Iron-rich Products Research Articles

The Waelz Slag from Electric Arc Furnace Dust Processing: Characterization and Magnetic Separation Studies.

The Waelz slag generated during electric arc furnace dust processing is an iron-rich product with significant amounts of iron, zinc and copper. About 600-800 kg of the Waelz slag is generated per ton of the dust processed. The Waelz slag samples from two different plants were thoroughly characterized using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), chemical phase analysis, Mössbauer spectroscopy and other supporting methods. The phase distribution of iron, zinc and copper was determined in the Waelz slag samples. Low-intensity wet magnetic separation was tested for the iron recovery from the Waelz slag samples. It was found that the Waelz slag samples have complex chemical and mineralogical compositions, which can impede the selective recovery of valuable elements. The obtained results indicate that the chemical and mineralogical composition of the Waelz slag samples has a considerable effect on the magnetic separation indexes. The experiments showed that the iron concentrates with Fe contents of 73% and 46.8% with the metallization degrees of 87.2% and 57.5% and the iron recovery degree of 54.8% and 52.9% were obtained at optimal conditions for two different samples, respectively, without selective segregation of Cu and Zn in the magnetic or non-magnetic fraction.

Mineralization process of ferrous ions from ZnSO4-FeSO4 solution at a temperature range of 368.15–423.15 K

The abiotic mineralization of ferrous ions for ZnSO4-FeSO4 solution at temperatures of 368.15–423.15 K was investigated. The effect of kinetic factors including oxygen partial pressure, temperature, agitation speed, with presence of a neutralizer or not, and seeding on the ferrous oxidation process was evaluated in detail. Also, the rate constants for the ferrous oxidation process were calculated by a second-order kinetic curve of the partial concentration of [Fe2+] with time to realize the effect of the different kinetic factors as variables. Furthermore, the morphology of the minerals was identified using scanning electron microscopy electron dispersive spectroscopy measurements (SEM-EDS), and the phase composition was characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The research indicated that the ferrous oxidation process was accelerated by elevating temperature, increasing agitation speed, and adding a neutralizer. Conversely, increasing oxygen partial and seeding both decrease the rate constant of the oxidation process. The iron-rich precipitates produced comprise a wide range of chemical compositions, structures, sizes, and morphologies. They consisted primarily of goethite and hematite, with goethite being dominant below 403.15 K, and hematite above 403.15 K. Moreover, the iron-rich products were successfully obtained by abiotic mineralization of industrial ZnSO4 solution at 423.15 K, containing 59% of Fe and 1% of Zn, while the resultant ZnSO4 solution after removal of iron contained less than 1 g/L of iron ions. Thus, abiotic mineralization of ferrous ions for ZnSO4 is clean and energy-saving, and the iron-rich products can be used as raw materials for ironmaking.

Resource utilization of slag from desulphurization and slag skimming: A comprehensive recycling process of all components

In order to make the slag from desulphurization and slag skimming (SDSS) to be comprehensively recycled and utilized, a combined process of beneficiation and building materials preparation was proposed to recover iron from SDSS, meanwhile to apply the remaining slag tailings as cement admixture. From this process, three iron-rich products were recovered in stages by clean gravity - magnetic separation, slag tailings were left. Slag powder was prepared by ultrafine grinding of slag tailings. The stability, setting time and cement mortar strength of the slag tailings cements (STC) which were mixed with Portland cement and slag powder were studied respectively. The results showed that a proper overall performance still could be obtained at the slag powder content of 30%. Chemical composition analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis were employed to assess the characteristics of the SDSS and the products obtained from the whole process. The results indicated that the three iron-rich products could be used as a raw material for steelmaking and ironmaking and the relatively large amount of calcium silicate (C2S) and tricalcium silicate (C3S) in the slag tailings make the addition of slag powder into the Portland cement feasible.

A Study on Developing Iron Rich Product (Nutri Haemball) and it's Efficacy of Supplement on Nutritional Anaemia among Female Students at Selected College in Coimbatore

A Study on Developing Iron Rich Product (Nutri Haemball) and it's Efficacy of Supplement on Nutritional Anaemia among Female Students at Selected College in Coimbatore

Development and quality evaluation of iron rich products

Four different iron rich products namely kranky noodles, crunchy ball, nutri grans and nutri ribbon were developed to combat iron deficiency anaemia utilizing locally available, low cost and food stuffs rich in iron content. Developed iron rich products were evaluated organoleptically and nutrient content was determined. The periodical acceptability, nutrient content and microbial content was evaluated at 0, 3 and 6 months of storage period. Among the five developed iron rich products the iron content of developed product was in the range of 14.60 mg to 17.20 mg/100g. The results of storage study indicated that the developed products were acceptable while microbial content increased but it was in the safe range.

Efficacy of iron rich Bajra chiwada on haemoglobin content of adolescent girls

Food based approaches have higher potential for achieving far reaching and long lasting benefits for the control of iron and other micronutrient deficiencies. Keeping in view the present study was planned with the main objective to explore effectiveness of iron rich product popped Bajra chiwada (Pearl Millet) supplementation prepared by utilizing pearl pop, rajgira leaves, roasted bengal gram dhal, turmeric, mango powder, curry leaves and cumin on haemoglobin content of adolescent girls. 60 moderately anaemic adolescent girls were selected. They were divided into two group i.e. experimental group (30) and control group (30). The highly accepted iron rich popped Bajra chiwada was supplemented 50 g/day to the experimental group for 60 days. The parameters such as anthropometric measurements and haemoglobin content were studied at 0, 30 and 60 days. The investigation of study revealed that supplementation of 50 g. popped Bajra chiwada daily for the adolescent girls helped in improving the haemoglobin of the subjects.

A study on separation of Mn and Fe from high-alumina ferruginous manganese ores by the carbothermal roasting reduction process

Carbothermal reduction followed by magnetic separation has been recognized as an effective recovery strategy to achieve separation of Mn and Fe from ferruginous manganese ores (Fe-Mn ores). However, it is difficult to improve the recovery of manganese more than 85% by changing carbothermic roasting reduction and magnetic separation. This work clarified the underlying reason for the poor separation with the magnetic separation process and proposed a promising process for the recovery of Fe and Mn from Fe-Mn ore. The effect of operating variables on recovery and separation of Mn and Fe from Fe-Mn ore is initially investigated during the carbothermic reduction roasting process followed by magnetic separation to reveal the underlying reason for the poor separation from Fe-Mn ores. Then, the stepwise reduction behaviors of the MnO-Fe2O3 and MnO-Fe2O3-Al2O3 systems were investigated to clarify that the formation of composite oxide Mn1−xFexO (0 < x < 0.497) and hercynite (FeO·Al2O3) directly caused the poor separation of Fe and Mn from high-alumina Fe-Mn ores. Then, the stepwise reduction roasting behaviors of Mn1−xFexO and FeO·Al2O3 were investigated by XRD, SEM-EDS and XPS analysis. After adjusting the experimental parameters, iron-rich products with a Fe recovery of 94.31% and a grade of 85.21% and manganese-rich product with a Mn recovery of 90.05% and a grade of 54.35% are obtained. The mass ratio of Mn/Fe increased to 8.5 in the manganese-rich product.

Stepwise recovery of magnesium from low-grade ludwigite ore based on innovative and clean technological route

Abstract A novel and clean technological route for the comprehensive utilization of low-grade ludwigite ore was proposed, in which magnesium was extracted by metallizing reduction-magnetic separation, sulfuric acid leaching and ethanol precipitation operation. Meanwhile, iron-rich product, silicon-rich product and boron-rich product were obtained, respectively. In the process of metallizing reduction-magnetic separation, 94.6% of magnesium was enriched in the non-magnetic substance from the ore reduced at 1250 °C for 60 min with the ore size of 0.50–2.00 mm and coal size of 0.50–1.50 mm. When the non-magnetic substance was leached at 90 °C for 15 min with the liquid-to-solid ratio of 7:1, 87.4% of magnesium was leached into the liquor separated from silicon gathering in leaching residue. The ethanol precipitation was conducted for 30 min with the ethanol-to-original liquid volume ratio of 1.5:1 at room temperature. 97.2% of magnesium was precipitated out with the initial concentration of 0.8 mol/L in the form of MgSO4·7H2O.

Prevalence of anemia and associated factors in women of childbearing age in rural Lebanon

This community-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and their association with nutritional behavior and other determinants. Arabic-speaking women, aged 15–49 years old, residing in Lebanon’s rural areas were included. Demographic and behavioral characteristics, obstetrical and gynecological history, personal and family medical history, and dietary intake data were collected. Predictors of anemia and IDA were determined using logistic regression. A total of 578 women were included (Lebanese: 55.2%; Syrian: 43.3%) in which 35.5% had anemia and 23.2% had IDA. The mean number of pregnancies was 3.1 ± 3.0 (number of children: 2.5 ± 2.5). In total, 30% had a personal history of anemia or IDA, 29% a family history of anemia, and 20% a family history of IDA. Iron-rich products were consumed by > 90% of the women, whereby > 66.7% mentioned eating liver, tuna, dates and nuts. Syrian nationality (OR = 2.21; CI 95%: 1.38–3.54), age (OR = 1.03, CI 95%: 1.00–1.06), personal history of anemia (OR = 1.97; CI 95%: 1.31–2.95), consumption of dates (OR = 2.07, CI 95%: 1.29–3.31), molasses (OR = 1.61; CI 95%: 1.03–2.51), and soft drinks > 5 times/week (OR = 1.66; CI 95%: 1.09–2.53) were predictors of anemia. Syrian nationality (OR = 1.73, CI 95%: 1.14–2.62), number of pregnancies (OR = 1.08; CI 95%: 1.01–1.15), period > 8 days (OR = 2.01, CI 95%: 1.07–3.80), consumption of eggs (OR = 0.48; CI 95%: 0.25–0.90), dates (OR = 2.58, CI 95%: 1.49–4.46), and coffee or tea (OR = 1.59, CI 95%: 1.03–2.45) were predictors of IDA. Anemia and IDA are prevalent in women of childbearing age in rural Lebanon. Intervention programs for raising the population’s awareness about IDA’s risk factors and proper nutrition must be implemented.

Carbothermic Reduction of Ferruginous Manganese Ore for Mn/Fe Beneficiation: Morphology Evolution and Separation Characteristic

In the present paper, beneficiation of Fe and Mn elements from a ferruginous manganese ore via carbothermic reduction followed by magnetic separation process was investigated in detail. The effects of the experimental parameters were systematically discussed. Iron-rich products with an Fe grade of 62.3% and 88.2% of Fe recovery, and manganese-rich product with a Mn grade of 63.7% of and 70.4% of Mn recovery were obtained, respectively, at an optimal temperature of 1100 °C, with a roasting time of 100 min, anthracite addition of 25%, milling fineness of 90% passing 0.074 mm, and a magnetic intensity of 140 A/m. Furthermore, the morphology evolution and phase transformation laws along with reduction process were revealed by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray detector (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and chemical phase analysis. The results demonstrated that the ferruginous manganese ore reduction can be described as follows: plate-like Fe-Mn symbiotic phase decomposition → granular MnO phase formation → fine metallic iron formation → aggregation of metallic iron → boundary development between Fe and Mn phases.

Enhancement of Iron Recovery from Steelmaking Slag Fines by Process Optimization of Upgrading the Slag Fines with Dry Magnetic Separation

Steelmaking slags are usually processed for iron recovery by dry magnetic separation. The recovered iron-rich products are recycled back into the ironmaking and steelmaking processes to replace high-cost steel scrap and iron ores. However, current slag processing is far away from optimum conditions, especially for slag fines with small particle sizes, resulting in generation of nonrecyclable “metallic” slag fines with insufficient iron content and great iron loss in “nonmetallic” slag fines with excessive iron content. In this research, the authors aimed at enhancing iron recovery from the steelmaking slag fines by process optimization of upgrading the slag fines with dry magnetic separation. The key operating parameters considered in the upgrading process included magnetic drum radius, drum rotation speed, surface magnetic field strength, gradient of the field strength, and splitter position. The first four operating parameters were first combined into a compound variable which represents separation capability (SC) of a magnetic drum separator. Effects of separation capabilities and splitter positions on the separation of steelmaking slag fines were then tested on five different samples of steelmaking slag fines. At last, optimization of the upgrading process on a pilot magnetic drum separator was conducted to maximize recycling ratio of the steelmaking slag fines by adjusting SC and splitter position of the magnetic drum separator.

Iron and the female athlete: a review of dietary treatment methods for improving iron status and exercise performance.

Iron is a functional component of oxygen transport and energy production in humans and therefore is a critically important micronutrient for sport and exercise performance. Athletes, particularly female athletes participating in endurance sport, are at increased risk of compromised iron status due to heightened iron losses through menstruation and exercise-induced mechanisms associated with endurance activity. Conventionally oral iron supplementation is used in prevention or/and treatment of iron deficiency. However, this approach has been criticised because of the side effects and increased risk of iron toxicity associated with the use of supplements. Thus, more recently there has been a growing interest in using dietary modification rather than the use of supplements to improve iron status of athletes. Dietary iron treatment methods include the prescription of an iron-rich diet, or/and haem iron-based diet, dietary advice counselling and inclusion of novel iron-rich products into the daily diet. Although studies using dietary modification are still scarce, current literature suggests that dietary iron interventions can assist in maintaining iron status in female athletes, especially during intensive training and competition. Future research should focus on the most efficient method(s) of dietary modification for improvement of iron status and whether these approaches can have a favourable impact on sports and exercise performance.

Recycling of steelmaking slag fines by weak magnetic separation coupled with selective particle size screening

Steelmaking slag fines are leftover materials generated in routine slag processing and their particle sizes are usually smaller than 12.5 mm. The steelmaking slag fines can include desulfurization (DeS) slag fines, basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag fines, electric arc furnace (EAF) slag fines and ladle metallurgy furnace (LMF) slag fines. Low iron grades, high impurity concentrations and inappropriate particle sizes are major barriers for recycling of the steelmaking slag fines back into ironmaking and steelmaking processes. Current slag processors have failed to solve this problem in an economic way. As a result, steelmaking slag fines are either being disposed of at landfills or being stored on the ground in large quantities, not only adding a considerably heavy financial burden to steelmaking plants, but also causing enormous value losses and potential environmental liabilities. A recycling technology of weak magnetic separation coupled with selective particle size screening has been developed at ArcelorMittal Global R&D – East Chicago Laboratories, targeted at solving the problem in a cost-effective way. Samples of steelmaking slag fines from three ArcelorMittal Americas steelmaking plants were collected, characterized and tested with weak magnetic separation coupled with selective particle size screening. Test results show that existing slag processors' magnetic separators are ineffective in separating iron from steelmaking slag fines. Using the technology of weak magnetic separation coupled with selective particle size screening, steelmaking slag fines can be effectively separated to produce cleaner iron-rich products with sufficiently high iron contents and low levels of impurities to be reused.

Occurrence and Significance of Secondary Iron-rich Products in Landfilled MSWI Bottom Ash

Incineration is one of the most effective techniques for the treatment of both municipal and hazardous wastes. Via this technique, the majority of toxic substances are expected to be stabilized in the durable matrix of the end-ofprocess bottom ash products. These products consist of a variety of glassy/crystalline components including primary Fe-rich phases that may undergo alterations when exposed to natural environment. In the present research, the impact of natural weathering on the behavior of primary Fe-rich phases, their alteration, and the formation of the relevant secondary products in the weathered bottom ash samples of a (mono) landfill site was systematically investigated. Samples of various ages (1-20 yrs) were collected from four locations of the landfill in 2009. Optical microscopy, SEM-EDX, XRD and XRF examinations were applied in order to document the footprints of weathering processes. Using these techniques, we understood that several secondary (newly-formed) products (amorphous or crystalline) have been developed, including goethite (α-FeOOH), lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), iron oxide (FeO), and Fe-rich Ca-Si and Ca-Al-Si gel phases. They occurred under variable environmental conditions as the weathering products of the primary iron-rich phases. The strong affinity of these secondary phases with heavy metals of environmental significance such as Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni was also identified. This suggests that the development of secondary Fe-rich products can partially contribute to the reduction of heavy metals release to the surrounding environments. However such phenomena may have inhibitory effect on the utilization of bottom ash as recycled aggregates.

Nano-particle synthesis of titanium oxides from ilmenite in a thermal plasma reactor

Nano-particle of titanium oxides was synthesised from the precursor ilmenite powder in an argon plasma jet at atmospheric pressure. The decomposition of ilmenite concentrates was investigated in a non-transferred arc thermal plasma reactor. Argon and Argon–Nitrogen were taken as plasma gases in the plasma torch. The effect of input power, plasma gases and particle size was carried out on the quality and yield of the product. Nano-powders were characterized using various techniques, viz., XRD, SEM, and TEM. Thermal equilibrium diagram was plotted to predict the thermodynamic behaviour of the system under various operating conditions. The present investigation shows significant segregation of titanium and iron-rich products in thermal plasma processing. Average particles diameters are from 10nm to 200nm.

Control of Phase in Phosphide Nanoparticles Produced by Metal Nanoparticle Transformation: Fe2P and FeP

The transformation of Fe nanoparticles by trioctylphosphine (TOP) to phase-pure samples of either Fe(2)P or FeP is reported. Fe nanoparticles were synthesized by the decomposition of Fe(CO)(5) in a mixture of octadecene and oleylamine at 200 degrees C and were subsequently reacted with TOP at temperatures in the region of 350-385 degrees C to yield iron phosphide nanoparticles. Shorter reaction times favored an iron-rich product (Fe(2)P), and longer reaction times favored a phosphorus-rich product (FeP). The reaction temperature was also a crucial factor in determining the phase of the final product, with higher temperatures favoring FeP and lower temperatures Fe(2)P. We also observe the formation of hollow structures in both FeP spherical nanoparticles and Fe(2)P nanorods, which can be attributed to the nanoscale Kirkendall effect. Magnetic measurements conducted on phase-pure samples suggest that approximately 8 x 70 nm Fe(2)P rods are ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature between 215 and 220 K and exhibit a blocking temperature of 179 K, whereas FeP is metamagnetic with a Neel temperature of approximately 120 K. These data agree with the inherent properties of bulk-phase samples and attest to the phase purity that can be achieved by this method.

Effect of Storage on Organoleptic Characteristics and Nutritional Evaluation of β -Carotene and Iron-Rich Products

Vitamin A deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia are two major micronutritional disorders of national importance affecting the vulnerable groups of the population. In the present study an effort has been made to combat this problem by developing β -carotene and iron-rich products, namely biscuits and shakarpara by adding cauliflower leaves powder and these were stored to see the effect of storage on their organoleptic and nutritional evaluation. Fresh biscuits and shakarpara were found organoleptically acceptable, whereas the mean scores of organoleptic characteristics decreased gradually after 60 days of storage. Moisture, protein, fat, crude fibre, minerals, carbohydrates and energy contents were 2.98 g, 8.49 g, 20.90 g, 0.90 g, 1.38 g, 65.35 g and 2025 kJ/100 g in biscuits and 6.22 g, 5.38 g, 23.80 g, 0.42 g, 1.08 g, 63.10 g and 2042 kJ/100 g in shakarpara, on fresh weight basis, respectively. β -Carotene content was 1.42 mg/100 g in biscuits and 1.55 mg/100 g in shakarpara, which decreased significantly after 60 days of storage. Total iron content was 7.16 mg/100 g in biscuits and 8.44 mg/100 g in shakarpara. Soluble iron, ionizable iron andin vitro iron at pH 7.50 in biscuits were 2.84 mg/100 g, 1.25 mg/100 g and 8.70% of total iron and inshakarpara 9.96 mg/100g, 1.75 mg/100 g and 10.24% of total iron, respectively, which decreased significantly after 60 days of storage in both products. These products can be stored for up to 30 days without any significant change in organoleptic and nutritional characteristics.

Thermal Decomposition of Ilmenite in a Non-Transferred Arc Thermal Plasma Flow Reactor

The thermal decomposition of ilmenite concentrates in a non-transferred arc thermal plasma flow reactor was investigated. The plasma torch was operated using argon-helium and argon-nitrogen mixtures as plasma gases. The effect of power, feed rate, and particle size was studied. Products were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and ICP techniques. Free energy minimization plots were used to predict the thermodynamic behavior of the system under different operating conditions. The results of this investigation showed a significant segregation process where titanium-rich products are collected in the reactor, while iron-rich products are collected in the quenching box and filter. The average size of the product is in the submicron range. Titanium nitride was formed and condensed in the reactor zone when using argon-nitrogen mixture as plasma gas.

Iron substitution in aluminosilicate sols synthesized at low pH

AbstractThe procedure for synthesizing proto-imogolite (an acid-soluble hydroxy-aluminium orthosilicate complex) and imogolite (a tubular aluminosilicate mineral) was used to produce ferruginous aluminosilicates over a range of Al/Fe ratios to determine whether Fe3+ can be incorporated in the imogolite structure. Analysis of the synthesized products by transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and IR spectroscopy indicated that, while imogolite was formed in the presence of iron, increased Fe3+ in the systems caused the formation of ferrihydrite and poorly-organized aluminosilicates resembling proto-imogolite allophane. Treatment of these materials with Na-citrate/dithionite/bicarbonate dissolved the ferrihydrite and poorly-organized aluminosilicate, and concentrated products with tubular morphology. Analysis of the structural Fe3+ by ESR spectroscopy suggested that little or no Fe3+ was incorporated in the structure of imogolite, although the less crystalline proto-imogolite allophane may have accommodated some structural Fe3+. A separate iron-rich product, identified as ferrihydrite, was formed at low Al/Fe ratios. Mössbauer spectroscopic analysis of 57Fe3+ doped at very low levels into proto-imogolite and imogolite indicated that the sites of substitution were better defined in the latter. At least part of this Fe3+ may have been incorporated in the structure of boehmite, an impurity formed during synthesis.

Petrology and trace element geochemistry of the Papuan Ultramafic Belt

New petrologic and geochemical data are presented for a suite of rocks from the Papuan Ultramafic Belt (PUB), Papua New Guinea. Tectonite harzburgites at the base of the ophiolite have extremely refractory, uniform mineralogy, and are exceptionally depleted in lithophile elements. These features are consistent with the proposed origin of these rocks as ‘depleted’ upper mantle, residual after extraction of a basaltic melt. The tectonite peridotites are overlain by a thick sequence of layered ultramafic and mafic cumulates containing olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and plagioclase as the major cumulus phases. Early cumulates are characterized by magnesian olivine Mg90, orthopyroxene Mg90 and calcic plagioclase An86, and exhibit cryptic variation towards more iron-rich and sodic compositions. Abundances of ‘incompatible’ elements in the cumulates are extremely low which, together with the nature of the cumulus phases, points to a magnesian olivine-poor tholeiite or magnesian quartz tholeiite parent magma(s) strongly depleted in ‘incompatible’ elements. Highly fractionated iron-rich products of this parent magma type are represented by the LREE-depleted lavas in the overlying basalt sequence which, although resembling the most depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) in terms of their low abundances of ‘incompatible’ elements, have higher abundances of transition metals and lower abundances of Ti, HREE and other high valence cations compared to common MORB of similar Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio.