Controlling the Structural Properties and Optical Bandgap of PbO–Al2O3 Nanocomposites for Enhanced Photodegradation of Methylene Blue

Abdelazim M Mebed,Alhulw H Alshammari,Taha A Taha,Dalia Hamad,Alaa M Abd-Elnaiem,Mohamed Rashad

doi:10.3390/catal12020142

Abstract

In the present work, PbO-x wt% Al2O3 nanocomposites (where x = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 100 wt%) were prepared by a microwave irradiation method. Their structural parameters, morphology, and chemical bonds, were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was noticed that the produced phases have an orthorhombic crystal structure and the smaller average crystallite sizes were formed when the ratio of Al2O3 is 40 wt%. The FTIR analysis reveals the formation of various bonds between Al or Pb and O. The TEM analysis reveals that the PbO-x%Al2O3 composites (x = 20, 40, and 60), composed of dense particles, and their size are smaller compared to the pure Al2O3 sample. The optical bandgap obeys the direct allowed transition and decreases from 4.83 eV to 4.35 eV as the PbO ratio in the composites increases from 0 to 100%. The intensity of the photoluminescence emission, at the same wavelength, increases as the PbO ratio increases from 0% to 60% implying that increasing the PbO content increases the capacity of free carriers within the trap centers. The prepared composites are used as a catalyst to remove the methylene blue (MB) from the wasted water under UV-visible or visible light irradiations. The photocatalytic degradation of MB was investigated by applying various kinetic models. It was found that the PbO-30% Al2O3, and PbO-40% Al2O3 composites are the best ones amongst other compositions. Furthermore, the pseudo-second-order model is the best model for describing the deterioration mechanism among the models studied. The formed composites could be suitable for the degradation of organic dyes for water purification as well as applications that required a higher optical bandgap.

Highlights

IntroductionThe pollution of the oceans, seas, and rivers is caused by numerous organic and inorganic dyes and consider a serious problem in our life [1]
−1 related to Pb-O stretching [33], which is observed in pure PbO, whereas, around cm
The crystallite size, microstrain, and dislocation density are significantly influenced by the concentration of the composite components, for example, the smaller average crystallite sizes were formed when the ratio of Al2 O3 is 40 wt%

Summary

Introduction

The pollution of the oceans, seas, and rivers is caused by numerous organic and inorganic dyes and consider a serious problem in our life [1]. There are a few examples of hazardous materials such as MB, methyl violet, methyl orange, potassium permanganate, etc. Dyes are usually poisonous due to their negative impact on environmental processes, which affects aquatic species’ gills and causes spawning places and refuges to be disrupted. Continuous searching for suitable technologies since water treatment and purification should be among the major interest in our lives. Amongst these technologies, the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants such as hazardous dyes is considered a promising technology for water purification [3]

Methods

Results

Conclusion