Iron Oxide Fe3O4 Research Articles

Darcy-Forchheimer Hybrid Nano Fluid Flow with Mixed Convection Past an Inclined Cylinder

This article aims to investigate the Darcy Forchhemier mixed convection flow of the hybrid nanofluid through an inclined extending cylinder. Two different nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and iron oxide Fe3O4 hav... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press

Development of a Process for Applying Cerium-Containing Protective Coatings to Alloy Steel

A solution has been developed for deposition of cerium-containing coatings on an alloy steel base that meets the requirements for protective coatings. It is established that the protective coating on alloyed steel consists of cerium oxides Ce2O3 and CeG2, iron oxide Fe2O3, and chromium oxide Cr2O3. Passivation of stainless steel in a cerium-containing solution has been shown to significantly increase its resistance to pitting corrosion.

Структура і властивості сталі 25ГСЛ, модифікованої наночастинками заліза

The results of the study of the effect of nanoparticles in the shell of iron oxide Fe2O3, which when injected into the melt and heated up to melt temperature is converted into oxide Fe3O4, on the microstructure of hardened and tempered steel 25GSL and its properties. It is shown that in modified steel martensite crystals thickness is reduced compared to the original steel in average 1.9 times after the quenching, tempered martensite crystal length after tempering hardened steel at 200oC - 3 times, the plate cementite length in troostite after tempering hardened steel at 450 оС – 1,4 times, the carbide length of after tempering of steel at 550 оС – 1,6 times. It has been found that modification of iron nanoparticles in a shell of Fe3O4 oxide leads to dispersion of the subgrain structure (regions of coherent scattering) and to the decrease of the crystal lattice parameters of solid solutions. The mechanism of nanoparticle influence on the reduction of the crystal lattice parameters of solid solutions, which is to accelerate the diffusion of interstitial atoms of the elements into the zones of high stress on the nanoparticles surface, is proposed. It is determined that the optimal improvement mode of the modified steel is quenching at 900 °C and tempering at 550 °C. The yield, tensile strengths and toughness of the modified steel are 894 MPa, 993 MPa and 92 J/mm2, respectively, on 62, 41 and 14% higher than the original steel. The injection of iron nanoparticles in a refractory shell into the steel melt before crystallization predetermines the effective modification and enhancement of mechanical properties. Keywords: iron nanoparticles, structure, martensite, troostite, sorbite, carbides, stresses, phase transformations.

БІОТЕХНОЛОГІЧНІ ОСНОВИ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ КОНСТРУЮВАННЯ «GREEN ARTICLE» ДЛЯ УПРАВЛІННЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКАМИ БІОКЕРАМІЧНОГО ЗАХИСНОГО ШАРУ ШКАРАЛУПИ ЯЄЦЬ КУРЕЙ В ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНОМУ ПРОЦЕСІ ІНКУБАЦІЇ

Авторами теоретично обґрунтована та практично доведена ефективність застосування розробленого способу передінкубаційної обробки яєць з використанням біоміметичної технології «штучна кутикула» «ARTICLE» («ARTIficial cutiCLE») «GREEN ARTICLE» для поліпшення структурних і фізіологічних характеристик шкаралупи як біокерамічного захисного шару інкубаційних яєць, котра полягає в утворенні на поверхні яйця захисної плівки з суміші штучних і природних матеріалів, що регулює рівень газопроникності шкаралупи пташиного яйця. Захисна плівка являє собою полікомпонентне покриття для відновлення та посилення бар’єрних властивостей біокерамічних структур шкаралупи і шкаралупних мембран, якому притаманна біоцидна (антибактеріальна та антивірусна) активність, а також здатність оптимізувати газообмін ембріонів протягом інкубації та поліпшувати процеси обміну речовин ембріона і якість молодняка птиці. Метою нашої роботи була розробка технології передінкубаційної обробки курячих яєць «GREEN ARTICLE» з використанням захисних нанокомпозитних покриттів «Штучна кутикула», що були створені за біоміметичним принципом, для зниження контамінації патогенною мікрофлорою та підвищення виводимості яєць. Для проведення досліду було сформовано три партії яєць, котрі були отримані від курей-несучок Легорн білий, по 540 штук в кожній групі. В кожній партії був контроль і дослідна група. Інкубацію проводили в інкубаторі «Універсал» протягом 21 доби згідно методики. Першу групу яєць перед закладкою на інкубацію обробляли кислото розчинним хітозаном, другу – водорозчинним хітозаном, третю – водорозчинним хітозаном сукцинат. Рахували відсоток браку інкубації, вивід та виводимість курчат. Перед закладкою на інкубацію, а також на сьому та вісімнадцяту добу інкубації, перед перенесенням яєць у вивідну шафу, брали змиви з поверхні шкаралупи і досліджували їх на наявність мікробної контамінації. Доведено, що використання для передінкубаційної дезінфекції курячих яєць композиції на основі кислоторозчинного хітозана з додаванням надоцтової кислоти, пероксиду водню (H2O2) та наночасток металів (нанодисперсного діоксиду титану TiO2, оксиду заліза Fе2O3 та сульфату міді CuSO4), стимулює розвиток ембріонів та забезпечує підвищення виводимості яєць на 7,7 % відносно контролю. Технологія «GREEN ARTICLE» для передінкубаційної обробки яєць з використанням препарату «Штучна кутикула» призводить до значного зниження кількості патогенних мікроорганізмів на поверхні шкаралупи, що призводить до підвищення виводимості яєць.

Potential Application of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by Co-Precipitation Technology as a Coagulant for Water Treatment in Settling Tanks

Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), despite their small size, are stable and have a large surface area that allows for absorption and removal of ions as well as turbidity in a short period of time. Thus, the present study addressed the synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4 NPs synthesized using the co-precipitation method and evaluated their effect on the coagulation process in water treatment. The Fe3O4 NPs characteristics were evaluated as follows: magnetic properties were measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), surface area using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), crystal phase using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and morphology using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). In addition, the effects of the synthetic Fe3O4 NPs on the turbidity reduction of water in various pH levels were evaluated. The synthesized Fe3O4 NPs were without any impurity in the sizes of 22–32 nm, surface area of 99.6 m2/g, pores’ mean diameter size of approximately 10.6 nm, and maximum magnetic saturation of 66.21 emu/gram (emu/g). Using 0.2 g of synthetic Fe3O4 NPs with an initial turbidity of 17 NTU and pH of 6 could reduce all water turbidity (100%). Considering the cheap and facile production and separation, as well as the possibility to reuse them and reduce the sludge water content, iron oxide Fe3O4 NPs can be effectively used for turbidity reduction in the water treatment process.

Method of Absorbing Material Formation Based on Magnetically Controlled Particles of Fe3O4

A method of formation of three-dimensional arrays of magnetically controlled particles from iron oxide Fe3O4 using a rotating permanent magnetic field is developed to create a material that absorbs electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range. The use of laboratory setup with a rotating magnetic field of permanent magnets makes it possible to obtain a composite with a close packing of particles, in which the principle of self-organization of monolayers of magnetic particles is realized. The reflection spectra, absorption spectra, and attenuation spectra of the electromagnetic radiation of composites with a three-dimensional array of close-packed magnetic particles of Fe3O4 with a thickness of 3 mm and 6 mm consisting of 15 and 30 flat monolayers of particles, respectively, are obtained. The technique for three-dimensional arrays of magnetic particles of Fe3O4 and the laboratory setup for its implementation are promising to produce composite materials using a wide range of microparticles and nanoparticles.

Analisis Nilai Kapasitansi Komposit Lithium Besi Oksida (Li5FeO4) dan Karbon Aktif Kulit Biji Mete sebagai Bahan Dasar Elektroda Baterai Lithium: Efek Variasi Massa

Previous researchers have investigated the manufacture of lithium battery electrode materials from Li5FeO4 composites with activated carbon of cashew nutshells. However, the effect of combining activated carbon to the lithium battery electrode material was not reviewed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the comparison of the mass composition of Li5FeO4 and cashew nut shell active carbon on the capacitance value of the lithium battery electrode. These electrodes generated using the high-temperature solid-state method. The material used is iron oxide Fe2O3 from iron sand and LiOH.H2O, which homogenized with a sintering temperature of 850̊C for 15 hours with a ratio of 6/1 to produce Li5FeO4. Then Li5FeO4 was compiled with activated carbon of cashew nut shells with a mass fraction of activated carbon 60%, 50%, 40%, and 20%. Furthermore, it characterized using cyclic voltammetry. The results of cyclic voltammetry characterization for a mass fraction of 60% produce a capacitance of 4.7 F / g, a mass fraction of 50% produces a capacitance of 59.1 F / g, a mass fraction of 40% produces a capacitance of 87, 3 F / g, and a mass fraction of 20% produces capacitance of 243 F / g. From the four variations of mass fraction, the capacitance that meets the lithium battery electrode capacitance on the market is the mass fraction of 20%.

Effectiveness of temperature-dependent properties of Au, Ag, Fe3O4, Cu nanoparticles in peristalsis of nanofluids

It is well established that change in temperature perturbs fluid properties, therefore present study analyzes MHD peristalsis of nanofluids with temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity. Four different nanoparticles i.e. Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Iron oxide (Fe3O4) and Copper (Cu) are used in the analysis. Joule heating with mixed convection is also taken into consideration. Modifications to the famous Maxwell's and Hamilton-Crosser's thermal conductivity models are proposed by incorporating the effects of temperature. Arising nonlinear system is solved numerically using the built-in package NDSolve in Mathematica under the assumption of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. Results are displayed through graphs and tables to facilitate the physical analysis. It is noted that temperature dependence of viscosity and thermal conductivity alter the results. It is deduced that heat transfer rate can be improved by addition of iron oxide nanoparticles. Comparison for various nanoparticles and thermal conductivity models is also presented. It is noticed that the Maxwell's model shows enhancement in the results of velocity, temperature and heat transfer rate. Also, iron oxide Fe3O4 nanoparticles provide better rate of heat transport at boundary as compared to other nanoparticles.

Compression strength, dielectric and magnetic properties of new aluminium matrix hybrid nanocomposites

Nanocomposites are materials fabricated from two or more materials with different mechanical and electrical properties. Combining these materials produces a new designed material with new and better properties compared to the individual components. In recent years nanocomposites have been developed and employed almost in all industries. The current study deals with fabricating a hybrid nanocomposite ( when there are a minimum of three materials, the composite is called as hybrid composite). Pure aluminium as the base matrix. Iron oxide Fe2O3 (alpha) and aluminium oxide Al2O3 (alpha alumina). Fe2O3 weight percentage (wt.%) is varied (1.5, 2.5 and 5 % by weight) and the wt % of Al2O3 is held constant (2 wt.%). The new designed nanocomposite was produced using Powder Metallurgy (P/M) method. This method has been widely used for fabricating aluminium matrix nanocomposites (AMNCs), due to it is low costs and gives high accuracy as well as the ease of using. The matrix used was aluminium powder with an average particle size of (60µm) with 99.6% purity and Fe2O3 (99% purity and 30 nm particle size) and Al2O3 with (99.5% purity and 14-20 nm particle size ). The experimental results revealed that the microstructure images of composites showed uniformly distributed of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 in aluminium matrix. The maximum compressive strength is 152 MPa in nanocomposite containing (1.5 Fe2O3 + 2 Al2O3) wt.%. The improvement percentage was recorded to be 30% for CS. The real and imaginary components of relative permittivity decrease with increase of frequency. The hysteresis curve of nanocomposites showed that the magnetic properties were improved for all the nanocomposites but the better response of magnetic properties was found with the nanocomposite of (1.5% Fe2O3 + 2% Al2O3) content.

Hollow magnetic nanosystem-boosting synergistic effect between magnetic hyperthermia and sonodynamic therapy via modulating reactive oxygen species and heat shock proteins

As a promising treatment modality with spatial and temporal control, alternating magnetic field (AMF) triggered magnetic hyperthermal therapy (MHT) shows broad and promising applications to overcome the drawbacks of traditional focal therapies in combating cancer. However, the MHT efficacy is still not satisfactory with the presence of heat shock proteins (HSPs). In addition, sustained tumor hypoxia haunts practical implications for the treatment of solid tumors. Herein, a novel magnetic nanosystem composed of hollow iron oxide nanoparticles (HIONs), Fe3O4, and sonosensitizers, hematoporphyrin (HP) was rationally designed and successfully synthesized. The hollow HIONs show a large inner cavity for loading sonosensitizer molecules and possess nanozyme activity for catalyzing decomposition of endogenous overexpressed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce molecular oxygen (O2) that can overcome tumor hypoxia, thus augmenting the sonodynamic therapy (SDT)-induced highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production for efficient cancer cell apoptosis. Importantly, the generated ROS can also activates the cleavage of HSPs that further eliminate themotolerance and facilitates MHT efficacy. The synergistic catalysis-enhanced SDT efficiency and MHT effect realized most potent tumor suppression efficacy. This work develops a versatile nanoplatform for a multifunctional strategy and broadens the biological applications by rationally designing their structure.

Фазовые превращения в оксидах железа под действием микроволнового излучения

It is shown that microwave radiation induces structure changes and, consequently, magnetic phase transitions in iron oxide alpha-Fe2O3. We subjected finely dispersed partially amorphized particles of iron oxide Fe2O3 to 10-minute-long microwave field treatment in a humid air environment. This resulted in a reduction of the hematite crystalline phase by 40%. At the same time the total fraction of crystalline components increased due to the creation of a new ferromagnetic modification which is maghemite alpha-Fe2O3. The original antiferromagnetic samples and the finial ferrimagnetic batches were powders composed of spherical particles with similar values of the area of a coherent X-ray scattering area (40-60 nm).

The Effect of the Polymer Type in the Three-Phases Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyzed by suspended Iron Nanocatalysts

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was conducted over paraffin-iron catalysts of three phases system with synthetic polymers that contains different compositions. The suspended iron nanocatalyst was introduced into the slurry reactors Fischer-Tropsch with range temperature (220-320)oC at 2.0 MPa, the atomic ratio contains: 100Fe/100 Paraffin/10 wt% polymer. The study of phase, structure and morphology of the nanocatalyst using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) techniques confirmed that there are two phases of iron oxides Fe3O4 and δ-FeOOH are existed. Maximum conversion of CO to yields of total liquid hydrocarbons that obtained was 74% and 62 g/m3 of FTS over the catalyst Fe-Paraffin/ Polyethylene glycol (Fe-P/PEG) compared to Fe-Paraffin/ Polyethylene terephthalate (Fe-P/PET) and Fe-Paraffin/polycarbonate (Fe-P/PC) systems. The results shows that the polymer type and their structure as well as preparation time of the iron nanocatalysts have high influence on the particle size value. A selectivity of 65% of syngas converted C5+ liquid hydrocarbons achieved using (Fe-P/PEG) catalyst.

Comparison of different uncoated and starch-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Implications for stem cell tracking

However, labelling of stem cells using nanoparticles (NPs) for tracking purpose has been intensively investigated, the biosafety of these materials needs more clarification. Herein, different forms of iron oxide Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and CoxNi1−x Fe2O4 NPs either uncoated or starch-coated (ST-coated) were prepared. We successfully labelled adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using these NPs with the aid of lipofectamine as a transfection agent (TA). We then evaluated the effect of these NPs on stem cell proliferation, viability, migration and angiogenesis. Results showed that ASCs labelled with Fe2O3, Fe3O4, ST-Fe2O3 and ST-Fe3O4 did not show any significant difference in proliferation compared to that of TA-treated cells. Moreover, they have shown a protective effect against apoptosis. Conversely, CoxNi1−x Fe2O4 NPs caused a significant decrease in cell proliferation. Compared to that of the TA-treated cells, the migration capacity of cells labelled with Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and CoxNi1−xFe2O4 was significantly compromised. Interestingly, the ST-coated composites reversed this effect. Among the groups treated with different NPs, the angiogenic potential of the ASCs was most robust in the ST-Fe2O3-treated group. In conclusion, labelling ASCs with ST-Fe2O3 NPs enhanced cell migration and angiogenic potential and conferred higher resistance to apoptosis than labelling the cells with the other tested NPs.

Effect of the ruthenium incorporation on iron oxide phases synthesis, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4, at low annealing temperature

The aim of this work is to make easier the elaboration of two iron oxide phases, Hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) at the same annealing temperature, by alloying with ruthenium and to widen the scope of sprayed-iron oxide thin films. Two procedures were followed for Ru-alloyed iron oxide thin films elaboration: the first one consists of spraying FeCl3·6H2O(0.03 M)-based aqueous solution onto glass substrates heated at 350 °C, on which was sprayed, immediately, an aqueous RuCl3·3H2O solution, during shorter time, at the same spray conditions with different molar ratios as RuCl3·3H2O: FeCl3·6H2O = x:1-x, wherein 0 ≤ x < 0.50. The second procedure consists of preparing an aqueous solution of ferric chloride (FeCl3·6H2O) and ruthenium (III) chloride hydrate (RuCl3·3H2O)) with other different molar ratios as RuCl3·3H2O: FeCl3·6H2O = x’:1-x’, wherein 0 ≤ x’ < 0.50. This solution is sprayed onto glass substrates heated at 350 °C. Afterward, the as obtained films are annealed under vacuum at the fixed conditions: Pressure ≅ 10−4 Pa, duration = 5h, temperature = 350 °C. XRD, and SEM analyses as well as optical, and electrical measurements, showed the effect of ruthenium incorporation into iron oxide films. Fe3O4 was obtained as well as Fe2O3 at this low annealing temperature depending on the ruthenium amount. Optical properties of the Ru-alloyed iron oxide films had really improved. Furthermore the electrical behavior showed a variation versus the ruthenium concentrations.

Iron(II) Sulfate(VI) from Titania Production as a Raw Material for Preparation of Hydrogen Sulfide Sorbents

AbstractA hybrid sorbent material for removal of hydrogen sulfide from air was developed. The material is based on activated carbon and iron compounds obtained from waste iron(II) sulfate(VI) heptahydrate. The iron salt is deposited on the carbonaceous support and subjected to oxidation (Fe2+ to Fe3+) using atmospheric oxygen under alkaline conditions. An effect of H2O2 addition to the process on the composition of the resultant material was also examined. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed easy conversion of waste FeSO4·7H2O to iron oxides Fe3O4 and FeOOH. The activated carbon supporting iron oxides revealed a higher efficiency in H2S elimination from air compared to the commercial activated carbon, without any modification.

Promotion through external magnetic field of osteogenic differentiation potential in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Design of polyurethane/poly(lactic) acid sponges doped with iron oxide nanoparticles.

Recently, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have gathered special attention in regenerative medicine. Owing to their magnetic and bioactive properties, IONPs are utilized in the fabrication of novel biomaterials. Yet, there was no report regarding thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) polymer doped with IONPs on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Thus the objectives of presented study was to: (a) fabricate magnetic TPU + PLA sponges doped with iron (III) oxide Fe2 O3 nanoparticles; (b) investigate the effects of biomaterial and its exposition to static magnetic field (MF) on osteogenic differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). TPU + PLA sponges were prepared using solvent casting technique while incorporation of the Fe2 O3 nanoparticles was performed with solution cast method. RT-PCR was applied to evaluate expression of osteogenic-related genes and integrin's in cells cultured on fabricated materials with or without the stimulation of static MF. MF stimulation enhanced the expression of osteopontin and collagen type I while decreased expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 in tested magnetic materials-TPU + PLA/1% Fe2 O3 and TPU + PLA/5% Fe2 O3 . Therefore, TPU + PLA sponges doped with IONPs and exposure to MF resulted in improved osteogenic differentiation of ASC.

Research and development of technology for laser configuration of sensitive element of fluxgate inclinometer

The paper presents the results of thermodynamic analysis of oxidation processes occurring during laser treatment of amorphous magnetically sensitive ribbon (71KNSR) in air and in the atmosphere of argon. Kinetic assessment of the rate of chemical reactions is based on the Arrhenius equation. The results of analytical calculations show that the decrease of magnetic properties of the alloy after laser treatment in the air is mostly determined by the formation of iron oxides Fe2O3 and Fe2O4. Chemical elemental analysis of the composition of the samples after laser configuration in argon shows a significant decrease in their composition of oxygen compared to samples configured in the air. Analysis of samples using scanning electron and magnetic force microscopy confirms the preservation of the magnetic properties after treatment in argon. The developed technology is used for the manufacture of a sensitive element of a fluxgate inclinometer.

Formation of functional and technological properties of flour dough and quality of finished products in the technology of custard gingerbread with the use of «magnetofood» food additive

The object of research is the technology of custard gingerbread from a mixture of rye and wheat flour using the food additive «Magnetofood». To improve the technology and to obtain high-quality products with a long term preservation of freshness, various technological methods are used, including the introduction of food additives that enhance complex action. Promising improvers of food systems (in particular, flour confectionery masses) are nano-additives that have a wide range of functional and technological properties, due to the specificity of their physico-chemical characteristics due to the nanoscale size and quantum mechanical effects. In order to study the influence of «Magnetofood» food additive on the functional, technological, physicochemical and structural-mechanical properties of flour, dough and quality indices of custard gingerbread, model dough of «Magnetofood» food additive was introduced into the prescription mixture in the form of a fat suspension in the «kneading the dough» stage. It is established that the introduction of the additive «Magnetofood» in the amount of 0.10 %; 0.15 %; 0.20 % by weight of the prescription mixture compared to the control in samples of rye-wheat flour:– increases: water-binding ability – by (2±1) %; fat-holding capacity – by (8.8±0.8) %; swelling capacity – by (1.56±0.02) cm3/g; water absorption capacity – by (6.6±0.2) %; water retention capacity – by (15.0±0.9) %; dough stability – at (0.7±0.1)×60 s;– reduces the time of formation of the dough by (1.6±0.2)×60 s and the degree of vacuum of the dough – by (23±2) units of the farinograph;– in samples of gingerbread dough increases humidity by (1.3±0.2) %;– reduces the dough density by (0.7±0.1) g/cm3;– increases plastic viscosity by (2.2±0.4) kPa×s compared to control;– in samples of finished products increases the output by (4.3±0.5) %, humidity by (2.4±0.1) %, and wetting by (20±2) %; improves fluidity on (0.5±0.2) points; reduces crumbling by (1.0±0.2) %.Compared to similar well-known food system improvers, nanoobjects, which include nanopowder based on iron oxides Fe3O4 («Magnetofood»), exhibit antioxidant, bacteriostatic, sorption, emulsifying, structure-forming, moisture-and fat-retaining properties. This ensures the possibility of obtaining high values of the studied parameters.

LDPE/PET laminated films modified with FeO(OH) × H2O, Fe2O3, and ascorbic acid to develop oxygen scavenging system for food packaging

The iron compounds (iron(III) oxide‐hydroxide monohydrate FeO(OH) × H2O, iron(III) oxide Fe2O3, and ascorbic acid) were used as oxygen scavengers modifiers in laminating of polymer films. This oxygen‐scavenging system was coated on preselected films (low density polyethylene [LDPE] and polyethylene terephthalate [PET]) from which the laminates were formed. It presents the new form of composite material packaging that has the function of oxygen scavenging, which could be suitable for food packaging. The scope of the research included studies of morphology of oxygen scavengers by scanning electron microscope and their average particle size distribution measure by particle size analyzer, the effect of type, and concentration of these substances on viscosity of adhesive and seal strength of laminates.The Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of laminates was also performed to observe the potential interaction of functional groups of polyurethane adhesives with oxygen scavenger components. The most important ability of the developed system for oxygen scavenging was confirmed by measuring oxygen concentration (% vol) in a headspace with the prepared laminates. The concentrations of selected oxygen scavengers (4‐6 wt%) and their combinations were studied. The most effective oxygen scavenger system integrated within the PE/PET composite film consists of 6 wt% ascorbic acid and 1 wt% FeO(OH) × H2O, where the oxygen concentration of 1.0 vol% (±0.20 vol%) was obtained after 15 days of storage. It was found that in this system the oxygen scavenging reaction occurs through ascorbate oxidation to dehydroascorbic acid, which is catalyzed by reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ ions.

Structural and Morphological Properties of Fe2O3 and TiO2:Fe2O3 Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Technique

Various doping percentage (1, 3 and 5 %) of titanium dioxide TiO2 were successfully introduced into the iron oxide Fe2O3 thin films obtained by spray pyrolysis technique (SPT) on a glass substrate. The effect of TiO2 doping on structural and morphological properties of deposited thin films was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis and atomic forces microscope (AFM) respectively. XRD result showed that all samples are polycrystalline and the crystallite size decreases with the increasing percentage of (TiO2). All films have peaks appears at (110), (211), (101), (222), (210), (202), (312), (332), (310) and (432) planes with preferred orientation along (211). The (AFM) results show that the grain size, roughness rate, and the root mean square decreases with increasing dopant ratios.