative state and soil fertility of the lands in the southern Russia by regular irrigation and in the post-reclamation period. Discussion. The reasons for raising the water table (GWL) by regular irrigation are considered: the location of systems in the floodplains of rivers or on terraces I and II, the design of large irrigation plots with an area of about 1000 hectares on irrigation systems, the design and construction of canals and an irrigation network in an earthen channel etc. The main factors influencing the deterioration of the reclamative state and the soil fertility decrease of irrigated land (secondary salinization, alkalinization, waterlogging, overconsolidation, dehumification, etc.) are natural and technogenic factors. Natural ones are climate, geological structure, geomorphological conditions, relief, natural drainage of lands, geochemical and hy-drogeological conditions, types and properties of soils (filtration, etc.), their natural salinity and alkalinity, fertility, etc. Technogenic ones are the efficiency of irrigation systems and their water supply, irrigation methods and technique, irrigation regime, irrigation map planning, types and parameters of drainage systems, quality of surface and drainage waters used for irrigation, technical level of operation of irrigation and drainage systems. Conclusions. The decrease in water load in the post-reclamation period, in the presence of natural and artificial drainage contributed to a decrease of water table and partially secondary salinization, alkalinization, while the soils do not reach the background levels in general. During the reconstruction and construction of new irrigation systems, the complexity and sequence of the measures taken to prevent the increase in GWL, salinization and alkalinization of soils should be observed.

Effectiveness of compost use in salt-affected soil in an automated greenhouse irrigation system

Salinity problems reduce productivity on both irrigated and non-irrigated agricultural lands. Saline soils occur in arid and semi-arid regions where rainfall is insufficient to meet the crops’ water requirements and leach mineral salts out of the root-zone. Compost can play an important role in managing, mitigating, and improving the soil salinity negative effects. In this work, the compost effects on salt affected soil were studied. Therefore, physico-chemical parameters and morphological status of the plants divided into four plots in a greenhouse were studied. The first plot P0 is a control plot which was irrigated by fresh water, P1 was irrigated with fresh water mixed with compost, P2 and P3 were irrigated by saline water with an NaCl concentration of 5 g/L. An automated irrigation system was implemented to manage plots irrigation. The system was based on an electronic board and multiple sensors to track ambient temperature and humidity in the greenhouse, soil moisture and temperature of each plot, data was stored in a SD card. The results obtained showed that compost use increased stem growth by 23%, this percentage was improved by 10% for greenhouse tests.

Application of ANFIS, ELM, and ANN models to assess water productivity indicators based on agronomic techniques in the Lake Urmia Basin

Water productivity (WP) is one of the most important critical indicators in the essential planning of water consumption in the agricultural sector. For this purpose, the WP and economic water productivity (WPe) were estimated using agronomic technologies. The impact of agronomic technologies on WP and WPe was carried out in two parts of field monitoring and modeling using novel intelligent approaches. Extreme learning machine (ELM), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and artificial neural network (ANN) methods were used to model WP and WPe. A dataset including 200 field data was collected from five treatment and control sections in the Malekan region, located in the southeast of Lake Urmia, Iran, for the crop year 2020–2021. Six different input combinations were introduced to estimate WP and WPe. The models used were evaluated using mean squared error (RMSE), relative mean squared error (RRMSE), and efficiency measures (NSE). Field monitoring results showed that in the treatment fields, with the application of agronomic technologies, the crop yield, WP, and WPe increased by 17.9%, 30.1%, and 19.9%, respectively. The results explained that irrigation water in farms W1, W2, W3, W4, and W5 decreased by 23.9%, 21.3%, 29.5%, 16.5%, and 2.7%, respectively. The modeling results indicated that the ANFIS model with values of RMSE = 0.016, RRMSE = 0.018, and NSE = 0.960 performed better in estimating WP and WPe than ANN and ELM models. The results confirmed that the crop variety, fertilizer, and irrigation plot dimensions are the most critical influencing parameters in improving WP and WPe.

The study of promising breeding potato hybrids for irrigated conditions of the steppe zone of the Orenburg region

The study of the potential for the formation of yield and susceptibility to the main common pathogens in breeding potato hybrids was carried out on an irrigated plot of the KFH "Khomutsky V.I." Perevolotsky district of the Orenburg region in 2019-2022 The soil cover of the experimental plot is southern chernozem, medium-humus, medium-thick. The objects of the study were 8 breeding hybrids - 48.64.24 (M), 47.07-5 (M), 45.82-12 (M), 46.05.23 (M), 12.1-7 (M), M 11.58.3, M 11.64. 2, M 14.12.32 and standard grade Nevsky. Of the 8 hybrids studied over 3 years of testing, only 71 % form a yield higher than that of the standard variety, the remaining 29 % are significantly lower. During the same period, 50% of the studied hybrids were affected by common pathogens, potato tubers were affected by stolon rot in breeding hybrids: M 11.64.2 (8.3 %), common scab 47.07-5 (M) (11 %), 48.64-24 (M) (0,4 %), 45.82-12 (M) (25.7 %). As a result of the work, a promising potato breeding material for further work was identified, combining low damage with increased yields - 46.05-23 (47,2 t/ha) and 48.64-24 (41,8 t/ha).

Price, credit or ambiguity? Increasing small-scale irrigation in Ethiopia

Governments in countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are keen to expand irrigation to improve food security and are placing particular emphasis on adoption and use of smallholder private groundwater irrigation. Yet private irrigation is a multi-stage technology, the adoption of which is affected by fiscal support and extension services offered on different investment stages but also by uncertainties around actions that need to be undertaken in these stages. Groundwater-based irrigation in Ethiopia presents a case where policy has focused on fiscally easing the purchase of pumps while considerable ambiguity (unquantifiable uncertainty) exists around the outcomes of drilling boreholes (reaching water). In this paper, we examine farmers’ willingness to adopt smallholder private irrigation packages in response to lower pump prices following tax breaks, loan availability, and reduction in ambiguities related to borehole drilling, using a discrete choice experiment (DCE) in two districts of Ethiopia. The results indicate that the provision of loans and reduction in ambiguities related to well drilling have the greatest effect on the probability of farmers adopting irrigation packages. Lowering pump prices has the smallest effect. Pump-type has a small effect, with energized pumps preferred over manual ones. In exploring heterogeneity in preferences, we find that farmers without irrigated plots and those with greater market access have a greater preference for the provision of loans, while those with greater market access also have greater preferences for reductions in well drilling ambiguities. The results of this choice experiment suggest that reducing ambiguities around well drilling (initial investments) is an essential and cost-effective step toward expanding groundwater-based irrigation in Ethiopia.

Supplementary irrigation and varying nitrogen fertilizer rate mediate grain yield, soil-maize nitrogen accumulation and metabolism

Inappropriate management of irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilization can lead to underground water pollution, and soil degradation as well as increase the cost of crop production particularly in humid areas of China. In this context, the present experiment was designed to determine the appropriate irrigation amount and N fertilization rate for higher crop production, enzymatic activities, and N content. A two years field experiment was conducted during 2020–2021, to assess the effects of two irrigation condition (rainfed and supplementary irrigation) and five N fertilization rates (i.e. 0, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg ha⁻1, thereafter referred as N0, N150, N200, N250, and N300) on aboveground dry biomass, soil-maize N accumulation, N-metabolisms related enzymes, grain yield and economic efficiency. Supplementary irrigation, N fertilization, and their interaction significantly affected the above measured parameters. For instance, N250 treatment with supplementary irrigation significantly increased grain N content, aboveground dry biomass, and N metabolisms enzymes (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase). Compared to N250 treatment, N300 resulted 0.4 % lower grain yield under supplementary irrigation. Similarly, the interaction of supplementary irrigation and N250 treatment enhanced the soil total N and nitrate-N content compared to other treatments. Supplementary irrigation significantly increased grain yield by 13.6 % compared to rainfed condition. More importantly, both N use efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency and the cost-benefit ratio were reduced when N fertilization rate exceed to N300 treatment of the supplemented irrigation plot. Compared to other N fertilization rates, the N250 treatment resulted in a maximum net benefit of 10,082 CNY ha⁻1 under supplementary irrigation condition. Therefore, we suggest that 250 kg N ha⁻1 with supplementary irrigation is the best choice to improve N use efficiency, grain yield and provide a maximum economic benefit of maize crop. These finding may facilitate the scientific basis for irrigation and N fertilization management of maize crop in humid areas of China.

Morphological and biochemical responses of selectedOcimumspecies under drought

SummaryIntroduction:Drought stress is known to change biochemical activities resulting in altered plant growth and development.Objective:Due to the shortage of research evidence in a certain taxa of basil, it is imperative to examine the relationship between drought stress and morphological changes as well as essential oil accumulation.Methods:An open field experiment was conducted in 2020 to determine the effects of drought stress on the morphological and biochemical responses of selectedOcimumspecies. Five basil species, namelyO. basilicum‘Genovese’,O. basilicum‘Ohre’,O. × africanum,O. americanum,O. selloi, andO. sanctum‘Krishna’ were grown under irrigated (control) and non-irrigated (drought stress treatment) plots with two block replications.Results:The result showed that irrigation had a positive effect on production. Consequently, fresh and dry biomass yields were higher on irrigated plots by 39% and 33%, respectively. No significant changes were detected between the treatments in essential oils (EO) yield and EO composition of major compounds. However, a slight increase in camphor (O. × africanum), nerol (O. americanum), and trans-β-caryophyllene (O. sanctum‘Krishna’) ratios were observed under irrigation treatments. On the other hand, drought stress increased EO content, polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, drought stress had a positive effect on the ratios of 1,8-cineole (O. × africanum), and eugenol (O. sanctum‘Krishna’). There is only a slight increase in EO content under drought stress, which is not comparable to the significant yield reduction recorded. Morphological and biochemical variations were also detected among basil species. Accordingly, higher biomass (616.33 g/plant) and EO yield (3.72 ml/100 g) among the species were obtained fromO. basilicum‘Genovese’ andO. × africanum, respectively.Conclusion:Irrigation is imperative for maximizing biomass and EO yield of tested basil species.

Successive addition of rice straw biochar enhances carbon accumulation in soil irrigated with saline or non-saline water

Biochar has been evaluated globally to improve soil fertility and mitigate climate change. However, the long-term effects of successive biochar application on carbon (C) accumulation in soil irrigated with saline versus non-saline water (canal water) has not been investigated. A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of rice straw biochar addition rates (0, 2, 4, 8 Mg ha−1) on C storage in soil irrigated with water of different electrical conductivity [EC, dS m−1]; 0.3 (non-saline canal irrigation water; CIW), 5 (saline irrigation water; SIW5), 10 (SIW10), and 15 (SIW15) in a cotton-wheat system. Long-term irrigation with saline water of variable EC levels adversely affected soil functions, reducing above-ground biomass in cotton (12–48%) and wheat (5–27%). In contrast, plots irrigated with saline water but amended with rice straw biochar showed significant improvement in aboveground biomass (both in cotton and wheat), possibly due to its beneficial effects on soil properties such as soil EC, organic carbon, microbial population, water and nutrient availability, bulk density, soil aggregation, and proliferation of roots. Interestingly, the change in total organic C (TOC) stocks (8.5, 17, and 27.5 Mg C ha−1) after 5 years were found to be almost double the amount of biochar C added (4.3, 8.6, 17.2 Mg ha−1), indicating stabilization of belowground C inputs from the root biomass by the applied biochar and also possibly through its physical interaction with aggregates and minerals. Even though biochar application to saline water irrigated plots increased the contribution of plant-derived C to overall soil TOC stocks, it was still lower compared with canal water irrigated plots. The study conclusively established that the long-term stabilization of biogenic C through biochar has essential implications for mitigating climate change by accumulating additional C beyond the recalcitrant C contained in biochar.

Application of a frequency inverter in irrigated perimeters: A case study for irrigation automation

AbstractThe wide variation in water demand and pressure means that most irrigated perimeter pumping systems are oversized. The objective of this study was to control a pressurized irrigation system using a frequency inverter, aiming at automation and energy savings in irrigated perimeters. First, a prototype was assembled using drawer valves to simulate head losses in the system. Second, a frequency inverter was used to control the speed of the rotation of the motor pump, improving its performance. Finally, a microcontroller was used to manage the number of plots under irrigation in the perimeter. The frequency inverter reduced the consumed power by 40, 30 and 19% and the electric power consumption per hour by 46, 38 and 23% for one, two and three plots under irrigation, respectively. The use of the inverter frequency led to a reduction in operating points for all irrigation plot scenarios evaluated. The use of the frequency inverter is justified when the full power of the pump is not always required and adjustment of the rotation speed is necessary. In addition, the proposed automation system proved to be efficient in managing the rotation control of the frequency inverter.

A Study on the Field Applicability of Intermittent Irrigation in Protected Cultivation Using an Automatic Irrigation System

The demand for efficient water use and automatic systems has been increasing due to the frequent drought damage to crops as a result of climate change, the shortage of water resources in rural areas, and the aging of farmers. The existing automatic irrigation systems reduce the amount of labor required for irrigation and maintain soil moisture. However, the irrigation threshold criteria are user-determined as opposed to being automated according to input objectives such as improving crop productivity and saving water. In this study, an algorithm that could automatically determine suitable soil moisture according to a database and an automatic irrigation system with intermittent irrigation for efficient water use were developed. An experiment was then conducted on the productivity of crops for protected cultivation according to the application of the system. As the frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensor used in this system measured the volumetric water content of the soil, the soil moisture tension corresponding with the set value was converted into the volumetric water content using a regression equation. The process of intermittent irrigation was defined by using the moisture movement modeling of Hydrus 2D to reduce water loss on the soil surface and allow moisture to penetrate the soil unobstructed. An experimental field of a tomato farm was divided into empirical manual and controlled automatic irrigation plots. A total of 97.3% of the soil moisture values in the −33 kPa-controlled automatic irrigation plot and 96.6% of the soil moisture values in the −25 kPa-controlled automatic irrigation plot were within each set range during the first cropping season. During the second cropping season, a total of 94.8% of the soil moisture values in the −33 kPa-controlled automatic irrigation plot was within the set range. Compared with the empirical manual irrigation plot, the water productivity in the first cropping season was 113.9% in the −33 kPa-controlled automatic irrigation plot and 106.3% in the −25 kPa-controlled automatic irrigation plot. In the second cropping season, the water productivity was 117.3% in the −33 kPa-controlled automatic irrigation plot. Therefore, an automatic irrigation system applied with intermittent irrigation could be critical to increasing agricultural production and improving water-use efficiency.

Plant functional diversity is affected by weed management through processes of trait convergence and divergence.

Weed management involving tillage and/or herbicides has generally led to a decline of plant diversity in agroecosystems, with negative impacts on ecosystem services provision. The use of plant covers has become the predominant alternative in vineyard management, with numerous studies focusing on analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of plant covers compared to the aforementioned management. Although the impacts of weed management on taxonomic diversity have been widely studied, many gaps remain on their effects on plant functional diversity. As plant functional diversity is linked to the delivery of key ecosystem services in agroecosystems, understanding these effects could enable the development of more sustainable practices. From 2008 to 2018, a long-term trial was carried out in a Mediterranean vineyard to assess different agricultural practices. In this article, we examined how weed management, as well as irrigation use, could affect plant functional diversity. Based on 10 functional traits, such as plant height, specific leaf area or seed mass, we measured different indices of functional diversity and used null models to detect processes of trait convergence and divergence. Our results revealed that weed management and irrigation use had a significant effect on plant functional diversity. Mown plots showed the highest functional richness but were functionally convergent, since mowing was a strong functional filter on most of the traits. Tillage also behaved as a functional filter on some vegetative traits, but favored the divergence of certain reproductive traits. Herbicide-treated and irrigated plots showed the highest values of functional divergence by promoting more competitive species with more divergent trait values. The effect of weed management on these community assembly processes was shaped by the use of irrigation in vineyard rows, leading to functional divergence in those vegetative traits related to resource acquisition and seed mass. These results suggest that greater functional diversity may be associated with the bias caused by higher occurrence of competitive species (e.g. Convolvulus arvensis, Sonchus asper) with contrasting values for certain traits. Therefore, since these species are considered harmful to crops, higher plant functional diversity might not be a desirable indicator in agroecosystems.

Cultivar, irrigation management, and mepiquat chloride strategy: Effects on cotton growth, maturity, yield, and fiber quality

Drought negatively affects cotton growth and yield, whereas excessive irrigation can limit yield through excessive vegetative growth and poor fruit retention. Mepiquat chloride (MC) application limits plant height, improves fruit retention and hastens maturity in responsive cultivars. Thus, the objective of this study was to address the effects of cultivar, irrigation, and MC strategy on cotton growth, maturity, yield, and fiber quality. Therefore, a field study was carried out using three cultivars, three different irrigation treatments, and three different MC treatments during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. In both years there was an interaction between irrigation and MC management for plant height. In 2020, MC treatments hastened cutout by two to three weeks in irrigated plots but did not affect cutout date in dryland plots. 2020 and 2021 differed substantially in rainfall (347 mm and 735 mm, respectively from planting to harvest). 2020 was a dry year in which yield responded positively to irrigation and 2021 was a wet year in which yield responded negatively to irrigation. There was no effect of MC treatments or interaction between MC and any other effect on lint yield. Fiber length was reduced, whereas strength and micronaire were increased by drought stress in 2020. Increased fiber length, strength, uniformity, and micronaire were observed by MC application in both years. Therefore, we can conclude that aggressive MC management reduces vegetative growth, promotes earlier physiological maturity under well-watered conditions, and affects fiber quality, but does not necessarily interact with irrigation management to affect lint yield. • Growth and maturity responses to mepiquat chloride depend on water availability. • Mepiquat chloride hastens maturity under water replete conditions, but not dryland. • Occasionally, fiber quality was positively impacted by mepiquat chloride application. • Mepiquat chloride did not alter cotton yield response to water excess or drought.

МЕЛИОРАЦИЯ В УДМУРТСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ

The adoption by the Decree of the Government of the Udmurt Republic of 29.12.2014 No. 563 of the subprogram "Development of agricultural land reclamation of the Udmurt Republic", which is part of the state program of the Udmurt Republic "Development of agriculture and regulation of agricultural products, raw materials and food markets" for 2013-2020" ensured the implementation of measures for reclamation on agricultural lands. The cultivation of vegetables during irrigation allows agricultural organizations to obtain high yields of these crops and net profit. Budget subsidies to rural commodity producers for carrying out land reclamation measures contributed to the cultivation of vegetable crops on irrigated plots in the zone of risky land.

Effect of drought stress and its mitigating chemicals on aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation

Aerobic rice cultivation is a method of growing rice in well-drained, non-puddled and non-saturated soils using specifically developed varieties. It is the process of growing a crop from dry seeds put in the ground rather than transplanting seedlings from a nursery. Rice production is severely limited by drought stress during reproductive phase, which causes significant economic losses. Enhancing agricultural yield in the drought-prone rainfed areas has become necessary in consideration of the present and projected global food demand. A field experiment was conducted during summer 2022 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, to study the effect of drought stress at reproductive stage and its growth and yield of aerobic rice. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. In main plot irrigation interval viz., irrigation @ IW/CPE 1.0 (M1), withholding irrigation for 8 days from heading (M2), with holding irrigation for 12 days from heading (M3) was adopted. In sub plot stress mitigating chemicals viz., salicylic acid @ 100 ppm (S2), sodium selenate @ 20 ppm (S3), Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotroph @ 1 per cent (S4) in comparison with control no spray (S1). The results revealed that irrigation @ IW/CPE 1.0 with foliar application of sodium selenate @ 20 ppm recorded higher grain yield (4146 kg ha-1) which was followed by drought stress for 8 days from heading with foliar spray of sodium selenate @ 20 ppm recorded the grain yield of 3461 kg ha-1. The application of sodium selenate @ 20 ppm at heading stage which results to mitigate the drought stress up to 8 days and the yield reduction is noticed only 16 per cent when compared to without drought stress.

An Analysis of the Determinants of Irrigation Farmworkers’ Food Security Status: A Case of Tshiombo Irrigation Scheme, South Africa

Food insecurity is a comprehensive challenge. Food, being one of the most basic human needs, has become one of the most important concerns in the world, as more people are living in poverty and are vulnerable to food insecurity. Food insecurity levels vary across sectors, meaning that policy recommendations to address the problem have to be in specific contexts. Farmworkers in irrigation schemes are a sub-group that has received little attention in research regarding food security outcomes. This paper provides evidence of a study that was carried out to analyze food security among irrigation scheme farmworkers who either rent or do not rent irrigation plots from their employers in the Tshiombo Irrigation Scheme, Limpopo Province. Data were collected from 191 randomly selected farmworkers. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was utilized to determine the extent of food security among the irrigation scheme farmworkers. Data were analyzed using the ordered probit model. Among the variables considered in the model, land size (p < 0.05), land leasing (p < 0.01), total household expenditure (p < 0.05), and food stored by farmworkers (p < 0.1) were found to significantly influence irrigation farmworkers’ food security status. These findings suggest that policymakers should design policies that encourage stakeholders from NGOs, and private and public sectors to train and provide resources that will enable and develop livelihood skills among farmworkers.

Farklı sulama yöntemlerinin İtalyan çiminin (Lolium multiflorum) verim, bitki su tüketimi ve bazı yem kalitesi değerlerine etkileri

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Kırklareli koşullarında farklı sulama yöntemlerinin İtalyan çiminin verim, kalite ve su tüketim değerlerine etkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 4 tekrarlı olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırma Bulguları: En yüksek yeşil ot verimi (8007.20 kg/da) ve en yüksek kuru ot verimi (1508.74 kg/da) yüzey üstü damla sulama sistemiyle sulanan parsellerden elde edilmiştir. En yüksek ham protein içeriği (%14.69) yağışa dayalı koşullarda yetiştirilen parsellerde, en düşük ham protein içeriği ise (%13.17) 20 cm derinliğine yerleştirilen damla sulama sistemiyle sulanan parsellerde belirlenmiştir. Toprak üstü damla sulama sistemi ile sulandığı koşullarda ortalama 629.74 mm, 20 cm lateral derinliğinde sulanan koşullarda ortalama 574.74 mm, 40 cm lateral derinliğinde sulanan koşullarda ortalama 571.65 mm sezonluk bitki su tüketimi olduğu görülmüştür. Günlük bitki su tüketim değerleri ise sırasıyla 9.29 mm, 8.63 mm ve 8.48 mm olarak tespit edilmiş. Sonuç: Toprağın 40 cm derinliğine yerleştirilen laterallerle yapılan sulama uygulamaları su tasarrufu sağlamakla birlikte, 20 cm derinliğine yerleştirilen laterallerle yapılan sulamalar hem su tasarrufu, hem de 40 cm derinliğinde yapılan sulamadan daha yüksek verim elde edilmesini sağlamıştır.

Ruanda'da Su Kaynakları ve Sulama

The main objective of the study is to assess the agricultural water resources for irrigation potential in Rwanda. Rwandan agriculture national reports, irrigation expert documents, and various published articles were used in the preparation of this study. Rwanda is a small, land-locked, and fertile country in East Africa. Rwanda has a total area of 26,338-km2 and a population size of 12.7 million. Agriculture accounts for 24% of the total GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in 2020 and accounted for 64% of the working population. The country has 1.4 million ha of agricultural land, of which 43% (0.6 million ha) is irrigable land. Approximately 10% (63,742 ha) of the irrigable areas in the country are irrigated. Rwandan's average annual precipitation is 1200 mm, and the total amount of usable water is 6.8 billion m3/year. The percentage of the irrigated plots by surface irrigation, sprinkler, and drip irrigation systems with an average of 49.7%, 6.7%, and 2.5%, respectively in 2017 to 2021. In 2021, the agricultural production of cereals, legumes and pulses, tubers and roots, and vegetables-fruits were 491,130 tons, 288,018 tons, 1,826,018, and 184,944 tons, respectively.

Variety study of home plum for intensive plants in arid conditions of the Northern Caspian region

The results of biometric indicators of growth, features of the passage of the main phenological phases of development, analysis of precocity, yield and commercial qualities of fruits of various plum varieties are presented. The studies were carried out on the irrigated plot of the orchard of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", which was founded in 1993. The difficult climatic conditions of the region require the selection of varieties, first of all, with increased adaptive potential. As a result of the research, it was found that the Renklod Altana (3.1 m) and Mechta (3.1 m) varieties had the highest tree height. All studied varieties began to bear fruit in the 3rd year. Stable fruiting was observed in all varieties in the 5th year of vegetation. The highest yield was obtained in the variety Tatyana - 8.6 kg/tree.