Irrational Thinking Research Articles

Trends in cannabis consumption: psychotic and anxiety symptoms among users

IntroductionDuring cannabis use, some individuals may experience psychotic symptoms, such as unusual perceptions or irrational thoughts, including mild hallucinations or temporary paranoia. Anxiety is also common, characterized by excessive worry or intense fear. The occurrence of these symptoms varies based on cannabis quantity, individual sensitivity, and surroundings. Although not all users experience these effects, the link between cannabis and psychotic or anxiety symptoms highlights the need for a thorough risk assessment.ObjectivesOur goal is to analyze trends in cannabis use, as well as the psychotic and anxiety symptoms experienced by users, and to examine whether cannabis use is associated with other substances consumption.MethodsWe collected demographic and substance consumption data from two groups: 29 individuals aged 18 to 28 who had tried cannabis at least once and 19 regular consumers through a structured questionnaire.ResultsRegular cannabis consumers had a higher proportion of males than those who had tried it once (X²(1)=4.81; p=0.028). There were no significant differences in age, alcohol or tobacco consumption between the groups. Notably, regular cannabis consumers had a history of using other illegal drugs, both in the past and within the last month (X²(1)=8.53; p=0.003). Regarding cannabis effects, regular users more frequently reported sensations like euphoria, relaxation, altered time perception, tachycardia, motor coordination difficulties, and impaired clear thinking compared to one-time users (X²(1)=10.12; p=0.001). Regarding anxiety symptoms during cannabis consumption, both groups experienced a similar frequency. Finally, regular cannabis consumers reported strange ideas or perceptions more often than one-time users (X²(1)=0.743; p=0.019). However, the associated discomfort level was similar in both groups.ConclusionsThis study highlights that regular cannabis use is associated with a greater likelihood of using other substances and experiencing more pronounced effects, including psychotic symptoms. However, it doesn’t necessarily lead to increased anxiety symptoms compared to one-time users. It’s important to acknowledge that the relationship between cannabis and psychosis is intricate and influenced by factors like consumption quantity and individual sensitivity. These findings stress the importance of understanding cannabis’s impact on mental health and its connection to the use of other substances.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Content analysis of suicidal notes - the verbal behaviour

Introduction There have been numerous studies on attempted and completed suicides in an attempt to understand better the phenomenon - the tragedy- of self-destructive behaviour through the analysis of the suicidal notes – their last personal documents, that many individuals write before carrying out suicide. Understanding and interpretation of these analyses could happen on several theoretical frameworks and background Research has systematically demonstrated what most clinicians assume, namely that individuals sharing significant patterns of nonverbal behavior express these tendencies in their manner of speaking and writing (e.g. in suicidal notes, farewell letters) . Through this research – by analyzing these texts, documents,” messages”,- was it possible to study not only semantic,and lingistic aspects of them but likely also as manifestations of psychological defense or coping mechanisms or reflected psychopathology in speech by isolating categories. A number of clinical investigations have been carried out to associate speech pattern and verbal style (spoken or written) with these psychopathological statesObjectivesThe purpose of the present study is to understand better of written “suicidal” communication; to analyze suicidal notes - namely, as last “messages” of the self destructed individuals in suicidal notes in an empirical sample.Methods The present study compared the content of suicide notes (n=113) from attempted suicides, completed suicides and a non-suicidal controls. The content analysis examined formal, syntactical characteristics, as well as speech patterns and verbal expressions (Weintraub method, Absolutists index, SPSS, - Anova, KW)ResultsThe notes from completed suicides had significantly higher scores for heteroaggression (blaming others, evaluators) negations, absolutistic expressions, nonpersonal references and lower scores for expression of feelings. Sex (male versus female) and age had no impact on these differences.Conclusions The suicide notes had reflected irrational thinking, characterized by frequent negation, and absolutistic words, self-preoccupation, high scores for emotional categories and a tendency toward polarized thinking These results may help in the understanding of the psychodynamic background or suicidal individuals’ risk assessment, in clinical work or in suicide hotlines, but also in preventionDisclosure of InterestNone Declared

The Effectiveness of "Kancani": An REBT-Based Web Application on Junior High Students' Subjective Well-Being

Abstract. The high prevalence of mental health issues among Indonesian adolescent students signifies persistently low levels of subjective well-being. Junior high school students tend to engage in negative thinking and experience a decline in positive feelings, contributing to mental health issues, as well as low life satisfaction. To address this, enhancing socio-emotional abilities such as emotion regulation, especially in dealing with irrational thoughts as the root of the problem, becomes crucial. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the "Kancani" web app, which implements Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)-based interventions on the subjective well-being of junior high school adolescents. A quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design was employed with 22 junior high school participants aged 12-15 who received the intervention for 2 weeks. The research instruments used were a 25-item Subjective Well-Being scale measuring positive affect (a = 0.861), negative affect (a = 0.861), and life satisfaction (a = 0.828). Data were tested using the paired samples t-test technique. Data were analyzed using paired samples t-test showed that the Kancani web app, with REBT-based interventions, effectively increased the subjective well-being of junior high school students, particularly in the aspects of positive affect and life satisfaction (p = 0.004 < 0.05), although not significantly in reducing negative affect (p = 0.104 > 0.05). Nevertheless, the improvement in the subjective well-being of students after the intervention is still reflected in the descriptive analysis of the mean differences, indicating an increase in positive affect and life satisfaction, as well as a decrease in negative affect.

The Effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Counseling Program to Modify Irrational Thoughts for Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities

The Effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Counseling Program to Modify Irrational Thoughts for Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities

양육스트레스를 겪는 어머니의 부정적 정서 감소를 위한 통합적 접근 상담에 관한 사례연구

Objectives This study was conducted to examine a case of using an integrated counseling theory to reduce the negative emotions of mothers experiencing parenting stress.
 Methods One participant experiencing parenting stress underwent nine counseling sessions over two months and one follow-up session six months later. The counseling was conducted using person-centered and cognitive-behavioral counseling techniques. The counselor maintained a person-centered and cognitive-behavioral attitude, utilized coaching and advice in the areas related to parenting methods.
 Results The participant reported difficulties with emotional regulation when her child behaved differently from what she considered as common sense, as well as difficulties in raising two children alone due to her husband's busy work schedule. Positive changes were observed regarding these issues after the counseling sessions. Upon examining the changes in pre- and post-counseling assessments on the reduction of parenting stress, it was found that the scores of the parenting stress inventory significantly decreased from previously elevated levels to within the normal range. Positive changes were also observed in the expression of negative emotions and the presence of irrational thoughts, as assessed through sentence completion tests.
 Conclusions The participant reported that there was no aggression towards her children even after the end of the counseling period until the follow-up session, indicating a significant positive change. Additionally, she reported trying new things for herself, which suggests that the intervention had a positive impact on her life beyond just reducing negative emotions related to parenting stress.

Promosi Merchandise Band Norbit

Currently in the city of Padang itself, death metal music is also widely favored among young people, marked by the emergence of many local bands in the death metal genre, one of which is called Norbit. Norbit is a Death Metal Cluster from Padang which was born in 2021 with 5 personnel, namely Adan Est as Vocalist, Cruelhammer as Guitarist, Blacksun as Bassist, Shiryo as Drummer and Juggernaut as Guitarist. The first single released by Norbit is titled Genocide. The number of metal bands like Norbit that develop in the middle of Padang city is a challenge for Norbit to compete, especially in introducing Norbit to the public and metal band lovers. One form of introduction is merchandise promotion. Based on the results of initial interviews with Norbit's vocalist about the promotion of merchandise clothes that have been done, it appears that the promotion of merchandise that has been done before is less effective and does not increase sales of Norbit clothes. The main media design that the author will use is in the form of promotional videos with cinematic techniques that will be published on social media such as Youtube and Instagram.The design of Norbit band merchandise promotion uses the Glass Box method, a rational thinking method that objectively and systematically examines things logically and is free from irrational thoughts and considerations.
 
 

Ethical Degeneration and Totalitarian Control: A Critique of Social Ethics in North Korea

Autocracy is a form of government in which the power is vested with an individual who represses all forms of individual freedom and egalitarian principles. These countries propagate ethical manipulations, gendered dehumanisation, absurd principles and hateful ideologies to maintain their power. This paper attempts to show the ethical degeneration of people by simply upholding irrational thoughts propagated by their government. The paper also highlights the eroding of social relations and social ethics from the perspective of ethical consciousness.

Breaking the Chain: The Role of Irrational Thinking in Our Fear of War and Death

Breaking the Chain: The Role of Irrational Thinking in Our Fear of War and Death

Negative Self-Criticism and Refusal to Communicate and their Relationship to Irrational thoughts among Gifted Students at King Abdullah II Schools of Excellence

The present study aimed to verify the existence of a correlational relationship to negative self-criticism and refusal to communicate with irrational thoughts among gifted students in King Abdullah II Schools of Excellence. To achieve the objectives of the study, the negative Self-Criticism Scale by (Gilbert, Clark, Hempel, Miles, & Irons, 2004) was translated, And the translation of refusal to communicate scale through: (Nafees, &Juhan, 2018; Huff, S., Anderson, Adamsons, & Tambling, 2017), and the translation of the scale of irrational thoughts (Gavita, & Duta, 2013). The psychometric properties of the validity, reliability and applying the scales on a sample of students in King Abdullah II Schools of Excellence. The sample consisted of (247) students. The results of the study concluded that there was a moderate level of negative self-criticism, refusal to communicate and irrational thoughts among gifted students, and that there was a positive correlation between negative self-criticism and refusal to communicate Irrational thoughts.

Социокультурная трансформация современного отечественного образования

The article is devoted to the current problem of sociocultural transformation of modern domestic education. Based on an analysis of reality, its aggressive social agenda, the tendency towards the dominance of irrational thinking against the backdrop of a decrease in critical perception and internality, the author confirmed the idea accepted in the scientific community about the transition of society into a certain phase of an unstable state. Previously projected system characteristics of the global society demonstrate failure, axiological assessment of Western civilization as universal has exhausted itself, humanity is on a civilizational turn. Faced with the prob-lem of conceptual cultural nihilism, Russia is once again rethinking its own civilizational path of development, searching for meanings, correlating traditions and innovations. The primary role in this process is assigned to the phenomenon of education as an imperative of spiritual formation of society. Based on a comparative anal-ysis of the Soviet and post-Soviet education systems, the article concludes that the latter, which represents a permanent process of change, not only did not resolve the contradictions of the Soviet socially oriented model of education, but even more served to artificially separate the meaning of education from the idea of develop-ment our civilization. Considering reform as a semantic construct, including analysis of the existing situation, clear goals and objectives, measures adequate to the situation and the system of results assessment correlat-ing with them, the author summarizes that the socio-cultural transformation of modern domestic education should be associated with the traditions of Russian society, and the leading problematic of its concept should be anthropological – as posing the question of the formed person.

The Spirituality of Logic-Based Therapy

Logic-Based Therapy and Consultation (LBTC) identifies sets of irrational thinking or “cardinal fallacies” that promote self-defeating emotions, such as depression, anxiety, guilt, and anger. To overcome these fallacies, LBTC enlists philosophical ideas to attain virtue. The latter “guiding virtues” are ideals, never fully achievable, which are thus aspirational in character. Philosophical ideas are considered “uplifting” when they phenomenologically connect the client to such virtues. From this phenomenological perspective, this connection is experienced by the client as a “leading up” or transcendence with a sense of liberation from the suffering generated by the cardinal fallacy. Herein, lies an intensely spiritual experience. For clients who are religious and utilize religious philosophies to aspire to virtue, this experience is deeply religious. For those who embrace non-religious philosophies (those that are not God-centered), this liberating experience is nonetheless spiritual. It is typically described by clients as a sense of freedom or lightness; a deep peace of mind or serenity associated with the guiding virtue of all guiding virtues: metaphysical security. This article provides an analysis of the nature and conditions under which this deeply spiritual experience is attainable during the course of LBTC practice.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Behavioral Activation on Irrational Thoughts and Depression in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Behavioral Activation (BA) therapy on irrational thoughts and depression in individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Methods and Materials: This applied research utilized a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population included all individuals diagnosed with GAD who visited psychotherapy clinics in Mashhad in 2020. From this population, 45 participants were purposefully selected from the Nabz-e Zindagi Counseling Center in Mashhad and randomly assigned to three groups of 15 (two experimental groups and one control group). The subjects responded to the Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT) by Ahwaz and Mo'tamedi (2005) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (1961) at three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The MBCT and BA therapies were administered to the experimental groups, while the control group did not receive any treatment. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Findings: The results indicated that the main effect of the group on irrational thoughts and depression was significant in both experimental groups (p < .05). However, there was no significant difference in the impact of the two methods on irrational thoughts (p = .144) and depression (p = .950). Conclusion: Both treatments were equally effective in individuals with GAD. Therefore, both treatments can be utilized to reduce psychological problems in individuals with GAD.

Cognitive Distortions Associated with Alcohol and Marijuana Use in Uruguayan Citizens

Background: Psychological distress (i.e., incipient symptoms of anxiety, stress, and depression) may promote substance use through increased emission of cognitive distortions. These are automatic irrational thoughts that can promote distress, which in turn increases substance use. Aim: This study analyzed, in a sample of Uruguayan citizens, the unique contribution of cognitive distortions on the frequency and quantity of alcohol or marijuana use, over and above the contribution of psychological distress or the use of emotion regulation strategies. We also assessed whether these variables were associated with having initiated or resumed the use of a substance. Methods: A survey asked about alcohol and marijuana use, psychological distress, emotion regulation strategies, and cognitive distortions. The study comprised a convenience sample of 1132 participants (Mean age = 29.07 ± 8.19 years, 72.26% women). Separate hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted on the frequency and quantity of alcohol or marijuana use, whereas a logistic regression was applied on having initiated or resumed the use of a substance. Results: Several cognitive distortions were significant predictors of frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption or frequency of marijuana use, over and above psychological distress. Differential emission of automatic thoughts was also associated, along with higher scores of psychological distress, with a significantly higher probability of having initiated the use of a new substance or having resumed the use of a substance. Conclusions: Cognitive distortions may promote alcohol and marijuana use. Interventions aimed at modifying these distortions should be considered to reduce the emission of these behaviors.

"This Is a Disease" and "Disease Has No Sin": Discourse Constructions of Individuals With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder With Regard to Being Diagnosed.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms have different cultural images in society. Deconstructive psychology studies can contribute to understanding the dominant discourse surrounding these patients, given the prevalence of OCD. The objective of this study was to investigate the discourse of participants regarding "having/receiving a diagnosis of OCD" and the function of this discourse. The research approach was qualitative and language-based, specifically employing Lacanian Discourse Analysis (LDA) perspective. The possible questions and prompts were determined along with the research team, and seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with six participants diagnosed with OCD. The interviews explored how participants referred to their diagnosis, the language they used, and the function of this discourse. The findings revealed that participants diagnosed with OCD insistently used the term "disease" to explain their peculiar and distressing situations, referring to "medical discourse" with expressions such as "This is a disease" and "This disorder." Additionally, they often utilized "religious discourse" with the statements like "Disease has no sin" and "The sick and insane are exempt from their responsibilities." The findings of the current research indicated that when individuals with OCD "receive a name" through a recognized diagnosis, they experience a sense of recognition and validation for their OCD-related problems. Consequently, individuals diagnosed with OCD tend to find "legitimacy" for their irrational or unwanted thoughts and behaviors by taking comfort from their diagnosis. This study provides valuable insights into an understanding of patients with OCD. The findings are discussed in the context of their implications for both theoretical and applied research.

Comparing the Effects of Islamic Spiritual Therapy and Stress Inoculation Training on Distress Tolerance and Anxiety of Patients With Stomach Cancer

Background and Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the effects of Islamic spiritual therapy compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy based on stress inoculation training (SIT) on distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity in patients with stomach cancer. Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study based on a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The research population included patients with stomach cancer in Ardabil City, Iran in 2021. Sixty individuals were selected through convenience sampling and randomly divided into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). The measurement tools were Simon and Gaher's distress tolerance scale and the Anxiety sensitivity index by Floyd et al., which were administered to all three groups before the group intervention and at the end of the tenth session. The first experimental group was exposed to Islamic spiritual therapy, the second test group received SIT and the control group did not receive any psychological treatment. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that the Islamic spirituality therapy and SIT had a significant effect on distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity compared to the control group. However, Islamic spiritual therapy was more effective in improving distress tolerance (F=445.940) and reducing anxiety sensitivity (F=65.502) compared to the SIT group (P≤0.01). Conclusion: It appears that the combination of Islamic spiritual therapy with SIT, despite its emphasis on irrational thoughts, is less effective than Islamic spiritual therapy alone in reducing negative thoughts.

PENERAPAN KONSELING RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY (RET) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PUBLIC SPEAKING SISWA KELAS XI SMA N 1 GEBOG

Students' low public speaking skills will hamper cognitive, psychomotor, social developmental tasks as well as learning outcomes because students who have low public speaking skills tend to have difficulty conveying their ideas and information. Inappropriate handling can also cause other negative impacts. Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) counseling is a process of assistance by the counselor to the counselee in overcoming problems caused by irrational ways of thinking. This case study research was carried out in class XI SMAN 1 Gebog with 2 research subjects and 3 counseling sessions. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study identify the factors that cause low counselee public speaking skills, namely anxiety that starts with irrational thoughts. After implementing RET counseling three times, SNA and ABP experienced a more positive change in attitude and thinking so they were able to improve their public speaking skills.

An Analysis of Students’ Anxiety Level in English Oral Performance Viewed from Their Personality

The aims of the research were to analyze the students’ anxiety levels in English oral performance viewed from their personality and the alternative solutions to overcome students’ anxiety in speaking English at the sixth semester students IAIN Salatiga by using survey methods. To select the participants, the researcher chose students’ randomly, which consisted of 23 pupils to answer two questionnaires from The Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) and Eysenck Personality Inventory (1959) and interview guidelines[1]. In this research there were three processes for analyzing data, including: data condensation, data display, and drawing conclusion. The implications of this paper are reduced language proficiency, self-esteem, academic performance, impaired fluency and negative attitude towards English. Finally, the result was 1) The anxiety level in speaking was anxiety level of 23 participants is 2 students at a very relaxed anxiety level (9%), 7 students at relaxed anxiety (30%), 11 participants at the level of mild anxiety (48%), 1 person at the anxiety level (4%) and 2 students were very anxious (9%). There are 5 extroverts whose average scales are 1 person is very relaxed, 2 students are at a relaxed level and 2 others are slightly anxious. Meanwhile, there are 18 introverts whose average scale is at a slightly anxious level. 2) The dominant factor in students' anxiety in speaking English for extroverts are the language factor and stage fear. For introverts, the dominant anxiety factors are peer factors, lack of confidence and shame, past experiences and irrational thoughts.

A - 39 Diagnosing Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia in the Absence of Notable Cognitive Changes: the Value of Collateral Reports.

Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a neurodegenerative disorder broadly characterized by insidious changes in psychosocial domains including personality/mood, behavior, and cognition. Early detection of bvFTD can be challenging in the absence of structural brain changes, cognitive deficits, and/or patient report. Collateral reports and behavioral observations become integral to diagnostic conceptualization. The patient is a 71-year-old White male who was seen by a neurologist for semi-involuntary fidgeting. His spouse also began noticing medication mismanagement and personality changes characterized by irritability, compulsive spending, and irrational thoughts, as well as uncharacteristic lapses in judgement and difficulty with planning and organization. Additional family reports endorsed new perseverative behaviors and intermittent confusion while operating familiar devices. An MRI of the brain demonstrated mild white matter disease. The patient demonstrated superior premorbid intellectual functioning and average-to-above average scores across most neuropsychological tests. Subtle deficits in maintaining set on executive tasks were noted. Behaviorally, speech was perseverative and tangential throughout the evaluation and he demonstrated low frustration tolerance. Collateral questionnaires indicated a decline in most activities of daily living and significant elevations in apathy, personal neglect, and loss of insight. While there were subtle changes in cognition, the patient's overall cognitive profile was intact. However, collateral reports, reported functional decline, and direct behavioral observations warranted concern for early stage bvFTD. Consistent with bvFTD literature, current neuropsychological assessments lack sensitivity for capturing deficits in the presence of behavioral and functional impairment. This case highlights the continued need to develop and validate naturalistic assessments to appropriately capture bvFTD.

Implementasi Konseling REBT dalam Rangka Mengarahkan Meaning Of Life Remaja

Highlighting the mechanism in the meaning of life of adolescents, it was found that they had not yet mastered matters related to directing a view of life so that things were needed that could be used as reinforcement so that adolescents did not misinterpret things shown by people in their environment. In response to this, the researcher aims to conduct research with a library research design related to the Implementation of REBT Counseling in directing the meaning of life of adolescents. The results obtained from the search by researchers are to direct adolescents who are at an unstable age, assistance is needed for the adolescents themselves. Assistance can be done by adults such as parents, teachers and counselors. Basically, the classification of rational and irrational thoughts is done so that the counselee is able to understand in advance which path is good to take as a guide to the meaning of life. In addition, the counselor also needs to challenge the counselee to test his thoughts. If indeed there are some rational thoughts that are chosen as a path by the counselee, the counselor does not immediately say yes, but the counselor also needs to play a role in opposing what the counselee conveys to measure his understanding of the meaning of life he chooses.

A Study of Samuel Beckett’s “Waiting for Godot”

The theatre of the Absurd includes plays wherein humans are mere puppets full of irrational and illogical thoughts. From Aeschylus to Ibsen, the artists aimed at constructing meaning out of chaos and at gaining a momentary stay at confusion. So drama was then a temporary escape from the utter meaninglessness of life, a brief period when the audiences could dismiss their tensions and enter into a fictional world based on the assumption that man was a rational animal. But, ‘The Theatre of the Absurd’ ruthlessly shattered these notions, advocating instead their view of human being as an isolated existence and to represent life as it moves from nothingness whence it came to nothingness where it must go. The same notion is very much significant in Shakespeare’s line: “Life is a tale told by an idiot Full of sound and fury signifying nothing.” (Act V, Scene 5, Macbeth) Martin Esslin provided justification for the emergence of this new wave in the theatre, in his book: “The Theatre of the Absurd” which attempts to make man face up the world in which he lives and human conditions as they really are. As it was believed that the real dignity of man lies in his ability to face the reality in its senselessness, to accept it freely, without fear, without illusions and to laugh at it. This term is applied to a group of dramatists in the 1950s who shared the same predicament of man in the universe. Incidentally, the word ‘absurd’ is used in music which denotes a ‘jarring note’ or ‘discord’. This research paper is an attempt to study Samuel Beckett’s “Waiting for Godot,” a tragicomedy in two acts, published in 1952, originally in French as En attendant Godot and first produced in 1953. It is a true innovation in drama that successfully depicts the search for meaning in a world of chaos.