Iron Filing Research Articles

A comprehensive study of the shielding ability from ionizing radiation of different mortars using iron filings and bismuth oxide

The current work discusses the radiation attenuation capability and different shielding characteristics of different mortar samples. The samples were prepared by replacing different percentages of fine aggregate with iron filling and replacing different percentages of hydrated lime with Bi2O3 (0–50 wt.%). The prepared mortar samples are coded as CHBFX where X = 0, 10, 30, and 50 wt.%. The mass and linear attenuation coefficient was determined experimentally using a narrow beam technique, where a high purity germanium detector, and different point gamma-ray sources (such as Am-241, Cs-137, and Co-60). The linear attenuation coefficient was also calculated using the Monte-Carlo simulation code and the online Phy-X/PSD software. The comparison of the three methods showed a good agreement in the results. The linear attenuation coefficient drops from 19.821 to 0.053 cm−1 for CHBF0, from 27.496 to 0.057 cm−1 for CHBF10, from 42.351 to 0.064 cm−1 for CHBF30, and from 55.068 to 0.071 cm−1 for CHBF50 at photon energy range from 0.015 to 15 MeV. The half-value layer thickness, tenth-value layer thickness, and mean free path of the prepared mortar composites were also calculated photon energy ranged from 0.015 to 15 MeV. The fast neutron removal cross-section of the prepared CHBFX mortar samples have values of 0.096 cm−1, 0.098 cm−1, 0.103 cm−1, and 0.107 cm−1 for the mortar samples CHBF0, CHBF10, CHBF30, and CHBF50, respectively. The results showed that the mortar sample with the highest iron filing concentration, CHBF50, provides the best protection against gamma rays and fast neutrons which could be used in the nuclear and medical fields.

Enhanced reduction of sulfate by iron-carbon microelectrolysis: interaction mechanism between microelectrolysis and microorganisms.

Sulfate wastewater has a wide range of sources and greatly harms water, soil, and plants. Iron-carbon microelectrolysis (IC-ME) is a potentially sustainable strategy to improve the treatment of sulfate (SO42-) wastewater by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In this study, an iron-carbon mixed micro-electrolysis bioreactor (R1), iron-carbon layered bioreactor (R2), activated carbon bioreactor (R3), and scrap iron filing bioreactor (R4) were constructed by up-flow column experimental device. The performance and mechanism of removing high-concentration sulfate wastewater under different sulfate concentrations, hydraulic retention times (HRT), and chemical oxygen demand (COD)/SO42- were discussed. The results show that the iron-carbon microelectrolysis-enhanced SRB technology can remove high-concentration sulfate wastewater, and the system can still operate normally at low pH. In the high hydraulic loading stage (HRT = 12h, COD/SO42- = 1.4), the SO42- removal rate of the R1 reactor reached 98.08%, and the ORP value was stable between - 350 and - 450mV, providing a good ORP environment for SRB. When HRT = 12h and influent COD/SO42- = 1.4, the R1 reactor sulfate removal rate reached 96.7%. When the influent COD/SO42- = 0.7, the sulfate removal rate was 52.9%, higher than the control group. Biological community analysis showed that the abundance of SRB in the R1 reactor was higher than that in the other three groups, indicating that the IC-ME bioreactor could promote the enrichment of SRB and improve its population competitive advantage. It can be seen that the synergistic effect between IC-ME and biology plays a vital role in the treatment of high-concentration sulfate wastewater and improves the biodegradability of sulfate. It is a promising process for treating high-concentration sulfate wastewater.

Small Foreign Object Detection in Automated Sugar Dispensing Processes Based on Lightweight Deep Learning Networks

This study addresses the challenges that conventional network models face in detecting small foreign objects on industrial production lines, exemplified by scenarios where a single piece of iron filing occupies approximately 0.002% of the image area. To tackle this, we introduce an enhanced YOLOv8-MeY model for detecting foreign objects on the surface of sugar bags. Firstly, the introduction of a 160 × 160-scale small object detection layer and integration of the Global Attention Mechanism (GAM) attention module into the feature fusion network (Neck) increased the network’s focus on small objects. This enhancement improved the network’s feature extraction and fusion capabilities, which ultimately increased the accuracy of small object detection. Secondly, the model employs the lightweight network GhostNet, replacing YOLOv8’s principal feature extraction network, DarkNet53. This adaptation not only diminishes the quantity of network parameters but also augments feature extraction capabilities. Furthermore, we substituted the Bottleneck in the C2f of the YOLOv8 model with the Spatial and Channel Reconstruction Convolution (SCConv) module, which, by mitigating the spatial and channel redundancy inherent in standard convolutions, reduced computational demands while elevating the performance of the convolutional network model. The model has been effectively applied to the automated sugar dispensing process in food factories, exhibiting exemplary performance. In detecting diverse foreign objects like 2 mm iron filings, 7 mm wires, staples, and cockroaches, the YOLOv8-MeY model surpasses the Faster R-CNN model and the contemporaneous YoloV8n model of equivalent parameter scale across six metrics: precision, recall, mAP@0.5, parameters, GFLOPs, and model size. Through 400 manual placement tests involving four types of foreign objects, our statistical results reveal that the model achieves a recognition rate of up to 92.25%. Ultimately, we have successfully deployed this model in automated sugar bag dispensing scenarios.

Effect of Waste Iron Filings (IF) on Radiation Shielding Feature of Polyepoxide Composites

In the present work, photon and neutron attenuation properties of polyepoxide composites produced by doping waste iron filings (IF) at different percentages (0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% iron filing percentage) were obtained using theoretical and experimental techniques. The experimental technique was performed using an HPGe detector with four different gamma lines (0.0595, 0.6617, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV) emitted from three gamma-ray sources (241Am, 137Cs, and 60Co). The theoretical techniques for shielding parameters calculation are estimated with Phy-X software and the XCOM program as well. The experimental and theoretical values of the mass/linear attenuation coefficient (M/LAC), half/tenth value layer (H/TVL), mean free path (MFP), lead equivalent thickness (LEth), and radiation shielding efficiency (RSE) have been determined and compared. A good agreement was achieved during the comparison. The shielding performance of the prepared composites increased with increasing the iron filing rate, where we can arrange the performance of shielding according to EP–IF60 > EP–IF40 > EP–IF20 > EP–IF0 at all different experimental and theoretical energies. The effective and equivalent (Zeff, Zeq) atomic numbers as well as the exposure buildup factor (EBF) at different depletion distances or mean free paths (MFPs) have been calculated for all EP–IF composites. The lowest EBF was for EP–IF60 while the highest EBF was for EP–IF0 through the discussed energy from 0.015 to 15 MeV. Finally, the fast neutron removal cross-section (FRNC) has been calculated for the prepared composites and the results showed improvement in FNRC with increasing the iron filing rate.

Performance Comparison of Solar Air Heater with Extended Surfaces and Iron Filling

The thermal performance of a solar air heater (SAH) is enhanced by producing air turbulence. The air turbulence is created by using either extended surface or iron filing between the black colour absorber plate and glass of the SAH. In this article, the thermal performance of a SAH in the case of without fins and with fins at a different location is compared with the SAH using an iron filling. The value of the overall heat loss coefficient in the case of iron filling is 2.1 W/m2K. The average thermal efficiency of the iron filling condition is 65.14%. The additional arrangement to increase the heat transfer also increases the pressure drop which leads to higher power consumption. Results show the thermal efficiency of SAH using iron filling is found best followed by fin arrangement above, below the absorber plate, and without fin.

Comparative study on recycled iron filings and glass particles as a potential fine aggregate in concrete

This study comparatively investigated the strength characteristics and workability performance of partial replacement of natural fine aggregate with waste glass particles and iron filings in concrete production. Fine aggregate was replaced with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of waste glass particles and iron filings respectively at a water-cement ratio of 0.55. The result indicated that an increase in percentage replacement of iron filings reduced the slump value and workability of the concrete, while the increase in the percentage content of glass particles increased its slump value and workability. The result showed that concrete with 20% replacement of sand by iron filing and waste glass particles attained the optimum strength. Furthermore, concrete samples containing glass particles exhibited a steady increase in flexural strength at all replacement levels. The use of iron filings and glass particles in the production of concrete will enhance preservation of natural resources and waste management

SODIUM DODECYL SULPHATE MODIFIED IRON FILINGS FOR THE REMOVAL OF NAPHTHOL-AS DYE POLLUTANT FROM AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT

This study investigates the removal of naphthol-AS dye from aqueous solutions by SDS-modified adsorbents under various experimental conditions. Results imply that the adsorption process was highly pH-dependent and optimum pH for adsorption occurred at 6.0, having maximum removal efficiency of 91 %. Adsorption of Naphthol-AS on the adsorbent fitted better into the second order kinetic model and maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 4.803mg g−1. Equilibrium isotherms were best described by Langmuir isotherm with high-correlation coefficient value. The results of the study infer that SDS-modified iron filing is a promising adsorbent for the removal of dyes from wastewater.

Influence of Iron Filing Waste on the Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt

Recently, interest in the use of projectiles in research on recycling waste materials for construction applications has grown. Using recycled materials for the construction of asphalt concrete pavement, in the meantime, has become a topic of research due to its significant benefits, such as cost savings and reduced environmental impacts. This study reports on comprehensive experimental research conducted using a typical mechanical milling waste, iron filing waste (IFW), as an alternative fine aggregate for warm mix asphalt (WMA) for pavement wearing surface applications. A type of IFW from a local machine workshop was used to replace the conventional fine aggregate, fine natural sand (FNS), at percentages of 25%, 50% 75%, and 100% by the weight of FNS of the size passing sieve No. 50. Experimental tests were conducted on the mixes to compare their Marshall properties, resilient moduli, rutting and fatigue resistance, and moisture susceptibility. Finally, a performance analysis was carried out using the VESYS 5W software on the constructed pavement using the IFW mixes. Both the experiment and the modeling work demonstrated that IFW can be an effective alternative resource for replacing natural fine aggregate in WMA concrete and provided details on the optimum rate based on the comprehensive data obtained first hand.

Enhanced degradation of reactive brilliant red X-3B by photocatalysis integrated with micro-electrolysis.

The microwave electrodeless lamp UV photocatalysis (MWUV) integrated with iron carbon micro-electrolysis (ME) was applied to degrade reactive brilliant red X-3B. In the present study, the removal rate of X-3B by MWUV/ME was 95%, which was significantly higher than 56% of MWUV and 62% of ME system. The experiment results demonstrated a synergistic effect in MWUV/ME system, wherein the ME system played an important role in color removal and the formation of ·OH in photocatalysis contributed most for the mineralization of X-3B and its intermediates. The removal efficiency of TOC was 32%, 7.5%, and 59.5% under MWUV, ME, and MWUV/ME processes at the end of the reaction, respectively. The Fe3+ existed in the system was an enhancer of producing ·OH via self-generation of ·OH by UV irradiation or improving the separation of electron-hole in photocatalysis by capturing the electrons. Therefore, the combined treatment of MWUV and ME system has the potential of synergistic effect compared to the separate process. Lowering the initial solution pH and increasing the iron filing dosage and dissolved oxygen were beneficial for the enhancement of degradation efficiency. The inorganic anions showed a diversity influencing the degradation of X-3B. NO3-, CO32-, and SO42- (at higher concentration) promoted the degradation reaction, while Cl- had non-significant effect.

SHEAR CAPACITY OF SUSTAINABLE LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE BEAMS

This Lightweight concrete is one of the important types familiar of concrete, as the local stone Attapulgite was used as aggregate after treating it with a solution of minors, then it was used in pouring five -reinforced concrete beams by adding steel fiber and iron filing separately with two percentages of 0.5 and 1, these beams were examined to determine the shear capacity. The results showed that iron filing by 1% improve the mechanical properties of concrete and similar to that of using steel fibers, but with a minimum effect. The results also showed that adding 1% of steel filing improves the maximum shear resistance and the first cracking resistance of the concrete by 38%.

Effect of incorporating iron‐filing waste on the properties of silica fume blended cement paste

AbstractThis study is aimed at finding the contribution of the varied quantities (5, 10, and 15 wt%) of iron filing (IF) on the strength of silica fume (SF) blended ordinary Portland cement (OPC) paste. The paste was developed such that water/(IF + SF + OPC) ratio was maintained as 0.35 at a constant 10 wt% SF content in the binder. The early (7‐day) strength was found to be lower than the control (0% IF) due to disruption of hydration process. The decrease in strength of SF blended paste was increasing with the increase in the IF up to 15%. The maximum 28‐day compressive strength of 119 MPa was achieved when OPC blended binder was replaced with 5%IF. The maximum strength was reduced by 18.4 and 23.8% as the OPC substitution level increased to 10 and 15% IF, respectively. The presence of IF within the blended paste appeared not to combine chemically with hydration products. This caused nonuniformity in the microstructural texture thereby increasing the carbonation effect in the plain paste. However, the presence of SF in the paste reduced carbonation significantly as reflected in the reduction in the peak of —C—O— vibration as observed through FTIR spectroscopy.

Characteristics of Sustainable Self-compacting Concrete Reinforced by Fibres from Waste Materials

The influences of fibres originating from different waste materials on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) were investigated in this study. For this purpose, a total number of 13 mixes of wood (WF), polyvinyl chloride (PF), aluminium (AF), and iron filing (IF) fibres, with volume fractions (Vf) of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% were prepared. The investigated fresh properties of the prepared mixes were slump flow, T500, V-funnel as well as L-box tests, while the hardened properties were compressive strength, flexural strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). The findings indicated that although the majority of the prepared SCC mixes met the required self-compacting criteria, the inclusion of the waste fibres negatively affected the mix workability, particularly when Vf of 1.5% was used. Regarding the hardened properties, SCC mixes-containing IF exhibited a slight increase in both compressive and flexural strength compared with the reference mix without fibres, whereas mixes with AF fibres demonstrated a noticeable decrease in compressive strength, but with a comparable level of flexural strength. However, the flexural strength of WF and PF decreased as their Vf increased in the SCC mixes, although a slight increase in compressive strength was noted in the mixes with PF. Furthermore, there was no reliable relationship to be constructed between the compressive strength and UPV tests for all fibres used.

Cyclic Behavior of RC Beam-Column Joints Made with Sustainable Concrete

This research investigates the behavior of unconfined RC connections made with sustainable concrete under cyclic loading. Different types of sustainable concrete are used where cement is partially replaced by silica-fume, iron filing and pulverized fuel ash using two different percentages 15% and 20%. The numerical finite element model, which simulates the cyclic behavior of RC connections, is verified using the experimental results and can reasonably predict joint response and its damage pattern. Test results have shown that beam-column connections made with iron filings-concrete are significantly damaged when exposed to cyclic loading while others made with silica fume concrete and fuel ash-concrete are stronger and experience minor cracks. Increasing cement replacement percentage from 15% to 20% for any waste material reduces sustainable concrete compressive strength and weakens the joint.

Optimal Recipe Assessment of Iron Filing-Based Green Environmental Media for Improving Nutrient Removal in Stormwater Runoff

Abstract Nutrient removal and recovery (NRR) technology was investigated using green sorption media with respect to 4 distinct clay and iron filing quantities in the media matrix. Column study test...

Eco-friendly Utilizing of Iron Filings in Production Reactive Powder Concrete

The goal of this study is to assess the opportunity of utilizing waste iron filings in altered fractions as a fine aggregate replacement to produce the reactive powder concrete. Four different fractions of waste iron filing were adopted to reactive powder concrete mixture to measure the difference, which may be achieved in the strengths of the reactive powder concrete. In order to accomplish the aim of the investigation, compressive strength, and direct tensile strength were executed to determine the effect of iron filings on the strength of reactive powder concrete. Consistent with the experimental results, it can be stated that higher fraction of waste iron filings is more effective than the other percentages in both compressive and direct tensile strength because it acquires the maximum strength properties in the shortest duration. The increasing of the compressive strength and the direct tensile strength at 28 days for 30 % of the irons filings was 30.3% and 31.8% correspondingly.

Experimental study on the tube plate PV/T system with iron filings filled

This paper proposes a novel photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system – the iron filing filled tube plate PV/T system (IFTP system), for solar energy collection efficiently. In the system, the Tube plate solar collector is adopted to convert solar radiation to electricity and thermal energy simultaneously. To improve the structure of the traditional tube plate PV/T module, this paper presents a new tube plate PV/T module which filled with iron filings instead of air between the absorbing plate and fluid channel to increase the heat transfer between the fluid and photovoltaic cells. After that, an IFTP system is constructed and tested according to the related standards test under laboratory conditions. Experimental research is carried out under five groups of different radiation intensity (400–800 W/m2). The experimental results demonstrate that the temperature of IFTP module in effectively reduces by 3.5–6.5 °C, and the photoelectric efficiency increases by 19.8% compared with traditional tube plate PV/T system. The IFTP system takes a shorter period of time to achieve the same temperature difference of tanks.

Impact of changing environmental factors and species competition on iron filings‐based green environmental media for nutrient removal in stormwater treatment

Iron filings‐based green environmental media (IFGEM) is a new type of green sorption media that may be applied to heterogeneous environments for removing nutrients. To confirm the reliability and efficacy of this new green sorption media, multiple factors must be considered for a holistic assessment, primarily temperature effect, varying influent concentration, changing pH value, varying iron filing content, presence of iron filings, and interaction (competition) between nutrient species such as nitrogen and phosphorus. In this study, two IFGEM recipes were selected to compare against one control (natural soil). Whereas IFGEM‐1 is made of 96.2% fine sand and 3.8% iron filings (by volume), IFGEM‐2 contains 80% sand, 10% tire crumb, 5% pure clay, and 5% iron filings (by volume). IFGEM‐1 can function well from 12 to 35°C, while IFGEM‐2 can work well only at the optimal temperature of 12°C. IFGEM‐2 may adapt to a wider pH range from acidic to neutral, while IFGEM‐1 performs well only at the neutral pH condition. When varying influent concentrations to test the sensitivity of both IFGEM recipes, our findings indicated that higher influent concentration results in higher removal efficiency. Higher iron filing content exhibits better nutrient recovery potential, and nitrogen and phosphorus compete for more shares of adsorption/adsorption capacity. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13087, 2019

Production and evaluation of ceramic and metal matrix composite by powder metallurgy

The quest to looking for new materials with improved performance in service is on the increase these days. This is one of the reasons why materials development is essential to reduce the cost of material procurement as well as having better results/performance. It is also what necessitated this research work. Sample of a natural clay deposit was milled in a ball mill to obtain -150 microns and its composition was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. -212 microns of iron filing was mixed with the clay in different proportions and compacted to produce 9 samples as follows: sample A 10 % clay with 90 % iron filing, B, 20 % clay 80 % iron filing, C, 30 % clay 70 % iron filing, D, 40 % clay 60 % iron filing, E, 50 % clay 50 % iron filing, F, 60 % clay 40 % iron filing, G, 70 % clay 30 % iron filing, H, 80 % clay 20 % iron filing and sample I, 90 % clay 10 % iron filing. The Compressed samples were sintered in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 1000O C and was held for 2 hours. Each sample was analysed for hardness, porosity, compressive strength and abrasive strength. The optimum results for the above test were obtained when the clay content was not more than 60 %.

Computer-generated iron filing art

This paper proposes a digital tool which enables users to create the iron filing effects. It is a 2D interactive system, where the user provides a silhouette of a 2D target shape and interactively specifies various parameters of magnets. Then, the patterns of the iron filings are automatically generated through the principle of magnetism. The system also provides a real-time feedback while the user updates the magnet parameters, i.e., the magnet lines are interactively displayed such that the user can speculate the final patterns of iron filings. The experimental results show that a variety of artwork can be created by the proposed tool.

Iron Filings as PRB Media Regression Analysis of Remediation of Chromium-Contaminated Groundwater

Regarding the iron filing as PRB padding media, this experiment researched the repair effect of iron filing to the groundwater polluted by Cr on condition that different initial concentration of Cr6+ and different flow velocity, and then with the help of the data regression analysis software SPSS、1stOpt、Excel etc, it studied the regression analysis of Cr6+ removal rate with the change of initial concentration and the flow velocity. The results indicated that: under the certain flow velocity, cubic polynomial is the best regression model of Cr6+ removal rate with the change of initial concentration;under the certain initial Cr6+ concentration, the change of Cr6+ removal rate with flow velocity can be fitted in the regression model of unitary linear well, and the decision coefficient R2of it can be up to above 0.9.