Irrational Drug Research Articles

Evaluation of Rationality of Drug Use Based on National Rational Drug Use Indicators at Paal Lima Public Health Center Period January – March 2023

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than half of all drugs in the world are prescribed, dispensed and sold in an inappropriate manner and half of patients use drugs inappropriately, thus enabling irrational drug use. If the drug is used irrationally, it can have a negative impact. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rationality of drug use at the Paal Lima Public Health Center for the period January - March 2023 based on the National Rational Drug Use (POR) indicator.
 Method: This study used an observational method with retrospective data collection, namely prescription data for non-pneumonic acute respiratory infections (ARI), non-specific diarrhea, and myalgia during the period January - March 2023. The data were analyzed descriptively by calculating the use of antibiotics, injections, and the average drug items which were then displayed in percentage form. There were 509 prescriptions for non-pneumonic acute respiratory infections (ARI) cases, 74 prescriptions for non-specific diarrhea cases, and 120 prescriptions for myalgia cases.
 Result: The results of the study showed that for the period January - March 2023 it was found that the use of antibiotics in cases of non-pneumonic acute respiratory infections (ARI) was 19.65%, the use of antibiotics in cases of non-specific diarrhea was 35.14%, the use of injections in cases of myalgia was 0%, and the average number of drug items per prescriptions of 3.68 items.
 Conclusion: Overall, the rationality of drug use at the Paal Lima Public Health Center has not met the requirements, so it needs to be improved.

Evaluation of prescribing patterns using WHO core drug use indicators in a pediatric hospital of Kabul Afghanistan: A prospective cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe global issue of irrational drug use, particularly concerning pediatric patients, is a significant concern. Notably, there has been a lack of studies assessing rational drug prescribing for pediatric patients within Afghanistan's healthcare system. This investigation aimed to address this gap by examining drug prescribing patterns at the Indira Gandhi Pediatric Health Institute (IPHI) in Kabul, Afghanistan. MethodsA prospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted to evaluate the prevailing drug prescribing practices at the outpatient department of IPHI in Kabul, Afghanistan. A systematic random sampling method was employed to select 600 outpatient prescriptions from the institute, following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for investigating drug utilization in healthcare facilities. ResultsThe average age of patients was 4 years, and the average number of drugs per prescription was 2.9. Notably, 84% of prescriptions included one or more antibiotics, surpassing the WHO standard of <30%. Furthermore, 67% of the prescribed drugs were listed on Afghanistan's national essential drugs list (EDL), falling below the standard value of 100%. Only 35.1% of the prescribed drugs were in generic form, also lower than the recommended 100%. Moreover, 5.7% of all prescriptions included injections, the ideal value is <20%. The most frequently prescribed drug groups were anti-microbials (25.7%), followed by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), (21.4%), gastrointestinal drugs (17.3%), and vitamins (7.8%). ConclusionThe study's findings indicate that, on average, a higher number of drugs were prescribed per patient visit at IPHI compared to recommended standards. Additionally, there was a lower utilization of generic drugs and drugs from Afghanistan's national essential drugs list (EDL), with an over-prescription of antibiotics.

Self-Medication and Its Relevant Factors in Students of Yazd Medical Sciences

Background: Self-medication is one of the main socioeconomic and health problems in different societies and irrational drug consumption can sometimes lead to unfavorable outcomes and even death. The present study has been performed to investigate self-medication and its relevant factors in students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd. Methods: This analytical study investigate 300 students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Using Cochran's formula in Yazd (2020). The samples were selected by stratified sampling proportional to the strata size and the data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire from Gholipoor etal's article (2012) and analyzed by descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean ± SD and multiple response analysis (MRA), chi-square and binary logistic regression. All statistical analyses were done by SPSS 20 (α=0.05). Results: The total self-medication rate was estimated 39%. The most common causes of self-medication among the students were the experience of the disease (50.4%) and considering the disease non-risky (47.0%).The most common self-medication case was cold (53.0%) and the most common way of supplying the drug for self-medication was purchasing from drugstores (52.1%).The results of multiple logistic regression showed that the only variable having a significant effect on the probability of self-medication was income (p = 0.02); odds of self-medication in students with an average income of 20-30 million Rials was about twice as high as students with an income of more than 30 million Rials (p = 0.02, OR = 1.8). Conclusion: Self-medication is not a safe habit and it can cause complications such as drug interaction, addiction, drug poisoning, concealment of the disease and in general, health risks. Meanwhile, the students’ attitude towards self-medication can affect the behavior of their future patients. So, it is suggested to inform students in this area.

Analisis Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Perilaku Swamedikasi Diare terhadap Mahasiswa Farmasi Universitas Tanjungpura

Self-medication is done to treat minor illnesses, such as diarrhea. Knowledge and behaviour of drugs usage in each individual affect self-medication so that irrational drugs usage can be prevent. This study determines the relationship between semester, knowledge and behaviour about diarrhea self-medication of pharmacy students at Tanjungpura University 2021/2022. The research method was carried out retrospectively in the form of a cross-sectioned questionnaire. Stratified random sampling method was used for sample selection. Rank-spearman analysis was used to analyze the relationship between semester level, knowledge and behaviour of diarrhea self-medication. Based on research, out of 232 respondents, majority of respondents were women, aged 21, obtained drugs from pharmacies without prescription (81,03%) and used adsorbent class for antidiarrheal drugs. Knowledges are classified from good (9,91%), moderate (28,45%) and low (61,64%). Behaviours are classified as appropiate (79,74%) and inappropriate (20,26%). The p-value results show the relationship between semester and knowledge 0,142; relationship between semester and behaviour 0,256 and relationship between knowledge and behaviour 0,318. The conclusion of this study is the relationship between semester and knowledge are categoried very low with positive significant relationship. Relationship between semester and behaviour and relationship between knowledge and behaviour are categoried low with positive significant relationship.

Qualitative Evaluation on the Use of Pneumonia Antibiotics for Covid-19 Patients at X Hospital Bali in 2020

Coronavirus disease-19 (Covid-19) is a pandemic that has caused various complications, including pneumonia. One of the therapies used in Covid-19 with pneumonia complications is antibiotics. Antibiotics must be used appropriately to prevent antibiotic resistance. A method to reduce the number of antibiotic resistances is evaluating the use of antibiotics qualitatively using the Gyssens method. Therefore, this study aims to describe the profile and rationality of using pneumonia antibiotics for adult Covid-19 patients at X Hospital from January to December 2020. The data was collected retrospectively on adult patients using the patient's medical record data, and the sample was determined using the purposive sampling technique. There were 117 samples of medical record data processed in this study. This study concluded that the use of antibiotics for patients with Covid-19 disease consisted of single antibiotic usage, i.e., azithromycin in 82 cases (70.09%), and levofloxacin in 30 cases (25.64%), and switched antibiotics usage, i.e., azithromycin to levofloxacin in 5 cases (4.27%). The rationality of using antibiotics using the Gyssens methods was 90.60% with rational or appropriate antibiotics use (category 0). Moreover, there was 9.40% irrational drug use (category I-VI), comprising antibiotics for a longer time than it should be, in 11 cases.

The Effect of the Implementation of Permenkes No. 72 of 2016 on the Management of Pharmaceutical Preparations and the Role of Pharmaceutical Personnel on Service Quality (Research at Class D Hospital in Bekasi City)

One of the health services in the hospital is a pharmacy installation, while the definition of a pharmacy installation is a functional implementing unit that organizes all pharmaceutical service activities in the hospital. Pharmaceutical Services is a direct and responsible service to patients related to pharmaceutical preparations with the aim of achieving definite results to improve the patient's quality of life. The service standard is contained in the Regulation of the Minister of Health no. 72 of 2016 concerning Pharmaceutical Service Standards in Hospitals which aims to improve the quality of pharmaceutical services, guarantee legal certainty for pharmaceutical personnel, and protect patients and the public from irrational drug use in the framework of patient safety. The regulation of service standards is contained in Minister of Health Regulation No. 72 of 2016. covers management standards for pharmaceutical preparations, medical devices and consumable medical materials as well as clinical pharmacy services. With the implementation of Permenkes No. 72 of 2016 is expected to be able to improve service quality. Factors that play a role in improving service quality include the management of pharmaceutical preparations and the role of pharmaceutical staff. This research is a quantitative research using survey method. The population in this study were pharmaceutical supply managers and patients who came to Class D hospitals in Bantar Gebang, Jatisampurna and Pondok Gede. The results showed that there was an effect of the implementation of Permenkes 72 of 2016 on the quality of pharmaceutical services in Class D Hospitals in Bekasi City, with the involvement of pharmaceutical staff in the management of pharmaceutical preparations from the process of selecting, planning needs, procurement, receiving, storage, distribution, destruction and withdrawal, control, and administration. There is an influence of the management of pharmaceutical preparations on the quality of pharmaceutical services in Class D Hospitals in Bekasi City, as seen from the dimensions of trust and empathy that meet expectations in Class D Hospitals Jatisampurna.

Digital influencers and the spread of irrational drug use

The figure of the digital influencer has become fundamental within social networks in reaching the consumer public market since it determines the direction of its thousands and even millions of followers. As a consequence of this whole range of influence, companies, brands, and industries from the most diverse branches began to establish partnerships for advertising and publicizing their products in the field of beauty, food, fashion, and, mainly, health, for example, corroborating with self-medication. Digital Influencer refers to an individual who is a reference and who has the power to influence his followers, managing to increase sales of the product he promotes. Because of the above, the methodology adopted was descriptive, exploratory, and observational, with a cross-sectional design, through the application of a semi-structured questionnaire. This study aims to evaluate digital influencers and their strategies that increase the risk of irrational drug use by students of undergraduate courses in the health area. As for the results obtained from the collected data, it was found that most of the respondents were female; the age of participants in the samples ranged from 17 to 48 years. Regarding the irrational use of medication, the majority, 90.8% (n = 128), claimed to know the subject, and 75.7% (n = 109) stated that influencers generally suggest some medication with the purpose of self-medication. About using medication due to digital influencers, 73.2% (n = 115) claimed not to use medication recommended by “influencers.” Finally, it can be seen that the present research that the analyzed theme demonstrated the complexity and the need to have a follow-up of the supervisory bodies about what is produced by influencers in social networks, above all, in the field of self-medication, since it became Of course, the use of drugs without proper authorization from the professional is dangerous and may cause irreversible damage.

Drug utilization evaluation of medications used in the management of neurological disorders

Background and objectThe burden of neurological disorders in India is expected to increase due to the rapid demographic and epidemiological transition, with irrational drug use, which is also a global concern. Thus, drug utilization evaluation is designed to ensure appropriate medicine use within the healthcare settings. The aim of the study was to assess the rate and pattern of drug utilization in the management of neurological disorders. Materials and methodsA hospital-based cross-sectional drug utilization evaluation study on neurological drugs was carried out at the Department of Neurology over a span of six months. All legible prescriptions consisting neurological medications irrespective of patient's gender, aged ≥ 18 years were included for the study. The World Health Organization (WHO) core drug use indicators were used to assess the drug prescribing and utilization patterns. ResultsA total of 310 prescriptions were reviewed, where male predominance was found to be 56.45%. Out of 310 prescriptions, drugs belonging to 26 neurological classes were prescribed for the management of various neurological disorders. The majority of patients were diagnosed with epilepsy and the most prescribed drugs per patient were phenytoin (14.8%) and valproic acid (6.45%). By following the WHO core drug prescribing indicators, 65.47% of drugs prescribed from the India National List of Essential Medicines, 2022, followed by 29.83% of drugs prescribed in generic name and 10.86% of prescriptions including injections. ConclusionThe study findings showed that the prescribing pattern in the Department of Neurology was in accordance with the WHO core prescribing indicators. But, the extent of polypharmacy prescriptions was very high. Therefore, interventions are very necessary to promote rational drug prescribing patterns and thus clinical pharmacists can contribute to assess and review the drug utilization pattern to optimize the drug therapy and improvement in patient safety.

Evaluation on Prescribing Pattern of Antibiotics in Treating Respiratory Tract Infections with Who Core Drug Indicators

A respiratory tract infection (RTI) in defined as any infectious disease of the upper and lower respiratory tract Acute respiratory tract infection accounts for 12-39% of the in patients attendance in general hospital. A six months hospital based prospective observational study was carried out in the department of medicine at lalitha hospital, Guntur. The aim of the study was to analyse the prescribing patterns of antibiotic in respiratory tract infection at medicine department. The study results showed that out of 100 patients, more prevalent LRTI were 90 (90%) URTI were 10 (10%) The COPD, pneumonia, asthma were more prominent among LRTIs, whereas Pharyngitis and tonsilitis are prominent among URTI Results showed that for 100 patients 107 antibiotics were prescribed, most widely used antibiotics were penicillin+betalactam (38.31%). In our study the prescribers are relying upon higher antibiotics, this practise may lead to the antibiotic resistance and other complications of antibiotic resistance. Prescription analysis shows the way towards ratio use of drugs. Irrational drug use could also lead to ineffective and unsafe treatment and exacerbation and prolongation of illness, distress and harm to the patients. Hence prescription audit is necessary and the Clinical Pharmacist interventional programs should focus on promoting infections control with rational antibiotic prescription aimed at minimizing the future emergence of bacterial resistance. To overcome the irrational use of antibiotic, the study suggests the need of antibiotic prescribing guidelines for respiratory tract infections at the study site.

Tıp Öğrencilerinin Akılcı İlaç Kullanımı Bilincinin Ölçülmesi ve İlgili Faktörlerin Değerlendirilmesi

Aim: This study aimed to measure Selcuk University Medical Faculty (SUMF) students’ levels of awareness of rational drug use (RDU) in adults and to assess related factors. Material and Methods: The data for this descriptive, cross-sectional study derived from an online questionnaire completed by SUMF students; the questionnaire employed a sociodemographic survey form and the Rational Drug Use Scale. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software, and a p-value of &amp;lt;.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Four hundred and forty-six students (51.1% women, 48.9% men) participated in this study. The results show that awareness of correct usage was higher in women than in men (p=.10) and that awareness of the correct drug (p=.03), correct usage (p=.02), and RDU (p=.07) was higher in post-clinical students than in preclinical students. Awareness of correct information (p=.08), the correct drug (p=.30), correct usage (p=.09), and RDU (p=.02) was higher in students who took RDU education than in those who did not. Awareness of correct information (p=.18), correct use (p=.20), and RDU (p=.15) was also higher in students who considered RDU education necessary than in those who did not. Conclusion: Irrational drug use has negative effects on the health sector and the economy. The results of this research indicate that students’ RDU awareness levels should be improved. To broaden awareness of RDU, practices such as lectures and seminars should be implemented in schools, and advertisements and programs that encourage unnecessary drug use should be limited in the media, such as the internet and TV.

Drug prescription pattern in primary healthcare centers in southwest Nigeria. A cohort analysis of primary health workers prescription records

Introduction: Rational use of Drugs is the prescription and dispensation of drugs to the appropriate patients in appropriate doses, for required period and at lowest cost to them and their community. Irrational use refers to inappropriate use of drugs which include prescription and dispensation of too many drugs (polypharmacy), unnecessary and overuse of antibiotics and use of injection where oral drug suffices. A step towards preventing irrational drug use is to document it in a study such as this, so that appropriate corrective steps can be taken. Methods: This was a cross sectional cohort analysis of the prescribing records of primary health care workers from eight primary health care facilities. Result &amp; Discussion: There were 513 prescriptions of 2, 590 drugs from the eight facilities;206 (40%) from a cohort of two comprehensive health centres and 307(60%) from a cohort of six basic health clinics. 206(40%) was diagnosis-based prescriptions, while 307(60%) was not based on diagnosis. About 426(83%) contain antibiotics prescriptions, while 87(17%) had no antibiotic prescriptions. About 395(77%) prescriptions contained injectable drugs while 118(23%) did not contain any injectable drug. Conclusion: The average of number drugs per prescription and the proportions of antibiotics and injectables prescriptions in this study were higher than the WHO recommendations. These values were equally higher than values in many studies. Healthcare workers at the basic health clinics did more diagnosis-based prescriptions, prescribed more antibiotics and more injectable than their counterparts at the comprehensive health centers.

Drug Prescribing Pattern among the Inpatients in the Surgery Department of Tertiary Hospital of Eastern Nepal

Background: Prescription is a written instruction by a health care personnel to pharmacist to dispense drug(s). Irrational drug prescribing is a global problem, particularly in developing and transitional countries. This study was conducted to see the status of World Health Organization (WHO) core prescription indicators, complementary indices and prescription errors. Methods: It was a quantitative cross-sectional descriptive study carried out among inpatients of general surgery of tertiary hospital in eastern Nepal. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee. It was a convenience sampling. Calculated Sample size was 224. Enrollment of patients started on 16 May 2018 with the last case being enrolled on 1 Oct 2019 after obtaining informed consent. Relevant data was entered in a semi-structured proforma. Microsoft excel 2016 and IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v. 21 were used for descriptive statistics. Results: Median age of inpatients was 40 (24 - 54) years with male: female ratio being 1.05. Total 1492 drugs were prescribed in 224 prescriptions. Mean number of drugs prescribed was 6.66 ± 2.33. Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name was 25.60%. Prescriptions with at least one antimicrobial agent was 89.3%. Prescriptions with at least one injection was 92.9%. Percentage of drugs prescribed from the WHO Essential Medicine List was 66.48%. Other complementary prescribing indicators and prescription errors were also calculated. Conclusions: Most prescription indicators were inadvertently deviated away from WHO standards. Prescription errors were comparable to other studies.

Evaluation of Drug Prescription Pattern Using WHO Prescribing Indicators in Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background and aims. The improper use of drugs due to irrational prescriptions is a common problem in Libya. This study aimed to investigate the prescribing pattern and predictors of antibiotic prescription in primary health care facilities in three districts (east, west, and south) in Libya. Methods. In this retrospective study, 484 prescriptions were examined. World Health Organization-recommended indicators for rational use were examined (WHO): e.g., the percentage of prescriptions covering antibiotics, prescription of injections, and prescription of drugs by a generic name and from a national essential drug list, as well as the average number of drugs per prescription, were all considered. Results. The average number of drugs per prescription was 4.72, with a maximum of 7 drugs in a prescription, and the percentage of prescriptions involving antibiotics and injections was 30.4% and 10.5%, respectively. There were 28.6% drugs prescribed by their generic name and 82.8% were retrieved from the essential drugs list. The most common category of medicines were 18.9% antibiotics, 18.3% antihypertensives, and 15.7% multivitamins and minerals. While the lowest consumed drugs were steroids 2.5%. Conclusion. There was some irrational drug prescribing, particularly with regard to injections and antibiotics. It is suggested that physicians participate in continuing education programs on rational prescribing for various medical indications.

RATIONAL DRUG USE STATUS OF STUDENTS AT A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

Objective: Irrational drug use is a significant global and public health issue, including in Turkey Turk. This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitudes of students toward rational drug use . Methods: The study population comprised of 1909 students enrolled in Bakırçay University's 2019-2020 academic year. The sample size of the study was 780 students selected through stratified random sampling from each faculty. Data were collected using the "Rational Drug Use Form," which included demographic characteristics, background, drug use attitudes and behaviors, and the Rational Drug Use Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0, and a p-value of &amp;lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the students, 74.4% were female, and 42.3% were male, with a mean age of 19.9. Of the students, 28.2% self-medicated before consulting a doctor when sick, and 57.6% used medication for headaches without consulting a doctor. Additionally, 73.6% of them primarily used over-the-counter painkillers. Based on the Rational Drug Use Scale score of ≥35, which is considered the cut-off point in the literature, 491 students (73.3%) knew about rational drug use Conclusion: The students' knowledge of rational drug use was found to be above the average. However, campus courses and projects must be organized, and medical units should be supported, despite students' awareness of rational drug use

Studi Penjaminan Mutu (Quality Assurance) Internal Dalam Pelayanan Kefarmasian

Pharmaceutical services in hospitals aim to improve the quality of pharmaceutical services, protect patients from irrational drug use to maintain patient safety, and ensure legal certainty for pharmacists. Quality Assurance (QA) is used in measuring service quality, whereas QA in IFRS aims to provide assurance of product quality and the quality of pharmaceutical services provided to patients. This research employs descriptive research with a cross-sectional method, and primary date are obtained from questionnaires with the framework of QA standard indicators in pharmaceutical services at the primary Installastion of Mother and Child Hospital Kasih Fatimah Kotamobagu, with five respondents. The results indicate that internal quality assurance in pharmaceutical services at the Fatimah Kotamobagu Mother and Child Hospital Kasih Fatimah Kotamobagu Pharmacy Installation was in accordance with quality assurance standards, especially in the aspects of organizational structure, quality measures, and safety assurance, as well as drug distribution with an overall value in the criteria, are (75%), moderately appropriate are (15%) and not appropriate are (10%).

The Pattern of Drug Consumption in Community-Dwelling Older People in Tabriz, Iran: Data From Tabriz Older People Health Survey (TOPS)

Background: Multimorbidity in older people leads to an increase in the number of used drugs and leads to more drug interactions. If irrational and unsafe drug consumption is added to this situation, the burden of the problems of the older adults and the society will increase. So, studying the pattern of drug consumption can provide the possibility of designing interventions to improve it. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of drug use among older adults living in Tabriz. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using the data from a study entitled Tabriz Older People Health Survey (TOPS). The participants were selected from a representative sample of community-dwelling older people aged≥60 years who were living in Tabriz using the probability proportional to size sampling method. All the drugs used by the participants were checked, and their drug interactions and pattern of drug consumption were studied using the World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing guidelines. Results: The results indicated that on average, 4.6 drugs are consumed per person, 4.8 for women and 4.2 for men. Furthermore, 46% of the participants took five drugs or more which is significantly higher in women (P value=0.007). The most commonly used drug was Losartan, and most of the drugs were classified in the cardiovascular group. Moreover, there were 1128 cases of drug interactions and 213 cases of therapeutic duplication whit in the drugs used by the participants. Conclusion: Due to the increase in drug consumption in the older population, it is necessary to pay attention to the compatibility of the drug with the patient’s condition and plan for the training of health system employees regarding the proper prescription of medicine for older people.

Generic and Specific Drug Prescription – The Rural – Urban Divide

The current climate of widespread irrational drug use and the subsequent rise in drug resistance makes the study of drug use patterns among medical professionals very important. To improve people's health in the twenty-first century, we need a health care delivery system that works efficiently. According to the Alma-Ata statement of 1978, the two basic components of the primary health-care approach are the appropriate treatment of regularly occurring illnesses and accidents and the distribution of needed medications. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and injections, as well as underuse of medications on the essential pharmaceuticals list, are all highlighted by this research

Evaluation of the factors that contribute to patient self-medication in outpatient department (OPD) at Kabwohe Health Centre IV

Self-medication is a common practice in both rural and urban settings, in older people with chronic illness and young people. Self-medication leads to irrational drug use, drug resistance, and severe disease development. This study seeks to determine the factors that contributes to self-medication among patients at out-patient department at Kabwohe Health Center (HC) IV. It was a cross sectional study using quantitative method of data collection. It was conducted at Kabwohe HC IV located in Sheema District in southwestern Uganda. The study involved patients attending Outpatient Department (OPD) at Kabwohe HC IV. Simple random sampling was used to recruit patients into the study. Microsoft excel was used to analyze data and it was presented in form of frequency distribution tables, pie charts and bar graphs. The study involved 89 participants attending OPD at Kabwohe HC IV, majority of the participants (86.5%) were less than 35 years and females were slightly more than males. The reasons for self-medication include; non-availability of doctors at the health facility as the main factor (95%), knowledge of diagnosis (84%), lack of time (75%) and financial problems (74%). Self-medication remains a challenge at Kabwohe HC IV. Patients should be educated on the advantages and disadvantages of self-medication. The DHO should strengthen policy implementation on the use of drugs to reduce the burden of irrational drug use that increases the cost of purchasing the wasted drugs, and increasing drug resistance. DHO, should also conduct routine clinical audit on patient care to identify missed opportunity in care and develop action plan to address challenges in service delivery. Keywords: Health Centre, Patients, Kabwohe, Outpatient Department and Self-Medication

Implementation of Telemedicine through “Apoteker Keluarga Online” Application as an Effort for Rational Headache Self-Medication

Implementation of Telemedicine through “Apoteker Keluarga Online” Application as an Effort for Rational Headache Self-Medication

PHARMACIST COMPETENCY IMPROVEMENT IN STERILE DISPENSING AT HEALTH FACILITY SERVICES IN LAMPUNG

Sterile dosage forms are pharmaceutical preparations that require to be free of microorganisms and particles. In health services, sterile preparations often undergo a series of changes in form from their original conditions to new products through dissolution or mixing with other sterile preparations. To maintain sterility, sterile preparation dispensing skills are needed. Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 72 of 2016 and No. 74 of 2016 concerning Pharmaceutical Service Standards in Hospitals and Health Centers are intended to improve the quality of pharmaceutical services, guarantee legal certainty for pharmacists and protect patients and the public from irrational drug use in the context of patient safety. Pharmaceutical service standards in hospitals cover the management of pharmaceutical preparations, medical devices, consumable medical materials and clinical pharmacy services. One of the standards in clinical pharmacy services is aseptic/sterile dispensing sterile. The community service aims to increase the knowledge and skills of pharmacists at Bandar Lampung health facilities and its surroundings in managing sterile preparations.The community service is held through a webinar with a zoom platform followed by discussion and aseptic dispensing demonstration. The sterile dispensing demonstration are carried out by dividing the participants into four groups in the breakout room and each group was guided by a facilitator. In this activity, participants were provided with material on formulation, compatibility, and stability of pharmaceutical preparations, dispensing sterile preparations, aseptic techniques, and problems in sterile dispensing sterile at the hospital. The activity was attended by 63 pharmacists from 25 hospitals in Bandar Lampung and its surroundings, also academics in Tanjung Karang. The evaluation results showed an increase in participants' knowledge of 19,3% and participants expected that activities could be carried out periodically with various topics. The activities are expected to improve the patient's health status and enhance the role of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University in the National Health System.