Irregular Field Research Articles

Operational performance and losses in mechanized soybean harvesting as a function of field shape

Information on the capacity, operational efficiency, and performance of the harvester is very important in the management of agricultural mechanized systems, influencing decisions made with the aim of optimization. This study aimed to evaluate times, movements, and quality of mechanical soybean harvest operations in different shapes of the plots. Operational performance parameters of the harvester and variables representative of the agronomic aspects of the crop were used as indicators through statistical process control tools. Mechanized harvesting was carried out at a farm located in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, and the experimental design was completely randomized, with 18, 28, and 24 repetitions in irregular, rectangular, and trapezoidal fields, respectively. The activities of the harvester (harvest, unloading, handling, and climate charts) were monitored. The indicators of quality for harvester performance were: forward speed, engine and cylinder rotation and concave opening. The losses were determined: on the platform, internal mechanisms, total and in relation to productivity. The managerial efficiency and shunt time presented better results for the trapezoidal and rectangular section, respectively. All quality indicators evaluated were within the limits of statistical control, characterizing quality and reliability of the soybean harvesting operation.

Feasibility of clinical electron beam formation using polymer materials produced by fused deposition modeling

The main challenge in electron external beam radiation therapy with clinical accelerators is the absence of integrated systems to form irregular fields. The current approach to provide conformal irradiation is to use additional metallic shaping blocks, with inefficient and expensive workflows. This work presents a simple method to form therapeutic electron fields using 3D printed samples. These samples are manufactured by fused deposition modeling, which can affect crucial properties, such as material homogeneity, due to the presence of residual air-filled cavities. The applicability of this method was therefore investigated with a set of experiments and Monte Carlo simulations aimed at determining the electron depth dose distribution in polymer materials. The results show that therapeutic electron beams with energies 6–20 MeV can be effectively absorbed using these polymeric samples. The model developed in this study provides a way to assess the dose distribution in such materials and to calculate the appropriate thickness of polymer samples for therapeutic electron beam formation. It is shown that for total absorption of 6 MeV electron beams the material thickness should be at least 4 cm, while this value should be at least 8 cm for 12 MeV and 11 cm for 20 MeV, respectively. The results can be used to further develop 3D printing procedures for medical electron beam profile formation, allowing the creation of a collimator or absorber with patient-specific configuration using rapid prototyping systems, thus contributing to improve the accuracy of dose delivery in electron radiotherapy within a short manufacturing time.

Modeling scattered radiation from multi-leaf collimators (MLCs) to improve calculation accuracy of in-air output ratio

This study aims to model an extra-focal source for the scattered radiation from multi-leaf collimators (MLCs), namely an MLC scatter source, and to correct in-air output ratio (Sc) calculated using the conventional dual source model (DSM) to achieve better accuracy of point dose calculation. To develop the MLC scatter source, a 6 MV photon beam from a Varian Clinac® iX linear accelerator with millennium 120 MLCs was used. It was assumed that the position for the MLC scatter source was located at the center of the MLC, consisting of line-based and area-based sources to consider the characteristics of the scattered radiation from the MLCs empirically. Based on the measured Sc values for MLC-defined fields, optimal parameters for the line-based and area-based sources were calculated using optimization process. For evaluation of proposed method, measurements were taken for various MLC-defined square and irregular fields. The Sc values calculated using the proposed MLC scatter source and conventional DSM were compared with the measured data. For MLC-defined square fields, the measured Sc values showed better agreement with those calculated using the MLC scatter source (the mean difference was − 0.03%) compared with those calculated using the DSM (the mean difference was 0.18%). For MLC-defined irregular fields, the maximum dose differences between measurements and calculations using the MLC scatter source and DSM were 0.54% and 1.45%, respectively. The developed MLC scatter source could improve the accuracy of Sc calculation for both square and irregular fields defined by MLCs.

A coverage and obstacle-aware clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks in 3D terrain

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), clustering techniques are often used to optimize energy consumption and increase Packet Delivery Rate (PDR). To date, most of the proposed clustering protocols assume that there is a Line of Sight (LOS) between all the sensors. In fact, most of the available WSN simulators assume the use of optimistic path loss models that neglect the effect of obstacles on the PDR. However, in real situations such as in 3D terrains, obstacles can interfere this LOS. Moreover, while clustering, it is also important to maintain the coverage of a given Region of Interest (ROI). Therefore, finding an integrated solution for both clustering and coverage problems in an irregular 3D field becomes a pressing concern.In this paper, we first adopt an obstacle-aware path loss model to reflect the effect of obstacles on the communication between any pair of sensors. To that end, the Castalia simulator is adapted to use this proposed path loss model. Then, we introduce a Coverage and Obstacle-Aware Cluster Head Selection (COACHS) protocol to solve the cluster heads selection problem while maintaining a good coverage of a WSN deployed in an irregular 3D field. Simulation results demonstrate that the effect of obstacles on the PDR cannot be neglected. Moreover, comparative evaluation results show that COACHS outperforms other competent protocols in terms of PDR while simultaneously maintaining an acceptable energy consumption and a good coverage of the ROI.

Substorm Activity and Orientation of the Front of a Shock Wave of an Interplanetary Magnetic Cloud

The paper draws attention to the complex structure of the fast magnetic clouds of the solar wind, which, in addition to the actual cloud body, contain a turbulent transition layer (cloud sheath) with a large and irregular magnetic field following the shock wave. The orientation of the plane of the magnetic-cloud shock wave with respect to the interplanetary magnetic field modified by the shock wave propagating in the solar wind for 33 cases of the registration of fast magnetic clouds has been calculated. The dependence of the substorm activity in the auroral zone on the level of turbulent processes occurring in the sheath of magnetic clouds has been studied. It was taken into account that the turbulent phenomena in the sheath are largely determined by the orientation of the shock-wave plane with respect to the interplanetary magnetic field. It is shown that the level of magnetic activity in the auroral zone, which is characterized by the integral AL index, increases with a decrease in the angle between the direction normal to the shock-wave front and the vector of the interplanetary magnetic field. Thus, the most geoeffective are magnetic clouds with a quasi-parallel shock wave, and the least geoeffective are those with a quasi-perpendicular shock wave. It was concluded that the intensity of turbulent processes in the cloud sheath increases with a decrease in the magnetic field penetrating the sheath, which plays a stabilizing role for turbulent magnetohydrodynamic perturbations.

Unusual Physiological Properties of Smooth Monostratified Ganglion Cell Types in Primate Retina

The functions of the diverse retinal ganglion cell types in primates and the parallel visual pathways they initiate remain poorly understood. Here, unusual physiological and computational properties of the ON and OFF smooth monostratified ganglion cells are explored. Large-scale multi-electrode recordings from 48 macaque retinas revealed that these cells exhibit irregular receptive field structure composed of spatially segregated hotspots, quite different from the classic center-surround model of retinal receptive fields. Surprisingly, visual stimulation of different hotspots in the same cell produced spikes with subtly different spatiotemporal voltage signatures, consistent with a dendritic contribution to hotspot structure. Targeted visual stimulation and computational inference demonstrated strong nonlinear subunit properties associated with each hotspot, supporting a model in which the hotspots apply nonlinearities at a larger spatial scale than bipolar cells. These findings reveal a previously unreported nonlinear mechanism in the output of the primate retina that contributes to signaling spatial information.

P16-T Early signs of transformation of neocortical activity to epileptiform patterns in experimental model of epilepsy

This study was aimed at receiving information concerning organization of the cortical cellular activity in relation to the epileptiform EEG patterns, using ionic model of experimental formation of epileptic focus. This investigation was supported by the KBN grant, Nr4-T11E-006-22. Evaluation of the relationship between EEG patterns and cellular activity was attempted in the region of parietal association cortex (middle suprasylvian gyrus) in the group of five adult cats. Multiunit cellular activity was recorded with sampling frequency 4 kHz, using permanently implanted multicontact concentric electrode: 16 contacts, each about 40 micrometers of diameter and the distance between contacts of 200 micrometers. The electrode was implanted in the vicinity of cannula enabling subdural transfer of artificial cerebrospinal fluid with increased concentration of potassium ions. The recording and perfusion was performed in quiet, awake animal without necessity of using any pharmacological treatment. Early signs of transformation of neocortical activity to epileptiform patterns show considerable degree of independence of the patterns of cellular activity with respect to EEG. The incident of increased intensity and generalization of cellular activity creates the development of variable, irregular superficial electric fields within wide frequency range. This early stage of transformation of cortical activity to epileptiform patterns ends with the appearance of definite patterns of cellular activity, predominantly in internal cortical cell layers with corresponding EEG slow waves and/or spikes. The results suggest the possibility of existence of transient “paroxysmal” cellular activities without coexistence of standard epileptiform patterns in EEG records.

Orbit propagation in irregular and uncertain gravity field using differential algebra

Uncertainty propagation has been addressed extensively in space missions around the Earth, but much less for missions around small solar system bodies. Small bodies usually have irregular and weak gravity and our knowledge of their gravity, rotation speed and surrounding space environment is largely uncertain. These characteristics make the orbit propagation around these small bodies a challenging task.Focusing on the uncertainty of the small body's gravity, this paper applies the differential algebra (DA) technique to study the orbit propagation problem, and addresses its efficiency for a given the required accuracy. Different from traditional studies that focus on the uncertainty of the initial state, this study assumes an exact initial state and studies the influences that gravity model uncertainties have on the orbit. Taking the asteroid Steins as an example, the accuracy and the efficiency of the DA approach are firstly validated by comparison with the traditional Monte Carlo method. Then, the effects of gravity uncertainties on different types of orbits (prograde, retrograde and polar) are studied. The retrograde motion is found to be more robust to the gravity uncertainty than the prograde ones. For near polar orbits, the impact of gravity uncertainty on orbital motion depends significantly on the initial position, and it reaches the maximum if the initial position is near the polar regions. Moreover, short-term effects are found to play an important role in orbit deviation as a result of the gravity uncertainty. These discoveries can help mission designers assess the posed risk and design appropriate mission orbits.

Spatial coherence of ocean waves in multiline anchor systems for floating offshore wind turbines

A shared multiline anchor system may reduce material and installation costs for floating offshore wind farms, but the concept also expands the physical space over which the analysis of the system must be considered. The multiline anchor force is a combination of forces that originate from different floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) platforms, and this interconnectivity mandates investigation of spatial coherence of waves over the area of the connected turbines. The goal of this work is to determine if anchor force characteristics are sensitive to spatial coherence of the wave field, or if an assumption of independent wave fields at different FOWT locations provides sufficiently accurate anchor load characterizations. Spatially coherent irregular wave fields are generated and applied to FOWT systems in 3-line and 6-line anchor systems, revealing negligible sensitivity of multiline anchor force to wave spatial coherence. These results are continued with a parametric study showing how wave characteristics affect correlation lengths of spatially coherent waves. A review of installed offshore wind turbine spacings is presented as a context for these results. In each section, regular waves are first used to examine the dynamics in a simple context, then irregular waves are used to more realistically simulate ocean conditions.

Building change detection from remotely sensed images based on spatial domain analysis and Markov random field

With the rapid development of urban areas, construction areas are constantly appearing. Those changed areas require timely monitoring to provide up-to-date information for urban planning and mapping. As a result, it is a challenge to develop an effective change detection technique. In this work, a method for detecting building changes from multitemporal high-resolution aerial images is proposed. Different from traditional methods, which usually depict building changes in the color domain (e.g., using pixel values or its variants as features), this work focuses on analyzing building changes in the spatial domain. Moreover, contextual relations are explored as well, in order to achieve a robust detection result. In detail, corners are first extracted from the image and an irregular Markov random field model is then constructed based on them. Energy terms in the model are appropriately designed for describing the geometric characteristics of the building. Change detection is treated as a classification process, so that the optimal solution indicates corners belonging to changed buildings. Finally, changed areas are illustrated by linking preserved corners followed by postprocessing steps. Experimental results demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed method for change detection.

ANALISIS INDEKS AKTIVITAS GEOMAGNET PADA SAAT BADAI GEOMAGNET 13 OKTOBER 2016

Badai geomagnet terjadi akibat aktivitas abnormal di matahari yang mempengaruhi intensitas angin matahari. Badai ini ditandai dengan perubahan nilai variasi harian medan magnet bumi yang besar, cepat dan tidak beraturan. Efek badai geomagnet di sekitar bumi dapat berdampak pada aktivitas manusia di luar angkasa dan di permukaan bumi. Salah satu kejadian badai geomagnet yang pernah tercatat adalah pada tanggal 13 Oktober 2016. Dalam penentuan tingkat gangguan geomagnet digunakan indeks geomagnet. Indeks geomagnet merupakan ukuran sederhana yang menggambarkan aktivitas magnetis yang berasal dari ionosfer dan magnetosfer bumi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis indeks geomagnet ketika terjadi badai tanggal 13 Oktober 2016. Indeks geomagnet yang dianalisis antara lain indeks K, indeks A dan indeks Dst khususnya di wilayah Sumatera. Data yang digunakan adalah data variasi harian komponen H medan magnet bumi dari rekaman sensor magnetometer BMKG di Stasiun Gunungsitoli, Tuntungan, Sicincin, Liwa dan Tangerang. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat diidentifikasi jika badai geomagnet pada tanggal 13 Oktober 2016 tersebut termasuk kriteria badai geomagnet kuat jika ditinjau dari nilai Dst indeks yang menyentuh angka dibawah -100 nT.

Evaluation of the Viscous Drag for a Domed Cylindrical Moored Wave Energy Converter

Viscous drag, nonlinear in nature, is an important aspect of the fluid–structure interaction modelling and is usually not taken into account when the fluid is assumed to be inviscid. Potential flow solvers can competently compute radiation damping, which is related to the radiated wave field. However, the drag damping primarily related to the viscous effects is usually neglected in the radiation/diffraction problems solved by the boundary element method (BEM), also known as the boundary integral element method (BIEM). This drag force can have a significant impact in the case of structures extending much deeper below the free surface, or for those that are completely submerged. In this paper, the drag coefficient C d was quantified for the heave and surge response of a structure which consists of a moored horizontally oriented domed cylinder with two surface piercing square columns located at the top surface. The domed cylinder is the primary part and is submerged. The drag coefficient is estimated using the experimental measurements related to harmonic monochromatic wave–structure interaction. Finally, this estimated drag coefficient was used in the modified time domain model, which includes the nonlinear viscous correction term, and the resulting device response in heave and surge directions is presented for an irregular incoming wave field. The comparison of the numerical model and the experiments validates the estimated C d values obtained earlier. Prior to the time domain model, frequency-dependent parameters such as added mass, radiation damping, and excitation force were computed using three mainstream potential flow packages (that is, ANSYS AQWA, WAMIT, and NEMOH), and a comparison is presented. The effect of free surface on the drag coefficient is investigated through differences in C d values between heave and surge modes.

Smallholder Crop Area Mapped with a Semantic Segmentation Deep Learning Method

The growing population in China has led to an increasing importance of crop area (CA) protection. A powerful tool for acquiring accurate and up-to-date CA maps is automatic mapping using information extracted from high spatial resolution remote sensing (RS) images. RS image information extraction includes feature classification, which is a long-standing research issue in the RS community. Emerging deep learning techniques, such as the deep semantic segmentation network technique, are effective methods to automatically discover relevant contextual features and get better image classification results. In this study, we exploited deep semantic segmentation networks to classify and extract CA from high-resolution RS images. WorldView-2 (WV-2) images with only Red-Green-Blue (RGB) bands were used to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed semantic classification framework for information extraction and the CA mapping task. Specifically, we used the deep learning framework TensorFlow to construct a platform for sampling, training, testing, and classifying to extract and map CA on the basis of DeepLabv3+. By leveraging per-pixel and random sample point accuracy evaluation methods, we conclude that the proposed approach can efficiently obtain acceptable accuracy (Overall Accuracy = 95%, Kappa = 0.90) of CA classification in the study area, and the approach performs better than other deep semantic segmentation networks (U-Net/PspNet/SegNet/DeepLabv2) and traditional machine learning methods, such as Maximum Likelihood (ML), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and RF (Random Forest). Furthermore, the proposed approach is highly scalable for the variety of crop types in a crop area. Overall, the proposed approach can train a precise and effective model that is capable of adequately describing the small, irregular fields of smallholder agriculture and handling the great level of details in RGB high spatial resolution images.

Variations of acoustic noise intensity accompanying internal wave solitons

In this paper, acoustical noise intensity fluctuations recorded by single hydrophones (SHRUs) in the Shallow Water 2006 experiment are studied. The area of experiment (New Jersey Atlantic shelf) is characterized by a remarkable activity of internal waves, in particular, approximately twice per day trains of nonlinear internal waves (NIW) consisting of up to ten separate peaks with the amplitudes about 10–15 m and wave front parallel to the coastal line move toward the beach. During its motion trains of NIW cross positions of five SHRUs, located about 5–8 km to each other along line perpendicular to the coast as well as thermistor’s strings which allow us to estimate the shape and evolution of trains while they are propagating. It is shown that the appearance of irregular wideband sound field (amplitude by up to 20–40 dB greater than noise background) takes place when the train of NIW is passing through the location of the corresponding SHRUs. The nature of these signals is discussed, and the spectrum and specific temporal variations as well as other characteristics are analyzed. [Work was supported by ONRG, NSF, and BSF.] In this paper, acoustical noise intensity fluctuations recorded by single hydrophones (SHRUs) in the Shallow Water 2006 experiment are studied. The area of experiment (New Jersey Atlantic shelf) is characterized by a remarkable activity of internal waves, in particular, approximately twice per day trains of nonlinear internal waves (NIW) consisting of up to ten separate peaks with the amplitudes about 10–15 m and wave front parallel to the coastal line move toward the beach. During its motion trains of NIW cross positions of five SHRUs, located about 5–8 km to each other along line perpendicular to the coast as well as thermistor’s strings which allow us to estimate the shape and evolution of trains while they are propagating. It is shown that the appearance of irregular wideband sound field (amplitude by up to 20–40 dB greater than noise background) takes place when the train of NIW is passing through the location of the corresponding SHRUs. The nature of these signals is discussed, and the spectrum and...

RISK ASSESSMENT WITH THE USE OF THE MONTE-CARLO METHOD

Purpose. This work involves the development of a numerical model for the calculation of chemical contamination zones in the event of ammonia accident at the pumping station, as well as a model for assessing the risk of damage and wound depth in the body in case of fragments scattering formed during the pipeline explosion at the pumping station. Methodology. To solve this problem, we used the mass transfer equation for the ammonia propagation in the air. A potential flow model is used to calculate the air flow velocity field in the presence of buildings at the ammonia pumping station. The numerical solution of the three-dimensional equation for the velocity potential is derived by the cumulative approximation method. When using this numerical model, the irregular field of wind flow velocity, the change in vertical atmospheric diffusion coefficient with altitude, the ammonia emission intensity, the emission point of the chemical substance were taken into account. A differential splitting scheme was used to numerically solve the ammonia transfer equation in the air. Physical splitting of the three-dimensional mass transfer equation to a system of equations describing the contaminant transfer in one coordinate direction is carried out beforehand. At each step of splitting, the unknown value of ammonia concentration is determined by an explicit scheme of point-to-point computation. A mathematical model for calculating the fragments scattering in case of emergency at the pumping station is considered. Findings. On the basis of the developed numerical model, a computational experiment was conducted to estimate the level of air pollution at the ammonia pumping station. The area of possible damage of people during the fragment scattering during the explosion at the ammonia pumping station was determined. Originality. A numerical model has been developed that allows calculating the chemical contamination zones in case of emergency ammonia emission at the pumping station. The model is complemented by assessment of impact zones in case of fragment scattering during the pumping station explosion. Practical value. Based on the developed mathematical model, a computer program was created, which allows performing serial calculations for determining the impact zones during emergency situations at the chemically hazardous objects. The mathematical model developed can be used to perform serial calculations during the development of emergency response plan for chemically hazardous objects.

The Development of New Materials and Modes of Casting Metal Powder Mixtures (MIM Technology)

In the present work, to reduce the cost of production of the parts with MIM technology, proposed to use a new metal powder mixture (feedstock are presented) with the increased size of the powder to 50 microns. New feedstock are presented recommended for use in the manufacture of parts with a wall thickness of 5 mm. Shows the main physical and technological properties of new metal powder mix (feedstock) 40ХМА of steel intended for the manufacture of parts via MIM technology. Given the results of determination of granulometric composition and particle shape. The obtained values of tensile strength, hardness and roughness. The results of determining the dependence of viscosity on shear rate. For simulation of rheological properties of selected elastic-visco-plastic model of Bingham type with nonlinear dependence of viscosity on shear rate and temperature. The example of the calculation of feedstock fill the cavity of the mold. The analysis of defects in green part, associated with an irregular velocity field in the flow channels feedstock form.

Gyroton with the Corrugated Resonator

A new type of high-power electronic device—a gyroton with a corrugated resonator—is described and investigated. Spatial bunching of the electron beam does not occur in this device, however, highly efficient electron beam power conversion into the rotating electromagnetic field power is possible. The rectilinear electron beam deviates from the axis by the slow TM11 wave, then it gives up longitudinal energy to the same wave with more than 78% efficiency, and an output power up to 30 MW. The developed mathematical model of the interaction of the relativistic electron beam with an irregular circular waveguide and resonator fields presented in this article can be used to calculate and optimize the processes occurring in various microwave electronic devices, such as gyrotrons, gyrotons, TWT, Gyro-TWT, and BWT.

A Novel Algorithm in Radiation Dosimetry of Regular and Irregular Treatment Fields.

Background:The aim of this study was to design an algorithm for the calculation of monitor unit (MU) in a short time and high precision for different radiotherapy (RT) fields.Materials and Methods:The algorithm for calculating MU for the stated patients was designed in MATLAB software. To investigate the efficiency of this algorithm, 11 regular chest fields with the sizes of 7 cm × 7 cm up to 17 cm × 17 cm were considered, and the obtained MUs were compared with MUs of 13 patients which were calculated with a “hand calculation” which is used in some RT centers for the aforementioned fields.Results:The maximum percentage of calculation errors of regular fields at the depths of 4 and 10 cm were 1 and 0.8, respectively. The maximum and minimum percentage of calculation errors in irregular fields was 3 and 0.9, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum and minimum errors were 8.8 and 0.14, respectively. In addition, relative percentages of the MUs for irregular fields of chest and supraclavicular were 1.63 and 1.01, respectively.Conclusion:Calculation of MUs is suggested to be performed with the novel proposed algorithm, due to reduce the treatment time, and also provide high accuracy and precision compared to hand calculation.

Application of Topological Degree Theory to the Equilibrium Point in Irregular Gravitational Field

The equilibrium point in an irregular gravitational field has been a focus of recent research. The numerical results indicated the number of equilibrium points in an irregular gravitational field i...

Investigation of Estimation Accuracy of Phantom Scatter Factor by Clarkson Method Considering Depth in MLC Irregular Field

In monitor unit (MU) independent verification by calculation for irregular field (MLC field) using multileaf collimator in X-ray therapy, it has become common to use collimator scatter factor (Sc) and phantom scatter factor (Sp) instead of total scatter factor (Sc, p). It is usually expressed as Sc, p (A)=Sc (A)×Sp (A), and the field size A is considered but the depth d is not. Sc is data of in-air output, and measure with a mini-phantom at constant depth to remove electron contamination. On the other hand, Sp is obtained from measurement data of Sc, p and Sc, and can be expressed as Sc, p (d, A)=Sc (constant depth, A)×Sp (d, A) at an arbitrary depth d, thus Sp depends on the depth of Sc, p. Therefore, Sp needs to consider depth. In addition, a linear accelerator equipped with the tertiary MLC has two field sizes, that are collimator field by upper and lower collimators and MLC field by tertiary MLC below them. In MU independent verification by calculation, it is often used that the estimated value of Sp obtained by converting MLC field to equivalent square field and referring to data of Sp in square field. To convert the MLC field to equivalent square field, a conversion formula from sector radius r to equivalent square field L by Clarkson's sector integration (Clarkson method) is used. In this study, using 24 types of MLC fields to evaluate estimation accuracy due to the difference of conversion formula in Clarkson method, we estimated value of Sp using r=0.5611L of B-Clarkson method and using r=0.5580L of A-Clarkson method. And the difference with the measured value of Sp obtained by measuring Sc, p and Sc in the same MLC fields was compared. While, to evaluate estimation accuracy due to the different depths using these Clarkson methods, the difference between estimated value and measured value of Sp similarly obtained at depth of 5, 10 and 15 cm was compared. As results, estimated value of Sp using A-Clarkson method than using B-Clarkson method was close to measured value, and it was the same trend at depth of 5, 10 and 15 cm. Therefore, it was suggested that estimation accuracy of Sp by A-Clarkson method is higher than B-Clarkson method when verifying beams with different depths in MU independent verification by calculation for MLC field.