Iron-containing Products Research Articles

Protective role of hesperetin in Drosophila melanogaster model of ferrous sulphate-induced toxicity

The toxicological hazard of iron-containing products is a public health concern that inspires research in identifying and developing readily available, inexpensive antidotes. Natural products, like plant-sourced antioxidants, can be of great value in this regard. Hesperetin a flavonoid abundantly present in citrus fruits is known to possess a diverse pharmacological and antioxidant attribute. The present study investigated the alleviation of detrimental effects of ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) by hesperetin in Drosophila melanogaster. Flies were exposed to FeSO4 (10 µM) alone or supplemented with hesperetin (50 or 100 µM) via diet for 7 consecutive days. Antioxidant enzyme activities, non-enzymatic antioxidant levels, acetylcholinesterase activity and oxidative stress markers were then measured. Hesperetin supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated FeSO4-induced oxidative stress by enhancement of enzymic antioxidants (catalase and glutathione-S-transferases) activities, preservation of non-enzymic antioxidants (total thiols and non-protein thiols), and reduction of other markers of oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, protein carbonyl and lipid peroxidation) in D. melanogaster. In addition, hesperetin supplementation decreased nitric oxide levels and enhanced acetylcholinesterase activity. Furthermore, hesperetin supplementation improved FeSO4-induced locomotor deficit, while there was no significant difference in cell viability (mitochondrial metabolic rate) in the treatment groups. This study suggests that hesperetin might be a promising functional agent in preventing iron toxicity and similar metal-induced impairments.

High-Iron Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Valorization Using Hydrochemical Conversion of Goethite to Magnetite.

Bauxite residue (BR), also known as red mud, is a byproduct of the alumina production using the Bayer process. This material is not used to make iron or other iron-containing products worldwide, owing to its high content of sodium oxide and other impurities. In this study, we investigated the hydrochemical conversion of goethite (FeOOH) to magnetite (Fe3O4) in high-iron BR from the Friguia alumina refinery (Guinea) by Fe2+ ions in highly concentrated alkaline media. The simultaneous extraction of Al and Na made it possible to obtain a product containing more than 96% Fe3O4. The results show that the magnetization of Al-goethite and Al-hematite accelerates the dissolution of the Al from the iron mineral solid matrix and from the desilication product (DSP). After ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O) was added directly at an FeO:Fe2O3 molar ratio of 1:1 at 120 °C for 150 min in solution with the 360 g L-1 Na2O concentration, the alumina extraction ratio reached 96.27% for the coarse bauxite residue size fraction (Sands) and 87.06% for fine BR obtained from red mud. The grade of iron (total iron in the form of iron elements) in the residue can be increased to 69.55% for sands and 58.31% for BR. The solid residues obtained after leaching were studied by XRD, XRF, TG-DTA, VSM, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and SEM to evaluate the conversion and leaching mechanisms, as well as the recovery ratio of Al from various minerals. The iron-rich residues can be used in the steel industry or as a pigment.

Biological factors affecting the evolution of safety barrier materials in the Yeniseisky deep geological repository

This article presents information on the microbial impact on the stability of cement, clay and steel engineering safety barriers in a deep geological repository (DGR) for radioactive waste in the gneiss crystal massif at the Yeniseisky test site (Krasnoyarsk region, Russia). Based on microbial diversity data collected from groundwater and bentonite clay core samples in the proposed DGR construction area, the most likely microbial processes are steel corrosion, cement degradation and changes in clay barrier properties. This study establishes the synergistic effect of chemical and microbial processes in engineered barrier materials. An important aspect of engineering barrier safety is clay materials, which are simultaneously a source of microflora, organic matter and elements necessary for microbial development. It should be noted that the microflora of clay materials includes predominantly aerobic organotrophic bacteria introduced during the technical preparation of clays. The rate of microbial processes may increase at elevated temperatures or in contact with hydrogen and iron-containing products of steel corrosion. An initial assessment of the risk of intensification of microbial processes in protective barriers has been carried out; biocidal additives suppressing microbial activity in clay material and Portland cement have been proposed.

Iron complexes of [2+2] and [6+6] Schiff-base macrocycles derived from 2,2′-oxydianiline and their applications

Reaction of [2+2] and [6+6] Schiff-base macrocycles with FeBr2 are reported, together with preliminary studies of the applications of the iron-containing products. In particular, we have investigated peroxidase-like activity and determination of H2O2, as well as their ability to act as catalysts for ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters.

Protection of Cast Iron Sections of Gas-Collecting Bell of Soderberg Electrolysis Cell

The work is devoted to the actual problem of corrosion of the gas-collecting bell of the Soderberg electrolysis cell, which operates in close proximity to the molten electrolyte. Due to gas corrosion during the operation of the electrolysis cell, the cast-iron sections are destroyed and the release of anode gases into the atmosphere of the housing occurs. Iron-containing corrosion products falling into the melt of primary aluminum reduce its quality and grade. In order to prevent this phenomenon, the effectiveness of their protection with a dry mixture for obtaining a protective oxide-ceramic coating of cast-iron surfaces of gas-collecting bell is studied. The results obtained proved the effectiveness of the proposed coating: the service life of the gas-collecting bell sections increased by 4 times. After applying the protective coating for A85 grade aluminum, it increased from 2 to 24%, and the share of A7 grade aluminum decreased from 25 to 18 %.

Perspective: Putting the youngest among us into the nutrition “call for action” for food fortification strategies

ABSTRACTAdequate iron intake is essential for optimal child development, but iron deficiency and anemia among infants and young children are widespread in low- and middle-income countries. Large-scale food fortification strategies hold great promise for reducing micronutrient deficiencies; however, for children <2 y of age, the impact of such strategies is limited because their intake of staple foods is relatively low and fortification levels are targeted at the adult population. Iron supplementation, iron fortification of foods targeted to infants, and point-of-use fortification with iron-containing products such as multiple micronutrient powders (MNPs) and small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements are evidence-based approaches recommended to reduce anemia among infants and young children when used in the right context. Since 2003, the WHO, with support from UNICEF, has recommended the use of MNPs to control iron deficiency. However, the percentage of children with anemia has changed very little over the past 10 y. Five years ago the UN declared a decade of action on nutrition, including World Health Assembly (WHA) targets for maternal, infant, and young child nutrition, yet the WHA set no anemia targets for children. In July 2020 the leaders of 4 UN agencies issued a call for action to protect children's right to nutrition in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Given persistently high rates of anemia among young children, the negative developmental impact, the challenge of meeting iron needs from typical complementary food diets, and the availability of successful evidence-based fortification strategies for this age group, we encourage planners, speakers, and donors at this year's UN Food Systems Summit and the Tokyo Nutrition for Growth Summit to 1) call for the WHA to set anemia targets for infants and young children and 2) promote investment in evidence-based interventions to improve the iron status of young children.

Multivalent cations interactions with fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines: A cross-sectional study.

IntroductionOral fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines are known to interact with divalent or trivalent cation-containing compounds (DTCCs) via chelation. The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence of these drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in an inpatient setting.MethodsA cross-sectional study of prospectively collected data were conducted at an academic tertiary care hospital. We included hospitalized adults who were receiving oral fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines with DTCCs in 2019. Our hospital uses electronic health records for medication ordering and handwritten medication administration records (MARs). The primary study outcome was the percentage of simultaneous administration of fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines with DTCCs, and the secondary outcome was the percentage of inappropriate separation time.ResultsAmong patients who received oral fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines, 47 patients (26.6%) were co-administered DTCCs and included in this study. Ciprofloxacin (n = 29; 61.7%) was the most commonly interacting antibiotic, followed by moxifloxacin (n = 12; 25.5%) and doxycycline (n = 6; 12.8%). The interacting DTCCs included iron-containing products and calcium-containing products, and half of the patients (n = 24; 51%) received DTCCs once daily. Most patients (n = 35; 74.5%) were found to receive oral fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines at the same time as DTCCs, while one (2.1%) received inappropriately separated DTCCs.ConclusionsDespite being a very known contraindicated DDI, the prevalence of simultaneous co-administration of oral fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines with polyvalent cations was extremely high in a hospital with handwritten MARs. Antimicrobial stewardship programs should target this DDI, and future studies should evaluate the impact of different practical solutions to this problem in different clinical settings.

Successful Desensitization with Ferric Carboxymaltose

Parenteral iron treatment is used especially in patients who need urgent treatment, have intolerance symptoms to oral iron therapy, and/ or where therapy with oral iron supplementation is insufficient. Allergic reactions can be observed with intravenous iron containing medicines and they should thus only be administered by trained staff with appropriate resuscitation facilities. The European Medicines Agency does not approve the use of intravenous iron-containing products in patients with previous hypersensitivity reactions to other parenteral iron products in its 2013 recommendations to manage the risk of allergic reactions to intravenous iron-containing medicines. However, it may be an option to administer intravenous iron therapy with desensitization in patients who need urgent treatment, who cannot be treated effectively with oral iron preparations, or display intolerance to these products. Here we present the first case of successful ferric carboxymaltose desensitization in a patient who had suffered a prior reaction with the same medicine.

Ways to develop and improve a pharmacologically active compound based on a polymer complex for the prevention and treatment of microelementosis in fur farming

The analysis of iron-containing products made in Russia for veterinarian use against iron deficiency anaemia in fur farming was carried out. The absence of hydroxide-polymaltose iron complexes on the pharmaceutical market has been shown and their promise as the main components for oral preparations has been substantiated. In this context, the Collective of the Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, FSBEI HE MGAVMiB-MVA named after K.I. Skryabin, in collaboration with the research and production company A-BIO conducted research to develop and study the effect of pharmacologically active compounds based on a polymer (iron-hydroxide polymantose) complex for treatment and prevention of microelemetosis in the fur animals.

Justification of the method of determination of the border overburden ratio

The economic efficiency of the enterprise and the length of its operation, the full utilization of mineral reserves and the total cost of operation depend on the selected depth and boundaries of opencast mining. In such conditions of the deposits’ development it is necessary to evaluate the capabilities of the raw material base for the further development of the mining enterprise. The basis for determining of the border overburden ratio is on the condition that the price of manufactured marketable output of the designed enterprise should not exceed the price of the same marketable output in the world market. The realization of this condition is achieved analytically. This takes into account the impact of the rate of return on the final depth of the designed open pit. A new method of determining of the border overburden ratio is developed, which ensures the competitiveness of iron ore concentrate in the world market. The value of the border overburden ratio is developed for the Pershotravnevij open pit of the Northern mining and processing plant, depending on the situation of the iron-containing products’ prices, which ensures the competitiveness of marketable iron-ore output in the domestic and world markets.

Inhibition effect of polyvinyl chloride on ferrihydrite reduction and electrochemical activities of Geobacter metallireducens.

Geobacter metallireducens GS15, a model of dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria, is the key regulator in biogeochemical iron cycling. How the emerging contaminant microplastics involved in the iron cycling are driven by microbes on the microscale remains unknown. Hence, the influences of two typical microplastics, polybutylene terephthalate-hexane acid (PBAT) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), were explored on the activity of G. metallireducens GS15 with ferrihydrite or ferric citrate as the respective electron acceptors. The results showed that the iron (II) contents in PBAT- and PVC-treatment groups were 16.79 and 6.81 mM, respectively, at the end of the experiment. Compared with the PBAT-treatment group, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometery revealed that merely a small amount of iron-containing products covered the surface of PVC. Moreover, PBAT and PVC could both retard the electroactivity of G. metallireducens GS15 at the beginning of microbial fuel cell operation. On the basis of the results above, microplastic PVC might exhibit potential inhibition of the iron cycling process driven by G. metallireducens GS15 with ferrihydrite as the terminal electron acceptor. This study extended our understanding of the influence of the microplastics PBAT and PVC on microbially mediated biogeochemical iron cycling. The findings might have an important implication on the biogeochemical elements cycling in the ecosystem with the involvement of emerging contaminant microplastics.

Comparative efficacy of two parenteral iron-containing preparations, iron gleptoferron and iron dextran, for the prevention of anaemia in suckling piglets

Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a serious health problem in neonatal piglets and is controlled by routine application of iron in various formulations. The efficacy and safety of two iron-containing products...

Flow-Accelerated Corrosion Wear of Power-Generating Equipment: Investigations, Prediction and Prevention: Part 3. Managing the Flow-Accelerated Corrosion of Pipelines and Equipment

The third part of this review1 discusses matters concerned with managing the flow-accelerated corrosion of power-generating equipment’s and pipelines' components. The importance of these matters tends to increase with increasing the capacity of power plant units and the time for which they have been in operation. The article considers the capabilities of object-oriented software packages aimed at providing information support to the personnel (PSSPs) in regard to scheduling in-service inspections for timely revealing cases of close-to-inadmissible flow-accelerated corrosion-induced thinning. The prospects of using PSSPs for minimizing the carryover of iron-containing products of general flow-accelerated corrosion into the process circuit of NPP units are shown. The list of parameters and characteristics necessary for numerically estimating the thinning rates and residual life of pipelines and equipment susceptible to flow-accelerated corrosion is determined. The possibility of using some PSSPs to predict the thinning of process circuit component walls taking into account the effect of cavitation and droplet impingement erosion on the metal is pointed out. The need to optimize the scheduling of in-service inspections of near-seam zones of welded connections used in the pipelines of the condensate–feedwater and wet steam paths of power units is substantiated. It is pointed out that work is underway for fitting the Russian NPP units with PSSPs able to define— based on calculation results, data of in-service inspections, and other information—a priority list of components to be subjected to first-priority or next scheduled in-service inspection and to schedule repair (or replacement) of components susceptible to intense thinning. It is shown that the use of stainless steels for making the components of pipelines and equipment operating in the secondary circuit of NPP power units is often an excessive measure for preventing the occurrence of inadmissible local flow-accelerated corrosioninduced thinning and for minimizing the concentration of iron in feed water. The prospects for comprehensively solving the flow-accelerated corrosion problems by implementing appropriate measures at the designing, construction, and operation stages are considered. The main topical practical objectives for coping with the problem of flow-accelerated corrosion in power engineering are formulated.

Material and value flows of iron in Chinese international trade from 2010 to 2016

The study of flows of iron-containing commodities through China can reveal international trade pathways and the processes involved in global iron material flows. This study presents an iron material flow analysis that incorporates all iron-containing commodities, including IEPs (iron-containing end products). We analyzed material and value flows of iron-containing commodities between China and other countries worldwide. The results are as follows. (1) During the period from 2010 to 2016, the total amounts of iron materials imported to and exported from China increased by 224 million tons and 81 million tons, respectively. (2) 90% of the iron material imported by China consisted of iron ore and was imported from Australia and Brazil. More than 98% of the iron material exported from China consisted of rolled steel and IEPs (mainly engineering machinery and land vehicles), and were exported to Japan, South Korea, and the United States. In 2014, the export volume of rolled steel exceeded that of IEPs. (3) China had an international iron trade surplus, which increased from 31 billion USD in 2010 to 272 billion USD in 2016 at an average annual growth rate of 130%. According to this, some suggestions on how to optimize the resource allocation in the industrial chain of iron-containing products and the international trade policy of iron-containing products were put forward.

Hydrolysis of the Red Blood Cells of Pig and Cattle to Ensure Optimum Conditions for the Manufacturing of Iron-Containing Products Having Maximum Heme Iron

The study parameters of the hydrolysis of red blood cells of pig’s blood and the blood of cattle are presented. We investigated the dependence of the yield of amine nitrogen, the degree of hydrolysis in dependence of the duration of the process, the version of an acid used for the hydrolysis, and the temperature of the process. An analysis of the fractional composition of the amine-peptide mixture after hydrolysis of erythrocytes was conducted. The choice of the optimal parameters of the hydrolysis process for the extraction of iron-containing mixture with a maximum content of heme iron and the separating of the protein fractions of erythrocyte mass on the amino-peptide mixture was justified.

Investigation of iron-containing products from natural and laboratory cultivated Sphaerotilus-Leptothrix bacteria.

Bacterial biomass collected from sheath-forming bacteria of the genera Sphaerotilus and Leptothrix was collected from a high-mountain natural stream water source. The elemental constitution and oxide phases of the products after selective cultivation of the bacteria on two different elective media using neutron activation analysis (NAA), electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were studied. A high enrichment level of iron was revealed by the NAA technique in cultivated isolates as compared to the reference sample from nature. Three types of iron oxide compounds were established after cultivation in Adler's medium: lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), magnetite (Fe3O4), and goethite (α-FeOOH). The cultivation in the Isolation medium yielded a single phase, that of goethite, excluding one sample with a distinguishable amount of lepidocrocite. XRD and EM investigations show that the biogenic oxides are nanosized. Our study exemplifies the possibilities of the biotechnology approach for obtaining, under artificial conditions, large quantities of iron-containing by-products that could be of further used in appropriate nano- and biotechnologies.

Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation Reactivity of a Four-Coordinate NHC-Supported Iron(II) Phenyl Compound

The preparation and characterization of a NHC-coordinated (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) ferrous phenyl complex [(IPr2Me2)2FePh2] (1; IPr2Me2 = 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene) as well as its C–C bond formation reactivity have been studied. The four-coordinate iron(II) phenyl complex was prepared from the reaction of ferrous chloride with PhMgBr and IPr2Me2. It reacts with nonactivated primary and secondary alkyl bromides and chlorides to furnish cross-coupling products and the iron(II) monophenyl species (IPr2Me2)2FePhX (X = Br (2), Cl). When it is treated with cyclooctatetraene (cot) or [Cp2Fe][BArF4] in the presence of PMe3, it undergoes coordination or one-electron oxidation induced reductive elimination of biphenyl to form the corresponding iron(0) or iron(I) species [(IPr2Me2)2Fe(η4-cot)] (3) or [(IPr2Me2)2Fe(PMe3)2][BArF4] (4). All of these iron-containing products have been fully characterized by various spectroscopic methods. Complex 1 and (IPr2Me2)2FeCl2 catalyze the reaction of n...

Novel Population Pharmacokinetic Method Compared to the Standard Noncompartmental Approach to Assess Bioequivalence of Iron Gluconate Formulations

Iron-containing products are atypical in terms of their pharmacokinetic properties because iron is only removed by plasma sampling and is non-linear. This study aims to present a novel way of assessing the relative bioavailability of two sodium ferric gluconate complex (SFGC) formulations and compare this approach to a standard previously published noncompartmental approach. Data were from open-label, randomized, single-dose studies (Study 1 was parallel whereas Study 2 was crossover). Subjects with low but normal iron levels were infused IV SFGC in sucrose by GeneraMedix Inc. and/or Ferrlecit ® Injection (Watson Laboratories Inc.). In Study 1 (n=240), 125 mg was infused over 10 minutes. In Study 2 (n=29), 62.5 mg was infused over 30 minutes. Samples were assayed for total iron (TI) and transferrin-bound iron (TBI) over 36 hours (Study 1) or 72 hours (Study 2) post-dose. Studies 1 and 2 used standard noncompartmental analysis. Study 2 also used population PK (PPK) analyses with ADAPT 5®. The final model predicted SFGC area-under-the-curve (AUCpred) and maximal concentration (Cmaxpred). Analyses of variance was conducted on ln-transformed PK parameters. Ratios of means and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. Bioequivalence was demonstrated if values were within 80-125%. For Study 1, ratios and 90% CIs for TI baseline-corrected Cmax and AUC0-36 were 100.4 (96.5 - 104.5) and 99.7 (94.2 - 105.5). For TBI, results for TI baseline-corrected Cmax and AUC0-36 were 86.8 (82.7 - 91.1) and 92.4 (85.6 - 99.7). For Study 2, a multi-compartmental model simultaneously described the PK of TI, TBI and SFGC. Ratios and 90% CIs for SFGC Cmaxpred and AUCpred were 89.9 (85.9 - 94.0) and 89.7 (85.7 - 93.9), while ratios and 90% CI obtained from the noncompartmental analysis of Study 2 did not meet BE criteria because of low power. Both the standard and PPK modeling approach suggested bioequivalence between the iron products. However, with the PPK method, less subjects were required to meet study objectives compared to the standard noncompartmental approach which required considerably more subjects (29 vs 240).

Interaction of mineral salts with the skin: a literature survey

There is growing scientific evidence that the health, well-being and the attractiveness of the skin are strongly influenced by nutrition. Consumers recognize this and have supported the creation of a global cosmeceuticals market estimated in 2010 at $27.2 billion. Early in 2011, the US Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Agriculture issued the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Twelve vitamins and nine minerals were recognized as essential. The minerals include calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, potassium and sodium. Although the topical benefits of several minerals such as zinc, magnesium and iron are recognized and, in some cases, approved by the FDA, the topical benefits of the others to the skin are largely unexplored and unexploited. This review attempts to summarize what has been published in the literature on the interactions of the eight of the nine essential elements with the skin.

Intoxikationen bei Schwangeren

Attempted suicides and poisonings in pregnancy are a challenge for health care professionals because of the unknown effects of the toxic agent and the antidote therapy on the unborn. In case of intoxication, the malformation risk is often overestimated. In contrast, pertinent data show that the risk is not very high as long as the drug is not known as a teratogen and the mother's health is not substantially impaired. This applies to suicide attempts with acetaminophen, iron-containing products, and multidrug overdoses with psychopharmaceuticals as well as snake and spider bites and the ingestion of poisonous mushrooms. It is of utmost importance that the pregnant patient receives the same detoxification and supportive therapy following pertinent guidelines as a non-pregnant patient. The fetus should be followed-up by ultrasound with special focus on its vital parameters, movement pattern, and normal growth and organ differentiation. As long as the maternal health status is not substantially impaired, there is no indication to discuss elective termination of pregnancy "for toxicological reasons".