Iron Plate Research Articles

КОРРОЗИОННАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ ДЕЗИНФИЦИРУЮЩЕГО СРЕДСТВА «ПЕНОКС-1»

One of the most important problems of the national economy is the protection of metal from corrosion, causing great damage to products and structures, shortening their useful life. Taking into account the importance of protecting metal structures of livestock objects from corrosion during disinfection work, the corrosion properties of the new Penox-1 disinfectant have been studied. Studies have shown that the tested drug «Penox-1» has a low corrosion activity in relation to metal products made of aluminum, galvanized iron and stainless steel, compared with the reference drug. Thus, the solution of the Penox-1 preparation reduced the initial weight of metal plates during 24 hours of exposure from aluminum by 0.196 g, which is 7.4%, and the standard preparation by 0.836 g or 32.1%, which is 4.3 times more . Similar data were obtained in a comparative aspect with galvanized iron and stainless steel plates. When examining metal plates after testing in a Penox-1 solution, the color and structure did not change visually and under a microscope. At that time, the plates immersed in a 2% sodium hydroxide solution changed strongly in color and structure, and a yellow-gray corrosive coating appeared.

Mineralization of perfluorooctanoic acid by combined aerated electrocoagulation and Modified peroxi-coagulation methods

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a chemical used for both commercial and industrial applications. It has turned out to be worldwide anxiety owing to its extensive existence in the water bodies and subsequent harmful ecological effects. This study illustrates the significance of hybrid aerated electrocoagulation (EC) and modified peroxi-coagulation (PC) for the PFOA degradation in an aqueous solution. Consumable iron plate electrodes were employed as an electrode pair in both EC and modified PC processes. The laboratory tests were conducted in a batch reactor with a functioning capacity of 1 L. Aeration improved the EC process performance considerably. Higher than 56% PFOA and 38% defluorination occurred after 60 min of electrolysis with EC being operated at a pH of 3.6 and applied a current density of 78.34 Am−2. The performance of the modified PC process was considerably higher than that of the aerated EC process. More than 90% PFOA, 87%total organic carbon (TOC), and 71% deflorination were attained with modified PC process after 60 min of electrolysis operated at 78.34 Am−2 and initial pH of 3.6 when 50 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was added. The superior performance of the modified PC than aerated EC is mostly owing to the attack of in-site produced OH• radicals. PFOA decayed stepwise into small‒chain perfluoro carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and fluoride ions during modified PC oxidation.

Fabrication of textured surface with ultrasonic vibration-assisted indentation

An ultrasonic vibration-assisted indentation system/method is proposed and developed to fabricate structured or textured surfaces more precisely and efficiently than the conventional micro-cutting process. Indenters made of single crystalline diamond (SCD) were fabricated by laser fabrication and polishing with diamond abrasives on a cast iron plate. In the experiments, the microarray molds of four-corner cone and semi-sphere shapes were generated precisely on the electroless Ni-P substrate with ultrasonic vibration-assisted indentation using the SCD indenters. From the indentation experiments, it is clear that the microtextured patterns were formed precisely and effectively by using the developed indentation system.

To study the Physico-chemical properties of Lathyrus sativus

The physical and mechanical properties are important for developing primary processing machinery. The geometric properties such as size and shape, equivalent diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume are the important physical properties used in developing machineries for separation and cleaning. The present study was undertaken to the axial dimension of Lathyrus sativus (Var. Mahateora). The four levels of moisture content were taken at 7.78, 9.54, 11.61 and 14.86 percent (dry basis).The average value of length; width and thickness were varied from 5.20 to 5.24 mm, 4.29 to 4.70 mm and 3.51 to 4.05 mm respectively. While the bulk density and true density was decreased from 848.84 to 794.44 kg/ , 1218.32 to 1130.50 kg/ . The surface area by equivalent diameter, surface area by axial dimension and porosity was found to be 55.85 to 67.75 , 50.83 to 62.27 and 30.84 to 31.46 percent. The angle of repose and coefficient of friction was varied in the range of 22.41 to 29.02 and plywood plate, galvanized iron plate and rubber plate surface were found to be varied 0.41 to 0.55, 0.45 to 0.58, 0.63 to 0.72 respectively. The proximate composition of Lathyrus sativus split dhal was observed the protein, fat, total ash, carbohydrate and fiber content as 22 percent, 2.3 percent, 2.90 percent, 60.00 percent, 3.94 percent respectively.

Casting of Ferroalloys

Casting of ferroalloys is a part of the production process that has been somewhat outdated compared to the preceding reduction and refining processing part of the manufacturing process. Layer casting and chill mold casting have been the dominant types of casting processes even if casting on cast iron plates, water-cooled copper and granulation has gained a certain, but moderate volume. Elkem took the initiative to explore a Direct Strip Casting (DSC) type of process. Measurements of heat transfer rates related to different substrate materials, introductory laboratory scale casting in order of studying material structures and properties, and full-scale experimental casting of 65 % FeSi alloy was performed. One main reason for changing the casting process is the environmental issue. The DSC method seems also to represent an economic advantage over traditional methods.

Sabaton Excavated at the Palace of the Ancient Town of Mangup

This research addresses a sabaton, or an armour element protecting the foot, excavated in the western area of the prince’s palace of Mangup. The artifact is composed by seven cross-curved iron plates. The sabaton was attached to the shoe with strings, as evidenced by the through-holes in its central and lateral parts. The only archaeological analogy to the sabaton from Mangup is the two sets of plates for foot-protection from the collective burial of the participants of the battle of Visby (Sweden) in 1361. A significant number of analogies appeared among the manuscript miniatures and tombstones of Mediaeval Europe and Renaissance paintings and sculptures. According to the analysis of the analogies, the artifact in question is a knightly sabaton of the European pattern typical for the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The archaeological context allowed the one to date the find within the period of the functioning of the Mangup palace in 1425–1475. The most probable date for the sabaton to get into the cultural layer is 1475, when the Ottomans besieged and assaulted Mangup. This statement may be confirmed by the finds of other weapons and layers of fire, recorded in the western part of the palace. The paper presents assumptions about the personality of the owner of the sabaton. This person was one of the defenders of the town and, apparently, was wealthy enough to purchase or order expensive armour. The owner of the sabaton possibly was a local noble, a soldier of the 300 “Wallachians” known from written sources, or one of the Genoese nobles who fled to Mangup after the fall of Kaffa.

Evaluation of electrochemical treatment of real hospital wastewater with different electrode materials

In this paper, the treatment of real hospital wastewater (HWW) by electrocoagulation process (EC), which is one of the electrochemical treatment methods, has been evaluated. In the EC process, aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) plates as anode and cathode are used. Experimental studies were conducted at 5, 10, 20, 30 voltage (V) and 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 minutes (min) exposure times. pH, temperature, and conductivity were monitored. COD and phenol removal were evaluated. As a result of experimental studies, Al and Fe electrodes were effective in the treatment of HWW with EC. The highest COD removal efficiency was 93% at 30V 10 min and 95% at 30V 5 min for Al and Fe electrode, respectively. The highest phenol removal efficiency is 97% at 10V 10 min and 97% at 10V 5 min for Al and Fe electrode. When all parameters are evaluated, optimum electro kinetic conditions for treatment of HWW was obtained for 10V 5 min by the Fe electrode.

Healing Effects of Human Amniotic Membrane and Burned Wool on the Second-degree Burn in Rats

ackground: This study aimed to compare sheep burnt wool and human amniotic membrane (AM) on second-degree burn wound healing in rats. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two adult male rats of Sprague Dawley underwent general anesthesia, and a deep second-degree burn was created on their skin by a hot iron plate. Afterward, human AM, silver sulfadiazine ointment (SSD), and sheep burned wool were used on wound area for burn treatment. On days 7, 14, and 21 of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed, and histopathological assessments were done. Results: Human AM, in comparison with other groups, significantly (P<0.05) showed better improvement in all pathologic variables. Burned wool showed significant improvement compared to the control group on day 7 in the angiogenesis, on day 14 in granulation tissue formation and epithelial formation, and on day 21 in new epithelial formation (P<0.05). Burned wool compared with SSD ointment in granulation tissue formation improved significantly (P<0.05) on days 7 and 14. Also, SSD ointment in comparison with the control group significantly improved (P<0.05) granulation tissue formation and macrophage on day 7. Conclusion: Human AM has a significant effect on the treatment of second-degree burn. Burned wool has a better effect on wound healing than SSD ointment and negative control group without treatment in terms of granulation tissue and epithelium formation. [GMJ.2020;9:e1759]

Healing Effects of Human Amniotic Membrane and Burned Wool on the Second-degree Burn in Rats.

Background: This study aimed to compare sheep burnt wool and human amniotic membrane (AM) on second-degree burn wound healing in rats. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two adult male rats of Sprague Dawley underwent general anesthesia, and a deep second-degree burn was created on their skin by a hot iron plate. Afterward, human AM, silver sulfadiazine ointment (SSD), and sheep burned wool were used on wound area for burn treatment. On days 7, 14, and 21 of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed, and histopathological assessments were done. Results: Human AM, in comparison with other groups, significantly (P<0.05) showed better improvement in all pathologic variables. Burned wool showed significant improvement compared to the control group on day 7 in the angiogenesis, on day 14 in granulation tissue formation and epithelial formation, and on day 21 in new epithelial formation (P<0.05). Burned wool compared with SSD ointment in granulation tissue formation improved significantly (P<0.05) on days 7 and 14. Also, SSD ointment in comparison with the control group significantly improved (P<0.05) granulation tissue formation and macrophage on day 7. Conclusion: Human AM has a significant effect on the treatment of second-degree burn. Burned wool has a better effect on wound healing than SSD ointment and negative control group without treatment in terms of granulation tissue and epithelium formation.

Photo-assisted electrodeposition of NiMoZn on hematite nanostructures and their photoelectrochemical application as photoanode for corrosion protection of stainless steel

In this study, hematite nanostructures (HN) were prepared on iron plates through anodization method, followed by the deposition of NiMoZn on the nanostructures by photo assisted electrodeposition method to produce NiMoZn/HN electrodes. The deposition time greatly effects on the photoeletrochemical performance of prepared photoelectrodes. In comparison with the bare hematite, the photocurrent density of NiMoZn/HN electrode was enhanced up to 5 times. In addition, the photocathodic protection characteristics of the NiMoZn/HN were evaluated by measuring the photo induced open circuit potential (OCP) and Tafel curves under light. The results showed that the photocurrent density of NiMoZn/HN samples increased from 0.11 to 0.51 mA cm−2 compared with the bare hematite sample. In addition, the photo induced OCP of the best NiMoZn/HN photoanode was decreased by about − 620 mV vs. Ag/AgCl with regards to photocathodic protection application. The results indicate that the NiMoZn photo-electrodeposition on the hematite photoelectrodes is a facile and efficient method for the protection of stainless steel from corrosion.

Use of Electric Discharge for Simultaneous Control of Weeds and Houseflies Emerging from Soil.

Simple SummaryIn greenhouse organic farming, soil fertilized with cattle manure frequently harbors weeds and houseflies that result in difficulties for pesticide-free cultivation. The purpose of this study was to devise an electrostatic apparatus to control weeds and houseflies emerging from ground soil simultaneously using electric-field-based techniques. For weed eradication, several identical iron plates were placed in parallel at a predefined interval and negatively charged. Due to their conductive nature, plant shoots emerging from the soil between the plates in the apparatus were subjected to an arc discharge from the charged plate when the rhizosphere soil was electrified. Houseflies emerging from underground pupae were controlled using a similar electrostatic principle; flies that entered the space between the negatively charged and grounded iron plates of the second apparatus were exposed to arc discharge. A practical apparatus was constructed by combining two apparatuses devised to control weeds and houseflies, then surveyed for its functionality in a greenhouse environment. The apparatus remained functional during continuous operation in a greenhouse environment, indicating that the method is a promising tool as a pesticide-alternative approach in organic farming.An electrostatic apparatus was developed to control weeds and houseflies emerging from ground soil in a greenhouse simultaneously. Identical iron plates were placed in parallel at a defined interval and fixed in an iron frame. Two sets of fixed iron plates were used, one for weed control and one for fly control. For weed control, all of the iron plates were negatively charged, and negative charges accumulated on the plates were released to weed shoots through arc discharge. Houseflies were introduced into the space between the negatively charged and grounded plates, then subjected to arc discharge from the charged plates. Both plant shoots and adult houseflies are electrically conductive; thus, they were killed by discharge-exposure in the electric field between the charged iron plate and the ground soil, and between the charged and grounded plates, respectively. In practical use, these two devices were assembled as a two-level apparatus for simultaneous control of both targets. Several apparatuses were linked together, which increased the total electricity charge on the plates and produced a stronger discharge force sufficient to kill all targets. Thus, this study provides an electrostatics-based pest-control method for pesticide-independent greenhouse farming.

Implementation of the DAQ software in the ALTI Module of the ATLAS TileCal

The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the central hadronic calorimeter (|η| < 1.7) of the ATLAS experiment, made out of iron plates and plastic scintillators. The TileCal is divided into three barrels along the beam axis, each of which is azimuthally segmented into 64 wedge-shaped modules, staggered in the 0 direction. TileCal online software is a set of Trigger and Data Acquisition (TDAQ) software, and its main purpose is to readout, transport and store physics data originating from collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The ATLAS Local Trigger Interface (ALTI) module is a new electronic board, designed for the ATLAS experiment at CERN, a part of the Timing, Trigger and Control (TTC) system. It is a 6U VME module which integrates the functionalities of four legacy modules, currently used in the experiment: Local Trigger Processor, Local Trigger Processor interface, TTC VME bus interface and the TTC emitter. ALTI module will provide the interface between the Level-1 Central Trigger Processor and the TTC optical broadcasting network to the Front-End (FE) electronics of each of the ATLAS sub-detectors. There is a need to develop and integrate the ALTI software in the Tile online software. Performance tests and maintenance of the ALTI module software will be carried out during the Long Shutdown 2 period (LS2), in preparation for Run 3 data-taking period.

Electricity generation in different cell connections with optimized anodic materials in microbial fuel cells

ABSTRACT The present study examined optimized anodic electrode materials microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with Jashore Municipal Wastewater (JMW) as substrate in series and parallel connections. Three anodic materials, Iron plate (Fe), Carbon felt (CF), and Graphite rod (GR), were used to get green energy from waste biomass in microbial fuel cells. The output voltage, current, and power density of MFC were measured to investigate the preeminent anodic electrode material. The optimized anodic electrode material was Fe owing to high voltage generation followed by CF and GR. Results further indicated that the output voltage increased, but current density, as well as power density, decreased in series connection due to the increase of internal resistance compared to parallel at Fe-Cu combination. The maximum voltage, current density, and power density in series connection were 2238 mV, 79.98 mA/m2, and 108.850 mW⁄m2, respectively. On the other hand, in parallel connection, those values were 793 mV, 248.272 mA/m2, and 115.943 mW⁄m2, respectively. Most small electrical devices need high currents rather than high voltage imply parallel connections are preferred in this regard. Moreover, Fe-Cu combination is better to remove (87%) organic matter regarding COD removal efficiency from wastewater of MFCs.

(Invited) Corrosion Behavior and Hydrogen Permeation of Steel Materials Under Wet-Dry Cyclic Environment

Higher strength steels have been required from the viewpoint of safety and energy saving in the fields of transportation equipment and infrastructure. However, it is known that the higher the strength of steels, the higher the risk of hydrogen embrittlement. It has been reported that hydrogen embrittlement occurs even in atmospheric corrosive environment, and solving the problem of hydrogen embrittlement will be the key to the future hydrogen energy society. For that purpose, it is necessary to clarify the hydrogen embrittlement behavior due to atmospheric corrosion. We focused on surface potential measurement as a technique to visualize permeated hydrogen. The purpose of this study is to clarify the hydrogen permeation behavior of steel materials under atmospheric corrosive environment.A 50 x 50 x 0.5t mm of pure iron plate was used as the sample. After grinding both surfaces of samples and degreasing with ethanol, nickel plating was applied to the hydrogen detective side of the sample. Hydrogen penetration was accelerated by a wet-dry cyclic corrosion test using a droplet of 0.5 M NaCl solution. The distilled water was added after second cycles to avoid the accumulation of NaCl. The potential of the hydrogen detective surface was measured with time in the drying process by surface potential device. The surface potential probe is set on the XY stage and the surface potential distribution can be obtained by scanning the probe. In this study, the surface potential of the copper plate in contact with the sample was adjusted at 0V as the reference potential.Although the corrosion occurred on the surface in the drying process after dropping the NaCl solution, no surface potential change was observed on the hydrogen detective side of the sample in that process. The surface potential started to change in a part of the surface of the sample immediately after the droplet was completely dried, and after 1hour, the size and shape of the potential changed area became almost the same as those of the corrosion products. No corrosion occurred on the hydrogen detective side of samples during the surface potential measurement, indicating that the surface potential change is attributed to the atomic hydrogen penetrated through the samples. The surface potential changed area gradually disappeared, and almost no potential change was observed on the surface after 72 hours. The change in surface potential after the second cycle of wet and dry cyclic corrosion test showed the same tendency as in the first cycle, and a potential distribution close to the shape of corrosion products was observed.

Pengaruh Beban Tersebar dan Terpusat Terhadap Lendutan (Cantilever) Batang Besi

In development planning in the mechanical industry or civil engineering construction, it is very common to use the properties of the iron rod material which can deflect or what is known as a cantilever. The factors that affect the size of the force exerted on the stem are directly proportional to the amount of deflection that occurs. In other words, the greater the load experienced by the rod, the greater the deflection. Deflection of rods plays an important role, especially in building construction, wherein certain parts such as the shaft, deflection is very undesirable. Because of deflection, the work of the shaft or construction will be abnormal so that it can cause damage to the construction or other parts. This study aims to find out how much deflection of cantilevered rods using metal plate material when given a distributed and concentrated load. Based on the data obtained from the research process, the results in this study indicate that there is an effect of slackening distance on the iron plate with 3 variations in loading. The results showed that the loading rate affected changes in the angle of deflection of the iron plate in every variation of the number of plates used. The greatest effect occurred in the plate variation size of 0.8 mm with a loading level of 3 kg, namely 3.64 x 10-5 and the smallest effect on plate variations was 1.8 mm with a loading rate of 3 kg, which was 0. The results showed that the loading rate was spread across 3 plate variations. with a load of 3 kg spread over 3 points with a distance of 15 cm from point 1 to point 3. The biggest deflection effect occurs in plate variations of 0.8 mm which is 3.64x10-5 and the smallest effect on plate variations is 1.8 mm with the same load of 0.

The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Malacca Leaves (Phyllanthus emblica) on The Number of Fibroblast Cells in White Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Burns Wound

Burns are caused by heat exposure, such as fire, radiation, electricity or chemicals that can damage the skin and affect the body's systems. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of the ethanol extract of Malacca leaves (Phyllanthus emblica) on the number of fibroblast cells in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) that have burned. This study used 24 white rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 4 groups that smeared with aquadest as a negative control (P1), 5% ethanol extract gel of Malacca leaves (P2), 10% ethanol extract gel of Malacca leaves (P3), and positive control applied with bioplasenton® gel (P4). The IIA degree burn were created by placing a 2x2 cm hot iron plate on the back of the rat for 5 seconds. The euthanasia performed to all animal and the skin samples were collected after 15 days of treatment. Then histopathological preparations were made using HE staining. The number of fibroblast cells were analyzed by ANOVA test. The average number of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) fibroblast cells that suffered burns P1 (negative control) had a number of 7 ± 1.4 cells/visual. Whereas th e P2 group had a number of 4.2 ± 1.58 cells/visual. This value has a significant difference with the negative control. But the P2 and P3 values (3 ± 1.51 cells/visual) there is no significant different with the P4 value (positive control) with an average number of P4 fibroblast cells were 2 ± 0.4 cells/visual. The results of this study concluded that the ethanol extract of malacca leaves 5% and 10% had an effect againts accelerating burns healing in white rats ( Rattus norvegicus).

UJI EFEKTIVITAS GEL KOMBINASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BANGUN-BANGUN (Coleus amboinicus L.) DAN DAUN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guieensis Jacq) SEBAGAI OBAT LUKA BAKAR TAHUN 2020

Coleus amboinicus L leaves and Elaeis guieensis Jacq leaves contain various secondary metabolites such as saponins, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids that function in wound healing. The purpose of this study was to determine the healing effect of burns using a gel preparation combination of ethanolic extract of Coleus amboinicus L. (EECAL) And ethanolic extract of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (EEEGJ) In healing burns. Coleus amboinicus L leaves and Elaeis guieensis Jacq leaves contain are separated from the petiole and then dried in a drying cupboard so that it becomes a simplicia. Simplisia is extracted by maceration method then evaporated with a rotary evaporator and evaporated again on a water bath to produce a thick extract. EECAL and EEEGJ are then formulated into gel preparations with varying concentrations. Each rabbit was shaved on its back then cleaned with 70% alcohol. Furthermore, rabbits were anesthetized using 0.5 ml Lidocain HCL as much as 0.5 ml subcutaneously. Then mark the part that will be injured with a diameter of 2 cm, by lifting the rabbit skin using tweezers and then made a wound using a hot iron plate that has been sterilized beforehand with 70% alcohol. Wound diameter measurements showed that all treatment groups from day 1 to day 20 experienced changes in wound diameter. EECAL 15% and EEEGJ 10% have a more effective effect in healing of burn than in their single form.

Effects of smoking on the wound healing of stage 4 pressure ulcers in rats

Objective: To explore the effect of smoking on the wound healing of stage 4 pressure ulcers in rats. Methods: Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6-8 weeks were divided into simple pressure ulcer group and smoking+ pressure ulcer group according to the random number table, with 25 rats in each group. After the rats in the smoking+ pressure ulcer group received passive smoking intervention for 12 weeks, an iron plate was placed in the back muscle of each rat in 2 groups, and a magnet was placed outside the skin at the corresponding position of the iron plate for 2 h at each time, with 5 times a day and continuously for 6 days to reproduce stage 4 pressure ulcer model. Immediately after establishing the model, 3 rats in each group were sacrificed and wound tissue was collected, and hematoxylin-eosin staining was applied to observe the pathological changes of the wounds. On 1, 3, 7, and 14 day (s) after establishing the model, 3 rats in each group were collected to measure the pressure ulcer wound area by the paper jam method. After measurement of the wound area, the rats were sacrificed and the wound tissue was collected, and the protein expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) in wound tissue were detected by immunohistochemical method, and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 was calculated.The wound healing time of the remaining 10 rats in each group was recorded. Data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance for factorial design, two independent sample t test, and Bonferroni correction. Results: (1) Immediately after establishing the model, muscle fiber necrosis and dissolution with large areas were seen on the wound, the myofibrils arranged loosely, and more lymphocytes and monocytes infiltration were seen around the wound of rats in simple pressure ulcer group. A large number of necrotic myofibers were dissolved and gradually disappeared, the myofibrils arranged loosely, and the number of diffuse lymphocytes and monocyte infiltration in wound of rats in smoking+ pressure ulcer group were significantly higher than those in simple pressure ulcer group. (2) The wound areas of rats in smoking+ pressure ulcer group were significantly larger than those in simple pressure ulcer group on 1, 3, 7, and 14 day (s) after establishing the model (t=3.019, 2.549, 2.181, 3.674, P<0.05 or P<0.01). (3) On 1 to 14 days after establishing the model, the protein expression levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the wound tissue and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 of rats in the two groups increased first and then decreased. On 1, 3, 7, and 14 day (s) after establishing the model, the protein expression levels of MMP-9 in the wound tissue and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 of rats in smoking+ pressure ulcer group were significantly higher than those in simple pressure ulcer group (t=4.783, 4.508, 6.325, 7.204, 3.078, 2.989, 4.081, 4.696, P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the protein expression levels of TIMP-1 in wound tissue of rats in the two groups were similar. (4) The wound healing time of rats in smoking+ pressure ulcer group was (48.9±2.6) d, which was significantly longer than (35.2±2.3) d of simple pressure ulcer group (t=12.477, P<0.05). Conclusions: Smoking can up-regulate the expression of MMP-9 in pressure ulcer wound and result in an imbalance of MMP-9/TIMP-1, thereby affecting the wound healing of stage 4 pressure ulcers in rats.

Efficient Cu removal from CuEDTA complex-containing wastewater using electrochemically controlled sacrificial iron anode

In this study, an electro-replacement/precipitation/deposition/direct reduction (ERPDD) process with scrap iron packed in a Ti mesh cage as a sacrificial anode was investigated for the treatment of wastewater containing CuEDTA complexes. The ERPDD mechanisms were responsible for the removal of Cu from CuEDTA complexes and were verified by a series of experiments using either iron or carbon plates as anodes for the Cu-containing solutions with and without EDTA. A complete Cu removal was achieved with electrical current density applied (1.18–2.36 mA/cm2), whereas only 60% of the Cu was removed without electricity. Dissolved oxygen (DO) was found to have a significant impact on Cu removal. Aeration reduced Cu removal (i.e., only 60% of the Cu was removed), whereas complete Cu removal was achieved with negligible DO concentration under mechanical mixing and N2 purging conditions. Compared to chemical replacement/precipitation (CRP) process, the ERPDD was able to save approximately 60–75% of the total operational costs during the treatment of CuEDTA-containing wastewater, due to the electrochemically controlled dosing of inexpensive sacrificial scrap iron and additional removal mechanisms not found in the CRP process.

Anaerobic offsite Fe2+ releasing for electrocoagulation in ABMBR: Membrane fouling mitigation, nutrients removal and anodes protection

To solve the problems of pollutants removal and membrane fouling in membrane bioreactor (MBR) and plate passivation in the process of electrocoagulation (EC), anaerobic baffled membrane bioreactor (ABMBR, 4 cells for anaerobic process and 1 cell for membrane separation) was proposed for anaerobic offsite release of Fe2+ in the process of EC. The iron plates were placed in the anaerobic unit and the membrane module was placed outside the electric field. The results showed that the operation time could be extended from 5 to 8 days to 63 days when 3 V intermittent voltage (5 min on and 5 min off) was adapted. As the result of EC, protein and polysaccharide contents of soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from sludge and filter cake layer were decreased obviously. The sludge particle size was increased from 400 nm to 80 μm and zeta potential was decreased from −11 mV to −20 mV. The water quality results showed that almost 100 % of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and 87 % of total phosphorus (TP) were removed under the action of EC without excess sludge discharge. By placing the iron plate in the anaerobic unit, plate passivation was very slow during 195 days of operation, which solved the problem of plate passivation in EC.