UV Vis Light Irradiation Research Articles

Controlling light-induced dielectric response of Sr/Ni-modified (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 ceramics by narrow bandgap method

The change of dielectric constant at UV-VIS light irradiation was named as photo dielectric response (PDR). High PDR discovered in lead-free semiconducting ferroelectric ceramics will help to develop new types of photoelectric devices. The (1-x)(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-xSr(Ni0.5Nb0.5)O3-δ (KNN-xSNN) new system was successfully synthesized by solid-phase sintering. The phase structure of KNN-xSNN ceramics gradually evolves from the orthogonal phase to the cubic phase. The size of grains of as-sintered ceramics is reduced to the sub-micron level of 150–180 nm. The bandgap is tuned to ∼1.17 eV. High dielectric tunability in UV-VIS region can be achieved, which shows the tunability of ∼452% at 80 Hz and ∼18.1% at 100 kHz under 365 nm light, and ∼133.2% under 440 nm light in the KNN-0.04SNN ceramic. Meanwhile, the reproducible capacitive switching response under the light off and on state can be observed, which shows a capacitive ratio of about 6. These results indicate that this system has considerable advantages in the development of contactless devices under UV-VIS region.

Ultrasound assisted synthesis of heterostructured TiO2/ZnFe2O4 and TiO2/ZnFe1.98La0.02O4 systems as tunable photocatalysts for efficient organic pollutants removal

As a response to the everyday growing concern about wastewater treatment, some new mesoporous TiO 2 /ZnFe 2 O 4 and TiO 2 /ZnFe 1.98 La 0.02 O 4 catalysts were synthesized during this research. The ultrasound template-assisted sol-gel method was employed in the synthesis, using conventional calcination and microwave treatment for pore directing agent removal. The as-prepared samples were characterized from the structural, optical, morphological and textural points of view, confirming the presence of spinel ferrites and TiO 2 anatase crystals in the nanocomposites. The synthetized powders exhibit promising characteristics for their use in adsorption and light activated degradation of organic pollutants. The photodegradation experiments of model pollutant basic blue 9 (methylene blue) dye were performed at laboratory scale and the optimum experimental parameters were determined as 0.4 g/L catalyst and 30 mg/L initial dye concentration, under UV light irradiation, visible irradiation and natural sun light irradiation. The conventionally calcined lanthanum doped TiO 2 /ZnFe 1.98 La 0.02 O 4 system exhibited the highest efficiencies of 97%, 70% and 91% for dye removal from the solution, under UV light, visible light and natural sun light irradiation, respectively. Moreover, the catalytic activity was similar for up to four consecutive cycles. A lower yield of organic pollutant removal was observed in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. The obtained results show that the newly synthesized catalysts are good candidates for the removal of water pollutants through adsorption and photocatalysis.

CaSnO3 coupled g-C3N4 S-scheme heterostructure photocatalyst for efficient pollutant degradation

The perovskite CaSnO3/g-C3N4 heterostructure nanocomposite was successfully prepared via facile solid-state route. The properties of morphology, structural, optical, functional, elemental, surface, electrochemical and photocatalytic performances were investigated. The synthesised CaSnO3 (CS) nanoparticles were grafted on the g-C3N4 nanosheets and their photocatalytic performance were determined. The introduction of g-C3N4 possesses solid-solid intimately contacted interfaces with CS that provides more transport paths and effectively improve the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes (e−/h+). Thus, the formation of CaSnO3/g-C3N4 (CGN) heterostructures exhibits with tunable optical bandgap and suppresses the charge recombination process that leads to improve the photocatalytic efficiency. Compared with bare CS the CGN photocatalyst achieves 95% of degradation efficiency over methylene blue (MB) dye in 120 min of UV–visible light irradiation. The possible photocatalytic degradation mechanism was discussed. Furthermore, the CGN photocatalyst has been utilized for 4 repeated runs of experiments which shows good stability and reusability after the degradation experiments.

Understanding of the Dual Roles of Phosphorus in Atomically Distributed Fe/Co-N4P2 over Carbon Nitride for Photocatalytic Debromination from Tetrabromobisphenol A.

Atomically dispersed Fe and Co on carbon nitride under an external phosphine (PH3) atmosphere (P-Fe1Co1/CN) are prepared. Combined with the results of calculations and experiments, the formed P-induced bimetallic single atoms of Fe/Co-N4P2 can provide more reactive sites to enhance optical performance. Meanwhile, the introduced P can coordinate with Fe and Co and change the sole nitrogen coordination environment via the bridging effect. Herein, on the one hand, the structure of Fe-P-Co enhances interactions of single atoms in heterogeneous metals, and, on the other hand, the formed Fe/Co-N4P2 effectively changes the electron configuration in coordination centers. All of the abovementioned findings can enhance the photocatalytic performance of P-Fe1Co1/CN, achieving 96% removal and 51% debromination rates from tetrabromobisphenol A under visible light irradiation. The two efficiencies can be further improved under UV-vis light irradiation. The findings of this work reveal the dual roles of P in bimetallic single-atom catalysts, provide a facile method to synthesize P-assisted bimetal single-atom photocatalysts, and highlight the great potential of carbon nitride-based single atoms as photocatalysts.

Controlling the Structural Properties and Optical Bandgap of PbO–Al2O3 Nanocomposites for Enhanced Photodegradation of Methylene Blue

In the present work, PbO-x wt% Al2O3 nanocomposites (where x = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 100 wt%) were prepared by a microwave irradiation method. Their structural parameters, morphology, and chemical bonds, were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was noticed that the produced phases have an orthorhombic crystal structure and the smaller average crystallite sizes were formed when the ratio of Al2O3 is 40 wt%. The FTIR analysis reveals the formation of various bonds between Al or Pb and O. The TEM analysis reveals that the PbO-x%Al2O3 composites (x = 20, 40, and 60), composed of dense particles, and their size are smaller compared to the pure Al2O3 sample. The optical bandgap obeys the direct allowed transition and decreases from 4.83 eV to 4.35 eV as the PbO ratio in the composites increases from 0 to 100%. The intensity of the photoluminescence emission, at the same wavelength, increases as the PbO ratio increases from 0% to 60% implying that increasing the PbO content increases the capacity of free carriers within the trap centers. The prepared composites are used as a catalyst to remove the methylene blue (MB) from the wasted water under UV-visible or visible light irradiations. The photocatalytic degradation of MB was investigated by applying various kinetic models. It was found that the PbO-30% Al2O3, and PbO-40% Al2O3 composites are the best ones amongst other compositions. Furthermore, the pseudo-second-order model is the best model for describing the deterioration mechanism among the models studied. The formed composites could be suitable for the degradation of organic dyes for water purification as well as applications that required a higher optical bandgap.

The role of sodium dodecyl sulfate mediated hydrothermal synthesis of MoS2 nanosheets for photocatalytic dye degradation and dye-sensitized solar cell application

The novel properties and exciting behavior of two-dimensional nanosheet-based materials have piqued the interest of research all over the world. In this study, bulk molybdenum disulfide (bulk MoS2) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-mediated molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS2-SDS NS) were synthesized via a facile sonication and hydrothermal process. The findings from the characterization revealed that the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant reduces the crystal phase and changes the structural morphology of bulk MoS2. Furthermore, the photocatalytic and photovoltaic performance of bulk MoS2 and MoS2-SDS NS were also investigated. The results show that by using methylene blue dye, the photocatalytic efficiency increased from 56.30% to 91.84% at 150 min under UV–Visible light irradiation, and the photo-conversion efficiency (PEC (%)) of the dye-sensitized solar cell increased from 1.47% to 3.81% for bulk MoS2 and MoS2-SDS NS, respectively. Finally, we discussed in-depth the effect of SDS surfactants on MoS2, which can improve their photovoltaic and photocatalytic performance.

Identification of Active Species in Photodegradation of Aqueous Imidacloprid over g-C3N4/TiO2 Nanocomposites

In this work, g-C3N4/TiO2 composites were fabricated through a hydrothermal method for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid (IMI) pesticide. The composites were fabricated at varying loading of sonochemically exfoliated g-C3N4 (denoted as CNS). Complementary characterization results indicate that the heterojunction between the CNS and TiO2 formed. Among the composites, the 0.5CNS/TiO2 material gave the highest photocatalytic activity (93% IMI removal efficiency) under UV-Vis light irradiation, which was 2.2 times over the pristine g-C3N4. The high photocatalytic activity of the g-C3N4/TiO2 composites could be ascribed to the band gap energy reduction and suppression of photo-induced charge carrier recombination on both TiO2 and CNS surfaces. In addition, it was found that the active species involved in the photodegradation process are OH• and holes, and a possible mechanism was proposed. The g-C3N4/TiO2 photocatalysts exhibited stable photocatalytic performance after regeneration, which shows that g-C3N4/TiO2 is a promising material for the photodegradation of imidacloprid pesticide in wastewater.

Interfacial coupling effects on adsorptive and photocatalytic performances for photoresponsive graphene-wrapped SrTiO3@Ag under UV–visible light: experimental and DFT approach

Understanding the graphene/semiconductor/metal interactions is crucial to design innovative photocatalytic materials with efficient photocatalytic activity for environmental cleanup applications. SrTiO3 on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with various graphene contents was successfully synthesized in this study utilizing a simple hydrothermal method, followed by decorating the surface with Ag particles by using the photodeposition process. Under UV-visible light irradiation, the resulting composites were tested for their improved photocatalytic activity to decompose methylene blue (MB). The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, DLS, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, and DRS. First-principle density functional theory calculations (DFT) were also carried out by using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and PBE functional with the addition of on-site Coulomb correction (GGA + U). The obtained SrTiO3/rGO@Ag composites showed great improvement in the photocatalytic performances over pristine SrTiO3. For the degradation reaction of MB, SrTiO3/rGO20%@Ag4% composites yielded the best photocatalytic activity with efficacy reach 94%, which was also shown that it could be recycled up to four times with nearly unchanged photocatalytic activity.

A Universal Strategy for Boosting Hydrogen Evolution Activity of Polymer Photocatalysts under Visible Light by Inserting a Narrow‐Band‐Gap Spacer between Donor and Acceptor

AbstractIt is challenging for polymer photocatalysts to achieve high photocatalytic performance under visible light due to their weak light absorption in visible light region. Herein, a universal strategy for boosting the photocatalytic activity of donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated polymer photocatalysts upon visible light irradiation by inserting a π‐spacer of thiophene unit between the electron donors and acceptors to form a D–π–A molecular structure is reported. The introduction of thiophene unit with narrow band gap can enhance the conjugation degree of the polymer chains and extend the light absorption range. Meanwhile, the introduction of thiophene spacer through ternary copolymerization also enables the controllability on the chemical structure of the resulting D–π–A polymers by altering the feed ratio between the electron donors and acceptors. The optimized D–π–A copolymer photocatalyst shows an impressive hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of 78.4 mmol h–1 g–1 under visible light irradiation, and the HER could be further improved to 127.9 mmol h–1 g–1 under UV–vis light irradiation by loading 1 wt% Pt co‐catalyst. More importantly, this strategy can also be extended to other polymeric photocatalysts with different donor and acceptor units, demonstrating the universality for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of polymeric photocatalysts.

Multi-response gelation based on the molecular assembly of Sudan I dye derivatives for phase selective gelators and chemosensors.

Sudan I dye-based smart low molecular weight gelators with/without a perfluoroalkyl group have been successfully synthesized and characterized by rheological measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), IR, and NMR spectroscopies. The gelation behaviors in response to temperature, pH changes, metal cations, and UV-vis light irradiation are investigated. Compounds 1 and 2 could selectively sense the Cu2+ cation in the presence of other metal cations. Moreover, compound 2 with a perfluoroalkyl group shows phase selective gelation ability. This work also provides a valuable reference for exploiting photosensitive materials as chemosensors.

Kinetics-controlled synthesis of gold–silver nanosheets with abundant in-plane cracking and their trimetallic derivatives for plasmon-enhanced catalysis

Branched AuAg-based multimetallic nanosheets are successfully prepared via sequential synthesis, exhibiting noticeable plasmon-enhanced catalytic activity under UV-vis light irradiation.

Rational construction of ZnO/CuS heterostructures-modified PVDF nanofiber photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic activity.

PVDF/ZnO/CuS photocatalysts with ZnO/CuS heterojunctions were synthesized via electrospinning, hydrothermal, and ion-exchange techniques. As matrix materials, electrospun PVDF nanofibers are easy to be recycled and reused. ZnO nanorods anchored on PVDF nanofiber with high specific surface area provide abundant active reaction sites for photocatalysis. While the loaded CuS nanoparticles as a photosensitizer compensate the low quantum efficiency of ZnO and improve the visible-light photocatalytic efficiency. As a result, the PVDF/ZnO/CuS composited photocatalyst exhibits outstanding photocatalytic performance in exposure to UV and visible light owing to the suppressed recombination of electron-hole pairs and widened visible light absorption range. The kinetic constants of PVDF/ZnO/CuS nanocomposites under UV irradiation (9.01 × 10-3 min-1) and visible light (6.53 × 10-3 min-1) irradiation were 3.66 and 2.53 times higher than that of PVDF/ZnO (2.46 × 10-3 min-1 & 2.58 × 10-3 min-1), respectively. Furthermore, PVDF/ZnO/CuS nanocomposites demonstrate excellent robustness in terms of recycling and reuse, which is advantageous in practical applications.

The effect of TiO2@CoAl-LDH nanosphere on early hydration of cement and its photocatalytic depollution performance under UV–visible light

A new core–shell nanosphere TiO2@CoAl-LDH was synthesized and applied to prepare a photocatalytic cementitious composite. The photocatalytic performance of the photocatalytic cementitious composite was evaluated by the real-time degradation of NOx and methylene blue under continuous UV–visible light irradiation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), isothermal calorimetry, Vickers microhardness, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermal gravimetry (TG) were employed to analyze the effects of TiO2@CoAl-LDH on early cement hydration, localized morphology, and microscopic mechanical properties of the photocatalytic cementitious composites. The results showed that the newly synthesized core–shell nanosphere TiO2@CoAl-LDH can achieve a significant utilization of solar light in the whole wavelength range and thus exhibit an overall better photocatalytic performance compared to the traditional photocatalyst TiO2, particularly when an appropriate mix dosage was applied in cementitious composite.

Photoinduced phase-transition on CuO electrospun nanofibers over the TiO2 photosensitizer for enhancing non-enzymatic glucose-sensing performance

Constructing metal-oxide-based composites with the multiple valence-states and redox-couples has been proved as an effective strategy to enhance the performance of non-enzymatic glucose sensing. Herein, we report a mild and efficient method to prepare multiple-valent copper-based oxide composite nanofibers (CuxO CNFs) through introducing the TiO2 photosensitizer into the CuO NFs for actuating the localized phase transition from tenorite CuO (Cu2+) to cuprite Cu2O (Cu+) upon UV–visible light irradiation. The sensitivity of the obtained TiO2/Cu2O/CuO CNFs for glucose sensing (0–2 mM) could be enhanced by 1.12–1.31 times as compared to that of the TiO2/CuO CNFs. The enhanced sensitivity is dependent on the TiO2-content in the primal TiO2/CuO CNFs. When introducing 5.0 at.% of TiO2 into the CuO nanofibers, the photoinduced phase-transition process could result in the formation of optimal TiO2/Cu2O/CuO CNFs with the component ratio of Cu2O to CuO at 0.46:1. This TiO2/Cu2O/CuO CNFs (2074.7 µA·mM−1·cm−2; 0.25 µM) exhibited nearly 1.32-fold improvement on the sensitivity and 3.0-fold enhancement on the detection limit as compared to the corresponding values of the pure CuO electrospun nanofibers (1581 µA·mM−1·cm−2; 0.75 µM). After the continuous measurements for 14 days, the sensitivity of the optimal sample could maintain 89.4% of its initial value. Notably, its sensitivity could be further recovered to 97.4% of the initial value after UV–visible light irradiation for 1 h.

Dual Thermo- and Photo-Responsive Micelles Based on Azobenzene-Containing Random Copolymer.

Amphiphilic random copolymer poly(methacrylamido-azobenzene)-ran-poly(2-hydroxyethylacrylate) (PMAAAB-ran-PHEA) was synthesized via hydrolysis of poly(methacrylamido-azobenzene)-ran-poly[2-((2′-tetrahydropyranyl)oxy)ethylacrylate] (PMAAAB-ran-P(THP-HEA)), which was prepared by conventional radical polymerization. PMAAAB-ran-PHEA micelles were then prepared via dialysis method against water with DMF as solvent. The structure, morphology, size, and low critical solution temperature (LCST) of PMAAAB-ran-PHEA and its micelles were determined by 1H-NMR, GPC, TEM, and DLS. The thermo- and photo-responsive behaviors of the resulting polymer micelles were investigated with Nile red as a fluorescence probe. The results showed that PMAAAB-ran-PHEA micelles were porous or bowl-shaped and its size was 135–150 nm, and its LCST was 55 °C when FMAAAB of the random copolymer was 0.5351; the hydrophobicity of the micellar core was changed reversibly under the irradiation of UV light and visible light without release of Nile red or disruption of micelles; the size and solubilization capacity of the micelles were dependent on temperature, and Nile red would migrate for many times between the water phase and the micelles, and finally increasingly accumulated during the repeated heating and cooling processes.

Facile synthesis of Ni-based layered double hydroxides with superior photocatalytic performance for tetracycline antibiotic degradation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the photocatalytic performance of Ni-based layered double hydroxides (LDHs) in degradation of tetracycline (TC) as a model antibiotic pollutant. Two kinds of Ni-based LDHs (NiFe-LDH and NiCr-LDH) with chloride and carbonate ions in the interlayer region were facile fabricated by chemical co-precipitation method at room temperature and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The results showed that the as-prepared LDHs materials performed superior photocatalytic efficiency to eliminate TC from aqueous water solution under UV–vis light irradiation. The photocatalytic efficiency depends on the catalyst dosage and TC concentration. Furthermore, the plausible photocatalytic degradation mechanism was proposed by means of radical trapping and electron spin resonance (ESR) tests. It is found that the photocatalytic degradation of TC by Ni-based LDHs follows an oxygen-induced pathway, and the superoxide radical (•O2−) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) play a major role in the photocatalytic degradation process. The study provided a valuable insight into fabricating high-performance and environmentally friendly LDHs for removal of antibiotics in waste water.

Cocatalyst free nickel sulphide nanostructure for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Metal chalcogenides are highly active, inexpensive, and earth-abundant materials for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. This work presents cocatalyst-free Nickel Sulphides (α and β phases) nanostructures for photocatalytic hydrogen generation. NiS nanostructures are synthesized by the solvothermal method by varying the water to ethanol ratio. The synthesized sample has shown an optical bandgap of 1.83 eV, which is favorable for H2 generation. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) patterns confirm the formation of hexagonal and rhombohedral crystal structures with high phase purity for both NiS-α and NiS-β nanostructures. The multifaceted regular-shaped morphology with 50 nm sized particles was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The photocatalytic H2 generation studies reveal that the NiS-α phase exhibited better H2 generation activity of 13.413 m mol h−1g−1 than the NiS-β phase of 12.713 m mol h−1g−1 under UV–Vis light irradiation without any cocatalyst.

A viologen-derived host-guest MOF material: Photochromism, photoswitchable luminescence, and inkless and erasable printing

The encapsulation of photoactive guests into a metal-organic framework is advantageous in endowing extra functionalities such as photochromism and photoswitchable luminescence. In this paper, a host-guest MOF material, [Zn3(IPA)4 ​MV] (1) (H2IPA ​= ​isophthalic acid, MV·2NO3 ​= ​1,1'-dimethyl-(4,4'-bipyridine)-1,1'-diium dinitrate) has been constructed by encapsulating simplest methyl viologen guest into the anionic MOF framework. This material exhibits reversible naked-eye detectable photochromic properties varying from colorless to blue upon UV–Vis light irradiation. The MV2+ and the short O⋯N distance between the oxygen atom and pyridine ring of MV2+ play a crucial role in the photochromism of this compound. This host-guest MOF compound shows photoswitchable luminescent properties in the solid state. More interestingly, this host-guest MOF material can be deposited on filter paper and can be employed as inkless print material by controlling the UV–Vis light irradiation with the stencil.

Au/g-C3N4 heterostructure sensitized by black phosphorus for full solar spectrum waste-to-hydrogen conversion

Photocatalytic water splitting with simultaneous degradation of organic pollutants is an effective strategy to alleviate the increasingly serious energy and environmental crisis. However, the photocatalytic activity is restricted by the high charge recombination rate and limited sunlight utilization. Herein, black phosphorus (BP) with a broad sunlight response range was utilized as a photosensitizer to enhance the photocatalytic performance of the Au/carbon nitride (CN) heterostructure. The as-prepared BP/Au/CN exhibited a significantly enhanced H2 generation rate of 1400.8 µmol h−1 g−1 under UV-vis light irradiation, which is almost 70 times higher than that of bare CN and BP/CN and 2 folds higher than that of the Au/CN heterojunction. Specifically, the optimal BP/Au/CN sample presented a waste-to-hydrogen production rate of 195.8 µmol h−1 g−1 with the degradation of bisphenol A, verifying the synergistic effect of the ternary heterojunction. The photocatalytic mechanism was systematically studied by the combination of experiments and theoretical calculations. The improved photocatalytic performance was derived from the overall sunlight absorption ability of BP, effective electron transfer media and plasmonic character of Au nanoparticles, as well as the matched work function and strong interaction of the three components. A unidirectional electron transfer from BP to Au and then to CN was established, which effectively improved the charge transfer capability, resulting from the appropriate Ohmic contact of Au and BP and the Schottky barrier constructed in Au/CN hybrid.

Cu/TiO2 composite nanofibers with improved photocatalytic performance under UV and UV–visible light irradiation

This is the first-time report on the optimization of pure TiO2 and Cu/TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalytic fibrous materials fabricated by electrospinning followed by removal of the organic components by calcination at high temperature. Morphological investigations of the fabricated nanocomposites performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were supported with spectroscopic investigations via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. These findings clearly indicate that the copper presence into TiO2 lattice triggers the sunlight-driven photocatalysis, as compared to pure TiO2 that use the ultraviolet light to achieve the photoactivation. As a result, remarkable photocatalytic activity on the degradation of Amaranth dye was obtained. The maximum color removal efficiency of 99.84% was observed for the degradation of Amaranth dye for an initial concentration of 25 mg/L, after 240 min of Vis-light irradiation. Excellent results were obtained for the case of 0.05%Cu/TiO2 nanocomposite (calcinated at 400 °C) that yielded to a maximum value for the constant rate (k = 2.089 × 10−2 min−1). As compared to the undoped material (TiO2/400 °C), the 0.05%Cu/TiO2 nanocomposite led an almost double reaction rate (the constant rate increasing from 1.015 × 10−2 to 2.089 × 10−2 min−1). In addition, the 0.05%Cu/TiO2 nanocomposite calcinated at 400 °C was tested for the degradation of Amaranth dye under visible-light irradiation. Thus, at catalyst doses of 0.4 to 0.8 g/L, the reaction rate constant attained the order of 10−2 min−1 under visible irradiation. These results are outstanding when compared with previously reported works.