Ireland Province Research Articles

Пять пятин Ирландии: новое, неожиданное предположение?

The problem of the so-called ‘five fifths of Ireland’ remains unresolved up to now, in spite of numerous attempts to find a solution to this linguistic and geographical contradiction. In Modern Irish, traditional provinces of Ireland are called cúige (‘a fifth’), but there are only four (Ulster, Leinster, Munster and Connacht) of them. The same names of the four provinces were known in the Early Irish literature (cóiced Ulad etc). The Irish literati envisaged that contradiction and made some attempts to resolve it in early mythological and pseudo-historical sources (in sagas and poetry). According to their pseudo-historical theory, the province of Munster was further divided into ‘the fifth of Cú Roí’ and ‘the fifth of Eochu mac Luchta’. At the same time, the compiler of the saga ‘The Settling of the Manor of Tara’ proposes a theory of the sacred centre (Tara, the seat of kingship, and/or the hill Uisnech, the centre of druidism) of Ireland and of the four subject provinces or zones – North, South, East and West. The idea of of the dominant Goidelic race led T.F. O’Rahilly to propose the existence of the Midland kingdom. Rees Brothers added to this theory a veil of universal cosmology. We would like to propose another solution to this problem. It is not based upon the traditional cosmological or geographical principle of division of a country, but on another one, which can also be presented as the ‘traditional’ principle as far as the geography of the Ancient World is concerned. In reality, it may well be that Ireland was divided into five parts, but this so-called ‘native’ division of the island persisted for a short time only. The idea of the ‘five fifths’ preserved in Irish mythology and pseudo-history was supported by the symbolic role of the number ‘five’ in Irish tradition. Thus, the ‘power of word’ or a word-hypnosis influenced historical and native geographical tradition.

Molecular Characterization of Equine Rotavirus in Ireland

Group A rotaviruses are important causative agents of severe, acute dehydrating diarrhea in foals. A total of 86 rotavirus-positive fecal samples, collected from diarrheic foals from 11 counties in three of the four provinces of Ireland, were obtained from the Irish Equine Centre in Kildare during a 7-year (1999 to 2005) passive surveillance study and were characterized molecularly to establish the VP7 (G type) and VP4 (P type) antigenic specificities. Fifty-eight samples (67.5%) were found to contain G3 viruses, while in 26 samples (30.2%) the rotaviruses were typed as G14 and in 2 samples (2.3%) there was a mixed infection, G3 plus G14. All samples except for two, which were untypeable, were characterized as P[12]. Fifty-eight percent of the samples were obtained from County Kildare, the center of the Irish horse industry, where an apparent shift from G3P[12] to G14P[12] was observed in 2003. By sequence analysis of the VP7 protein, the G3 Irish strains were shown to resemble viruses of the G3A subtype (H2-like) (97.1 to 100% amino acid [aa] identity), while the G14 Irish strains displayed 93.9 to 97.1% aa identity to other G14 viruses. In the VP8* fragment of the VP4 protein, the P[12] Irish viruses displayed high conservation (92.3 to 100% aa) with other equine P[12] viruses. Worldwide, G3P[12] and G14P[12] are the most prevalent equine rotavirus strains, and G3P[12] vaccines have been developed for prevention of rotavirus-associated diarrhea in foals. Investigations of the VP7/VP4 diversity of the circulating equine viruses and the dynamics of strain replacement are important for better assessing the efficacies of the vaccines.

Police and Thieves, Gunmen and Drunks: Problems with Men and Problems with Society in Papua New Guinea

The image of the ‘man with a gun’ is pervasive in Papua New Guinea and connotes not only the state's capacity to use force, but that of men to resist and subvert state control. At the same time, the association of beer and marijuana with both modernity and violent masculine behaviours provides the context, the justification and the forms of homosocial activities involving violence. In this paper, I explore the ambiguities surrounding guns as instruments of state force and as symbols of masculine autonomy in so‐called ‘weak states’ by examining some stories about the ways that guns are acquired for illegal activities. In particular, I shall discuss the ways that guns and beer are instruments of violence and potency for police, tribal warriors and criminals as well as some of the means whereby men gain access to new forms of power. Drawing on ethnographic research with young men in New Ireland Province, the paper will deal specifically with the ways that adolescent boys construe ‘modern masculinity’.

CERAMICS AND OBSIDIAN IN ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA AND OCEANIA] Recent archaeological investigations in the Bismarck Archipelago, Anir - New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea

CERAMICS AND OBSIDIAN IN ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA AND OCEANIA] Recent archaeological investigations in the Bismarck Archipelago, Anir - New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea

Archaeological Studies of the Middle and Late Holocene, Papua New Guinea. Part VIII. A preliminary study into the Lavongai rectilinear earth mounds: an XRD and phytolith analysis

This paper reports a pilot study undertaken at the Lavongai rectilinear earth mounds site in New Hanover, New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea. The objective of the study was to determine whether the mounds were formed as part of a prehistoric agricultural system. X-ray Diffraction and phytolith analyses were used on a series of sediment samples from a test pit excavated into one of the Lavongai mounds. The phytolith results indicate a change from forest species in the lowest samples to grass species in the highest samples and the presence of a variety of plant species recorded in the ethnography of medicinal plants. The XRD results indicate that the sediments throughout the depth of the mound have a similar origin, suggesting that the changes in phytoliths do not represent changes in the source of the sediments. It is proposed that the phytolith results reflect four phases of gardening practices beginning between c. 3000 bp and c. 4000 bp.

The morphology and syntax of Ulster Scots

Ulster differs from the other three historical provinces of Ireland in the presence of Ulster Scots, an off-shoot of Lowland Scots brought principally from the Western and Central Lowlands of Scotland in the 17th century through a plantation established by King James I and through periodic migrations, especially in times of economic duress in Scotland. Since that time Ulster Scots has been spoken in rural parts of Counties Antrim, Donegal, Down, and Londonderry/Derry, where it was mapped by Robert Gregg in the 1960s mainly on the basis of phonological features. The present article, based on eight years of fieldwork with native speakers in Antrim, analyzes a range of pronominal, verbal, and syntactic features, seeking to identify general patterns as well as variation within Ulster Scots. When possible, comparisons are made to Lowland Scots and Irish English in order to situate structural features of Ulster Scots within the larger linguistic landscape of the British Isles.

The Quaker Meeting Houses of Ireland: An Account of the Some 150 Meeting Houses and 100 Burial Grounds in Ireland, from the Arrival of the Movement in 1654 to the Present Time (review)

56Quaker History The fundamental question is whether this book with its flaws is a better choice for a modem reader than struggling through one of the older versions currently available. Unfortunately, the answer is no. Paul BuckleyEarlham School of Religion The Quaker Meeting Houses of Ireland: An Account of the Some 150 Meeting Houses and 100 Burial Grounds in Ireland, from the Arrival of the Movement in 1654 to the Present Time. By David M. Butler. Dublin: Irish Friends Historical Committee, 2004. 256 pp. Maps, illustrations, notes, and index. This year (2004) is the 350th anniversary of the Quaker movement in Ireland. As part of the commemorations, the Irish Friends Historical Committee has published The QuakerMeetingHouses ofIrelandby David M. Butler. The author's previous two-volume Quaker Meeting Houses of Britain (1999) set the stage for the Irish volume. Although it should be considered a stand alone work, Butler's Irish book is akin to a third volume. It has the same dimensions, a similar cover design, and a similar treatment of the subject. The book is organized into six sections. The introductory pages provide basic information on Irish Friends, including an extensive list of sources. The next four units cover the provinces of Ireland. Each province has an introductory essay, a list of sources pertinent to that province exclusively, and an entry for each meeting. The entries provide an historical essay with sketches and floorplans of the Friends meeting house (FMH). In his 55page appendix, Butler enlarges upon his excellent essays from the Britain books, inserting Irish examples as appropriate. One of my greatest surprises was to find that Butler retained the following sentence from his 1999 appendix (page 206): "No outside precedents show in the design of early Quaker meeting houses, only those arising from within the movement." This understanding has been challenged recently. Meeting houses such as Lisburn (1709, p. 165) and Ettington (England, 1688) are strikingly similar to the Puritans' Guyhirn Chapel (1660), and the Hertford FMH (England, 1670), is quite similar in appearance to the 1653 Sudbury Congregational MH. Did Friends and other English nonconformists borrow from each other during the late seventeenth century? Or are the similarities superficial or coincidental? Butler does not say. When I spoke with Butler in the spring of 2004, he said he sought to identify in the book the uniquely Quaker traits of FMHs in Ireland. Two Book Reviews57 examples ofintrinsic Quaker values surfacing in the Irish book represent a break with his English volumes. In Ireland, as in America, the dominant signification of the term gallery was the facing bench area, not the balcony -like area (loft). Butler notes this and follows suit rather than using the term minister 's stand as in his English volumes. Second, Friends traditionally have not used the prefix saint in proper nouns, as that was usually inconsistent with the use of the word hagios in scripture. Whereas in his earlier work, Butler included entries under "St. Austell" (1:70) and "St. Helens" (1:337), neither being the name used by Friends, in this volume Butler describes the location of a Dublin burial ground as "Stephen's Green [usually with the prefix St, but not among Friends]." With the completion of this book, seven of the eight yearly meetings organized before 1800 have a printed inventory of meeting houses. New York YM remains as the architectural "black hole" of the ancient yearly meetings. These works vary in quality and thoroughness, but Butler's works in England and Ireland are first rate. Seth HinshawDowningtown, Pa. Historical Dictionary of the Friends (Quakers). Ed. by Margery Post Abbott, Mary Ellen Chijioke, Pink Dandelion, and John W. Oliver. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow, 2003. 32 + 432 pp. Illustrations, appendixes, bibliography , and index. $80. Prior to this book's publication, there were few up-to-date resources for reference in the area of Quaker studies. For scholars looking for reference sources, improvisation has often been the order ofthe day. The Haverford College library, for example, possesses a "Dictionary of Quaker Biography " that is housed in over 100 bi nders. The initial volume states that it was begun under the editorship of William Bacon Evans a half-century ago. This mammoth...

Wallaby extinctions at the macropodid frontier: the changing status of the northern pademelon Thylogale browni (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) in New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea.

The northern pademelon (Thylogale browni) is a small to medium-sized macropodid that is native to northern and central New Guinea, but is also found on some of the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago, such as New Britain, New Ireland and Lavongai, where it appears to have been introduced. In New Ireland, archaeological evidence indicates that it may have been introduced by prehistoric human agency c. 7,000 years ago. In the chain of islands that constitutes New Ireland Province, historical evidence indicates that the species also recently occurred in the Tabar, Lihir, Tanga and Feni island groups prior to undergoing a series of local extinctions and range contractions during the first half of the 20th century. Furthermore T. browni also appears to have declined on New Ireland and Lavongai, where it is now restricted to the remote mountainous interior. Much of the sudden range contraction coincided with the Pacific War (1942-1945), during which time blockaded Japanese troops confiscated local food produce. It is postulated that the privations of war led to an extended period of over-hunting which drove the species into local extinction in much of its former range. Furthermore, since the war, ongoing human pressures and a breakdown in the traditional ethnozoological translocation / re-stocking regimes which would normally have re-introduced this species to satellite islands, appears to have prevented T. browni from regaining its former widespread distribution in the New Ireland Province Archipelago.

ALBERT CHAN, S.J. 1915–2005

About 400 miles north of Lima, Peru, is the town of Pacasmayo, with its current population of about 30, 000. Located on a large bay on the Pacific seaboard, the town became an important seaport from the mid-nineteenth century onward since agricultural products came from outlying interior towns for export by sea. The son of a Chinese father involved in export trade and a Peruvian mother, Albert Chan was born in Pacasmayo on January 25, 1915. As a young child he became bilingual in Spanish and Cantonese. His father insisted that he develop his Chinese studies further so he was sent to Hong Kong where he was graduated from Wah Yan College in 1934. On July 30 of that year he entered the Society of Jesus as a member of the Province of Ireland since the Irish Jesuits had been earlier assigned the mission in Hong Kong. For his two years of novitiate and a year of classical studies Chan was sent to Novaliches, in the Manila region of the Philippines. He returned to Hong Kong in 1938 for another year of classical studies. He spent the three-year period of philosophy studies in the Philippines (Novaliches and then Baguio). He was sent to Wah Yan College Hong Kong where he taught from 1942 to 1945. His first year of theological studies was at Zikawei (Xujiahui), then located near Shanghai. Because of the changing circumstances in China, Chan was sent to Dublin, Ireland for his last years of theology where he was ordained on July 30, 1947. He came to the United States in 1949 at Pomfret Center, Connecticut for the final year of Jesuit training.

Having a field day: managerialism, educational discourse and the fifth province of Ireland

From the perspective of lecturers in English and Humanities, this paper addresses the current crisis of managerialism in higher education, grounding the discussion in the realities of smaller institutions in Northern Ireland. It begins with the premise that the language of auditing, bureaucracy and accountability has achieved hegemony within such institutions and within the broader academic community. In Field Day's notion of a “fifth province”, we find a particularly useful model for developing the case that the space sought is most likely extra‐mural with respect to institutions, but critically engaged with those institutions at the same time. We then ask what intellectual and educational role the activity of such a “Field Day” should play with respect to public discourse and to the role of the public intellectual.

Petztorme Women: Responding to Change in Lihir, Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACTThe goldmining project on Lihir Island in New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, has brought dramatic socio‐economic changes. In this matrilineal society, while women's economic contributions were substantial, their political status was not. Women's participation in decision‐making about the mine has been restricted, mainly because men have excluded them. The mining company established a women's section that has supported the development of women's organizations and a range of economic development projects. The women's organizations provide the context for new political roles for women but have experienced many setbacks that are common in such groups across Papua New Guinea. Through the Lihir experience in the first five years of the mine, this paper examines the tensions and divided loyalties that constrain women's organizations and often lead to the failure of income‐generating women's projects in Papua New Guinea.

Genetic diversity within the R408W phenylketonuria mutation lineages in Europe.

The R408W phenylketonuria mutation in Europe has arisen by recurrent mutation in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) locus and is associated with two major PAH haplotypes. R408W-2.3 exhibits a west-to-east cline of relative frequency reaching its maximum in the Balto-Slavic region, while R408W-1.8 exhibits an east-to-west cline peaking in Connacht, the most westerly province of Ireland. Spatial autocorrelation analysis has demonstrated that the R408W-2.3 cline, like that of R408W-1.8, is consistent with a pattern likely to have been established by human dispersal. Genetic diversity within wild-type and R408W chromosomes in Europe was assessed through variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) nucleotide sequence variation and tetranucleotide short tandem repeat (STR) allelic associations. Wild-type VNTR-8 chromosomes exhibited two major cassette sequence organizations: (a1)5-b3-b2-c1 and (a1)5-b5-b2-c1. R408W-1.8 was predominantly associated with (a1)5-B5-B2-C1. Both wild-type vntr-3 and r408w-2.3 chromosomes exhibited a single invariant cassette sequence organization, a2-b2-c1. STR allele distributions associated with the cassette variants were consistent with greater diversity in the wild-type VNTR-8 lineage and were suggestive of different levels of diversity between R408W-1.8 and R408W-2.3. The finding of greater genetic diversity within the wild-type VNTR-8 lineage compared to VNTR-3 suggests that VNTR-8 may be older within the European population. However, in the absence of a more extensive STR data-set, no such conclusions are possible for the respective R408W mutant lineages.

The Follies and Garden Buildings of Ireland

This volume - the first to focus solely on follies and garden buildings in Ireland - recreates in word and image the wonder of these architectural oddities. James Howley examines buildings mainly from the 18th and 19th centuries and from all four provinces of Ireland, placing them in their architectural and historical contexts. Illustrated with recent photographs showing the detail and settings of the buildings in the 21st century, as well as older photographs, contemporary drawings and prints, and measured survey drawings of elevations and plans, the book makes a significant contribution to Irish 18th- and 19th-century architectural history.

Networking by the Indian Business Community in Northern Ireland

The business success of Indian emigrants has attracted a great deal of popular attention in recent years. The number of systematic studies, however, is woe fully limited, and so is our understanding of the factors impinging upon the entrepreneurial manifestations of Indians abroad. This paper discusses an important aspect of the business behaviour of the Indian business community in the province of Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom.

Retrospective survey of rugby injuries in the Leinster province of Ireland 1987-1989.

Rugby Union Football is a high-speed contact sport and has a significant incidence of injury. This study evaluated senior rugby players with reference to the anatomical site of injury for each playing position.

A study of digital dermatoglyphics in Ireland

Handprints obtained from 600 Irish subjects (274 males and 326 females), drawn from all counties of Ireland, were analysed. There was no clear evidence of any differences between the four great provinces of Ireland, nor between east and west, such as were shown by comprehensive blood group data, and it is concluded that Ireland can be regarded as dermatoglyphically homogeneous. Comparisons of the Irish quantitative and qualitative digital dermatoglyphics with those from other samples in Britain, and from other European countries, show that Ireland occupies a near-extreme position in the European range. These results are regarded as compatible with the interpretation from blood group evidence, that Ireland represented a region of refuge for an ancient population in the face of continuing colonizing pressure from the east in prehistoric and historic times, and traces of that ancient population are detectable in the genepool today.

Education for village life? What has happened to grade ten leavers from the five SSCEP high schools?

SSCEP is a unified approach to secondary schooling. It offers an education which imparts academic skills through practical projects, outstations and community extension. This form of experiential education is intended to benefit both those students who will go on to further studies and formal sector employment and those who will go home to their villages. Initial evaluation of the process of SSCEP by Crossley, Cummings, Vulliamy, Weeks and others has indicated that SSCEP was relatively successful in achieving its objectives. In this paper certain aspects of the outcomes of SSCEP are reviewed. A number of studies of what has happened to the Grade 10 leavers between 1980 and 1984 are summarized and new findings are reported on. It has been found that SSCEP does not disadvantage its Grade 10 leavers, but on the contrary there are indications that both the Nominated Leavers (those who would have been selected to leave at the end of Grade 8) and the Nominated Stayers (those who would have been selected to complete Grade 10) are advantaged by their overall high school experience. The findings of the first tracer studies by White, Coke and Yatu also indicate that SSCEP has had an impact (though perhaps not a dramatic one as it is too early to tell what the full consequences of an innovation like SSCEP will be on the leaver in his community). The null hypothesis that there is no difference between SSCEP and non-SSCEP leavers is not supported by the findings of Coke's survey in New Ireland Province as there are some significant differences between the two samples. Aspects of the SSCEP innovation are now to be extended to all high schools, but in a modified form.

Evidence for late Ordovician amalgamation of volcanogenic terranes in the Iapetus suture zone, eastern Ireland

ABSTRACTA major transcurrent fault in the zone of the Iapetus suture in eastern Ireland separates Ordovician (pre-Ashgill) terranes. The stratigraphy of each terrane belongs to a dismembered volcanic arc system: the northern terrane is characterised by acid plinian eruptions and derivative sediments which are displaced relative to the andesitic southern terrane volcanism. Each was a separate palaeoenvironment with its own lithostratigraphical character and faunal elements which were juxtaposed across the fault. However, the late Ashgill to Silurian sediments in both terranes form part of a regional overstep sequence which links across the suture zone, such that the palaeogeographical contrasts were eliminated by the Silurian. The inference is that the detached terranes were gradually amalgamated by late Ordovician transtensional movements. This occurred when regional scale subduction-related volcanism had ended. Final assembly by early Devonian sinistral transpressive movements juxtaposed a northern terrane, akin to the Lake District/SE Ireland calcalkaline volcanic province, with a southern terrane in the tholeiitic province of eastern Ireland. As distinct from a singular fault trace, the Iapetus suture is regarded as a 100 km wide zone of anastomosing late Caledonian transcurrent faults whose precursors were active during late Ordovician (i.e. Taconic) terrane amalgamation.

An Arundian fauna from the Dyserth area, North Wales and its correlation within the British Isles

SUMMARY A rich fauna of Arundian (early Viséan) age has been identified from dark grey well bedded limestones in the Dyserth area of North Wales. Hitherto, this fauna has been considered to be of Asbian or Brigantian age (late Viséan), but additional sampling, together with re-examination of specimens from the British Geological Survey Collection and figured material of Neaverson (1929), has established the Arundian age. The coral/brachiopod assemblages are described and compared with the Dinantian of south Cumbria (Arnside Fauna) and the Northern, Central and South-Western Provinces of Britain and Ireland.

The Anglo-Irish Agreement

T ~A^ he British government has invited Irish government to share in burden of administering troubled province of Northern Ireland. This is unique invitation spelled out in an agreement signed on November 15, 1985, by prime ministers of Britain and Ireland, Margaret Thatcher and Gar ret FitzGerald. If put into practice, this Anglo-Irish agreement will be most important development in relations between two countries since 1922, when south of Ireland re ceived independent dominion status Irish Free State while Northern Ireland remained within United Kingdom. The agreement represents a dramatic shift in Prime Minister Thatcher's position. During her first several years in office, she attached highest importance to maintaining British sover eignty in Northern Ireland. In her first meeting with Fitz Gerald after he became prime minister in 1981, she remarked that she regarded north being as British referring to her own constituency in south of England. FitzGerald responded that Britain did not have thousands of troops stationed in Finchley, nor did it have a secretary of state in cabinet for Finchley's affairs. One Irish official dubbed Mrs. Thatcher the last true unionist.