Iraqi Oil Research Articles

The role of foreign aid in the transformation of Iraq's society and economy

Abstract Foreign aid helps in transforming nations and ensuring that they attain economic development. Foreign aid levels in Iraq are higher than those of its oil-producing neighbors due to numerous factors that are discussed in the present study. Iraq is the second largest oil producer in the Middle East after Saudi Arabia, but some activities within the country have curtailed development, leaving it at the mercy of foreign nations and investors. The present study aims to evaluate the level of foreign aid in Iraq, comparing it to its oil-rich neighbors. It highlights various factors that have increased Iraq's dependence on foreign aid and the role and management of this assistance. The article shows how negative factors like war, poor governance, and corruption have contributed to the over-reliance on foreign aid, in spite of Iraqbeing endowed with natural resources. The qualitative evaluation of the development of Iraq's oil aid reveals that continued reliance on foreign aid will jeopardizes the country's economic development.

Utilizing Attapulgite as Anti-Spill Liners of Crude Oil

The efficiency of attapulgite liners as anti-seepage for crude oil is examined. Consideration is given to the potential use of raw attapulgite and mixture attapulgite with prairie hay and coconut husk as liners to prevent crude oil seepage. Attapulgite clay used in this study was brought from Injana formation /Western Desert of Iraq. Two types of Crude oil brought from Iraqi oil fields were used in experiments; heavy crude oil from East-Baghdad oil field and light crude oil from Nassiriya oil field. Initially the basic properties of attapulgite and crude oils were determined. The attapulgite clay was subjected to mineralogical, chemical and scanning electron microscope analyses. Raw Attapulgite 150µm, 75µm, and 53µm were tested as anti-seepage liners for heavy and light crude oil. Experiments showed that raw attapulgite liners 53µm and 75µm are good in terms of retention and prevention of seepage so they can be used as the main layer to impede the flow of heavy crude oil. Raw attapulgite150µm could not be used as a liner to impede the flow of crude oil. This type of liner is totally inefficient for heavy and light crude oil. Adding prairie hay to attapulgite 150µm gives a good barrier medium that retains heavy crude oil and prevents it from seepage as long as possible. Raw attapulgite liners failed to prevent light crude oil seepage whereas the partial substitution of attapulgite by prairie hay or coconut enhanced the performance of the liner. Moreover, the addition of prairie hay with coconut to attapulgite enhanced the performance of the liner to a greater extent compared to raw attapulgite liners and mixture liner attapulgite with prairie hay.

Aspects of Iraqi hydrocarbon explorations: obstacles and prospects upgrading

The goal of hydrocarbon exploration is to find hydrocarbon accumulation in commercial quantities. When studying the proven oil reserves in Iraq (150 billion barrels) and the probable oil reserves (130 billion barrels) and a proven gas reserves (127 trillion cubic feet) and a probable gas reserves (275) trillion cubic feet, we find that such figures put on a huge task on future exploration requirements. The conversion of a large portion of the probable reserve into a proven reserve is a significant support to firstly to maximize the proven reserve and secondly to further consolidate the financial and economic situation of Iraq. The only way to do this is through a steady increase in drilling exploration wells from (2-3) wells annually at present to (10) wells annually at the very least, noting that the total geological structures are (530) structures, of which only (130) have been drilled during the last decade. Therefore, the remaining (400) structures in the light of the currentrate, Iraq needs more than (133) years to cover the required drilling .If the number of drilled wells is increased annually to (10) wells, the period will decrease to (40) years which seems a relatively reasonable period for significant strengthening of Iraqi hydrocarbon proven reserves before the possibility of finding alternatives to this energy in the future .This study focuses on selecting the preferred structures to be drilled depending on the different geological parameters such as minimum rate of risk, dimensions of structures, probable oil API and their total reserves. The study highlights some of the preferred structures for the location of exploratory wells by determining the different possible geological periods with high oil potential. according to tectonic division adapted by the Exploration Oil Company The study also suggests a few structures that are expected to be future giant reservoirs either by deeper drilling of the existing oil fields, taking into account the results of the latest exploration drilling in neighboring countries or in the deeper reservoirs of the inverted structures, besides revaluating some Iraq Oil Company (IPC) wells which suffer from the problem of old methods.

Matrix acidizing is a good stimulation process in which acid is introduced into the reservoir near the wellbore area via the wellbore or coil tubing. In the oil industry, formation damage is a prevalent problem. Bypassing wellbore damage by producing wormholes in carbonate reservoirs is the main purpose of acidizing the matrix of the formation. When doing lab tests, scientists

Matrix acidizing is a good stimulation process in which acid is introduced into the reservoir near the wellbore area via the wellbore or coil tubing. In the oil industry, formation damage is a prevalent problem. Bypassing wellbore damage by producing wormholes in carbonate reservoirs is the main purpose of acidizing the matrix of the formation. When doing lab tests, scientists are looking for a wormhole-inducing injection rate that can be used in the field. Meantime the ongoing works on the Ahdeb oil field's Mishrif reservoir, several reports have documented the difficulties encountered during stimulation operations, including high injection pressures that make it difficult to inject acid into the reservoir formation; and only a few acid jobs have been successful in Ahdeb oil wells, while the majority of the others have been failures; For this formation, there is a high incidence of oil well stimulation failed. This requires more study. Thus, in this work, we experimented to examine the effect of acid treatment on the petrophysical parameters of the Mishrif reservoir. The acid core-flood tests used seven core samples from a central Iraqi oil field.

Rock Type and Pore Throat Radius of Zubair Formation in the W Oil Field: Analysis Utilizing Core and Log Data

The Zubair Formation is a prolific oil reservoir in several southeastern Iraq oil fields. The formation comprises thick sandstones with interbedded shales and siltstones of Lower Cretaceous age (Hauterivian to lower Aptian). The environment of the Zubair Formation consists of fluviodeltaic, deltaic, and marine sandstones. In southern Iraq, the area is subdivided into informal members (oldest to youngest). The Lower Shale, lower sand, middle shale, main pay upper sand, and the upper shale. At the W oilfield, the main pay member is an oil producer. The thickness is of the main reservoir about 100 meters thick. A recent study focused on the Main Pay upper sand, which is divided into three informal units. The upper unit H and lower unit L reservoir units are connected by shale intervals (K unit) that extend throughout the field area laterally. There exist four depositional lithofacies of Zubair Formation fluvial, channel, mouth bar, and prodelta depositional lithofacies. Four Facies were defined according to gamma-ray sandstone, shaly sand, sandy shale, and shale Facies. The Zubair formation has four types of rocks (RRT1, RRT2, RRT3, and RRT4) due to heterogeneity. The RRT1 is characterized by 10%-25% porosities and 10-1000 mD permeability. The RRT2 has a similar porosity range to RRT1, 15%–25%, but an order ofmagnitude lower permeability range from 10-100 mD. RRT3 is considered to have high porosity and low permeability is thought to have great storage but poor flow potential. RRT 3 is characterized by 6%-15% porosities and <10 mD permeability. Meanwhile, RRT4 is considered to have low porosity and low permeability. Various rock types showed in the H unit due to heterogeneity, which composed this unit. The K unit unveiled RRT4 due to shale Facies. The rocks types common of unit L are RRT1 and RRT2 where the L unit mostly ranged from sandstone to shaly sand Facies.

Investigation of the Critical Factors Influencing Low-Cost Green Sustainable Housing Projects in Iraq

Iraq oil rich country is in the condition of economic chaos and confronting an intense scarcity for the low-cost housing in the capital as migration from the surrounding cities flooded where country poor economic condition has pushed the housing price hiked in cities. Therefore, this study is conducted with aims to determine critical factors affecting the affordable housing in Iraq. Quantitative study consisting close ended questionnaire of four sections cover all critical factors and randomly distributed questionnaire among the construction industry players to determine the objectives of the study. The questionnaire was translated into Arabic/local language so the every responded understand the questions, total distributed questionnaire is 175 and in response 134 received and data is analysed using SPSS software. Study findings shows that sustainable land management, easy and low interest rate loan arrangement to overcome on the financial constraints are the critical problem followed by unsteady or interpreted supply of construction materials, pricing control significantly help to keep lower the cost of affordable housing. Study also concluded that smaller size houses are no longer the key barriers of acceptance to the Iraqi community. Thus, study strongly recommend government stakeholders to develop framework and properly manage the land for housing purpose. Lastly, steady supply chain management for all the essential construction materials such as steel, technology, cement, electrical and sanitary appliance also control the pricing so low-cost housing dream of the people become true.

Assessment of the Common PVT Correlations in Iraqi Oil Fields

Pressure volume temperature (PVT) analysis is the process of determining the fluid behaviors and properties of oil and gas samples from an existing well. Normally, PVT properties are experimentally measured in the laboratory. However, the absence of PVT measurement negatively impacts the application of many petroleum engineering calculations such as reserves estimation, material balance, reservoir simulation, production equipment design, and optimization of well performance.
 In this work, we developed a program using VBA and MS EXCEL to compare between the collected measurements of PVT properties that were collected from 41 Iraqi oil cruds and the values obtained from the correlations. After the comparison process, we chose the correlation that have the close values to the PVT measurements that were collected previously.
 This type of study, in which we compare the results of existing literature correlations to the measured value in a laboratory for a specific country or location, has been conducted in a number of countries, including Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, and Egypt, but not in Iraq, which is where the value of this study lies.
 A total of 92 correlations were involved in this study including, (19) Bubble point pressure, (10) gas-oil ratio, (20) oil FVF, (10) saturated Viscosity, (3) density at bubble point, (7) undersaturated oil compressibility, (12) dead viscosity, (3) undersaturated oil FVF, (8) undersaturated viscosity.
 Over all, the best performance was obtained using the “Elsharkawy and Alikhan [1] “correlation for ( Pb, Rs, Bo) , “Standing [2]” correlation for Density at bubble point , “Almehaideb [3]” for below bubble point viscosity , “Labedi [4]” for Dead viscosity, “Al-Marhoun [5]” for above bubble point oil FVF, “Standing [2]” for above bubble point oil compressibility, “Petrosky and Farshad [6]” for above bubble point viscosity, based on consistently low values of (AAPE) and (RMS) and cross plot.

Evaluation of Cementation Job Using Cement Bond Log

Well cementing is an important process during oil and gas well drilling due role in supporting the well casing and preventing formation collapsing. Generally, there are two types of cementing process that are primary cementing and remedial cementing. The type of cement uses in oil and gas well is Portland cement mixed with improvements additives to enhance its characteristics. Various types of cements are used depends on different factors of the cemented region. This cementing process is evaluated using various methods such as ( CBL , Image, VDL, RBT , UST , RIB , URS logs ). Each one of them have its features, specifications and applications. In this paper, we evaluated the cement process for an Iraqi oil well by using CBL, Image and VDL logsy divided to two by selecting two different sections of the well; section A (depth 1780 m to 1800 m) , and section B (depth 1800 m to 1825 m). Our results show that in section A the cementing process is failed because there is no cement behind the casing (a free pipe case is available with fast formation), while section B show a good cementing process.

Development of New Models to Determine the Rheological Parameters of Water-Based Drilling Fluid using Artificial Neural Networks

It is well known that drilling fluid is a key parameter for optimizing drilling operations, cleaning the hole, and managing the rig hydraulics and margins of surge and swab pressures. Although the experimental works represent valid and reliable results, they are expensive and time consuming. In contrast, continuous and regular determination of the rheological fluid properties can perform its essential functions during good construction. The aim of this study is to develop empirical models to estimate the drilling mud rheological properties of water-based fluids with less need for lab measurements. This study provides two predictive techniques, multiple regression analysis and artificial neural networks, to determine the rheological properties of water-based drilling fluid using other simple measurable properties. While mud density, marsh funnel, and solid% are key input parameters in this study, the output models are plastic viscosity, yield point, apparent viscosity and gel strength. The prediction methods have been applied on datasets taken from the final reports of two wells drilled in the Ahdeb oil field, eastern Iraq. To test the performance ability of the developed models, two error-based metrics (determination coefficient R2 and root mean square error have been used in this study. The current results support the evidence that MW, MF, and solid% are consistent indexes for the prediction of rheological mud properties. Both mud density and solid content have a relative-significant effect on increasing PV, YP, AV, and gel strength. The results also reveal that both MRA and ANN are conservative in estimating the fluid rheological properties, but ANN is more precise than MRA. Eight empirical mathematical models with high performance capacity have been developed in this study to determine the rheological fluid properties using simple and quick equipment such as mud balance and marsh funnel. This study presents cost-effective models to determine the rheological fluid properties for future well planning in Iraqi oil fields.

Development of Artificial Intelligence Models for Estimating Rate of Penetration in East Baghdad Field, Middle Iraq

It is well known that the rate of penetration is a key function for drilling engineers since it is directly related to the final well cost, thus reducing the non-productive time is a target of interest for all oil companies by optimizing the drilling processes or drilling parameters. These drilling parameters include mechanical (RPM, WOB, flow rate, SPP, torque and hook load) and travel transit time. The big challenge prediction is the complex interconnection between the drilling parameters so artificial intelligence techniques have been conducted in this study to predict ROP using operational drilling parameters and formation characteristics. In the current study, three AI techniques have been used which are neural network, fuzzy inference system and genetic algorithm. An offset field data was collected from mud logging and wire line log from East Baghdad oil field south region to build the AI models, including datasets of two wells: well 1 for AI modeling and well 2 for validation of the obtained results. The types of interesting formations are sandstone and shale (Nahr Umr and Zubair formations). Nahr Umr and Zubair formations are medium –harder. The prediction results obtained from this study showed that the ANN technique can predict the ROP with high efficiency as well as FIS technique could achieve reliable results in predicting ROP, but GA technique has shown a lower efficiency in predicting ROP. The correlation coefficient and RMSE were two criteria utilized to evaluate and estimate the performance ability of AI techniques in predicting ROP and comparing the obtained results. In the Nahr Umr and Zubair formations, the obtained correlation coefficient values for training processes of ANN, FIS and GA were 0.94, 0.93, and 0.76 respectively. Data sets from another well (well 2) in the same field of interest were utilized to validate of the developed models. Datasets of well 2 were conducted against sandstone and shale formations (Nahr Umr and Zubair formations). The results revealed a good matching between the actual rate of penetration values and the predicted ROP values using two artificial intelligence techniques (neural network, and fuzzy inference technique). In contrast, the genetic algorithm model showed overestimation/ underestimation of the rate of penetration against sandstone and shale formations. This means that the optimum prediction of rate of penetration can be obtained from neural network model rather than using genetic algorithm and genetic algorithm techniques. The developed model can be successfully used to predict the rate of penetration and optimize the drilling parameters, achieving reduce the cost and time of future wells that will be drilled in the East Baghdad Iraqi oil field.

Utilizing Nanotechnology to Solve Drilling Problems in Iraqi Oil Fields

Nanotechnology is a recent technology which is used in all industry sectors. In the oil and gas industry, this technology is commonly used due to its importance in solving the problems encountered while drilling operations and production stages. Nanotechnology can be used to improve the drilling process by adding nano-materials to drilling fluids in order to reduce drilling problems. This research is extended to previous research that published in journal of petroleum research and studies to compared the effect of nano-materials [Commercial nano-materials Multi Walled Carbone Nano Tube (MWCNT) and nano silicon oxide (SiO2) with nano-silica (rice husks, that prepared in PRDC labs) on water base drilling mud properties].
 All characterization tests were achieved by the Nanotechnology and advanced materials researches center it is belongs to the University of Technology. The investigated properties of drilling mud included rheological properties and filtration. All tests are conducted according to API specifications (American Petroleum Institute).
 The results show an improvement in the rheological properties (plastic viscosity, yield point, apparent viscosity and gel strength) and filtration after adding the commercial MWCNT, nano silicon dioxide(Sio2) and the prepared nano-silica (rice husks) to the water based mud. The results of plastic viscosity of MWCNT,Sio2 and nano silica(rice husks) are 12,20,8 cp after adding 0.7 gm to the water base mud while the amount of filter is 11.8 ml after adding nano particle size of MWCNT , nanoSio2 and 11.6 after adding nano silica(rice husks). The prepared nano silica (rice husks) gave results similar to the results of the commercial nano silicon dioxide (SiO2). Therefore, using of nano silica (rice husks) can be cost effective due to producing these materials locally instead of using the commercial nano SiO2.

Strategic Organizing and Workforces Performance of Iraqi Oil Companies

Strategic organizing is an organizational management activity that must be effective and measurable implemented in the company to achieve the desired results. The organization as a well implemented strategic plan to manage the external changes. The aim of the research is to reveal the extent of the impact of strategic organizing on the performance of workforces in Iraqi oil companies. The research was conducted in Basra Oil Company as a field of study. The researcher adopted a major hypothesis that (there is a statistically significant impact of strategic organizing and its variables on the performance workforces of Iraqi oil companies. Sample of (145 people) was selected, and the questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. The result the most important of which is (the Iraqi oil companies need to work according to the concepts and requirements of strategic organizing ).

Depositional Environment and Microfacies Analysis of Yamama Formation in North Rumaila Oil Field, South Iraq

Yamama Formation is an important sequence in southern Iraq. Petrographic analysis was used to determine and analyze the microfacies and pore types. The diagenetic processes and the impacts on the petrophysical properties of the rocks were also identified. The petrographic identification was based on data of 250 thin sections of cutting and core samples from four wells that were supplied by the Iraqi Oil Exploration Company (O.E.C). The present study focuses on the depositional environment and the microfacies analysis of Yamama Formation. The results revealed several types of microfacies, including peloidal wackestone-packstone, algal wackestone-packstone, bioclastic wackestone-packstone, foraminiferal wackestone, bioclastic wackestone, and mudstone. The latter was divided into two submicrofacies, namely argillaceous lime mudstone and sparse fossiliferous lime mudstone. The study showed that Yamama Formation was deposited through various settings within the carbonate platform; these comprise inner ramp, middle ramp, and outer ramp settings. The inner and middle ramp settings, characterized at the top and middle Formation, have high effective porosity and low clay volume, due to dominant packstone.

Oil policy and investment licenses contracts in Iraq (analytical study)

As it is known, oil is one of the most important economic resources in Iraq, therefore the oil policy is the cornerstone for the investment of this vital resource, where it contributes to the revenues of the Iraqi budget were more than 90%. Since the discovery of Baba Gharghar field in Kirkuk at the beginning of the twentieth century, the retreat of the Ottoman Empire authority, the British occupation of Iraq began, and after Sykes-Picot Agreement in 1916, the right of exploration and exploitation of oil became for the British with 25% as a share for the French, so Iraqi oil was monopolized by the Iraqi Oil Company (IPC), under the concession agreement granted since 1928. The British and French monopoly companies exploited oil and extracted in large quantities and randomly to increase profits with a small share for the country which owns the resources. This resulted in the issue of Act No.80 for 1961 in the Republican era, which enabled Iraq to recover 99% of the land that was under the control of foreign companies. The National Oil Company was established under Act. No. 11 for 1964, and in the 1970s the operations of Iraq Oil Company Limited were nationalized, giving the National Oil Company the opportunity to explore, exploit and produce oil. In fact, nationalization constituted a significant qualitative leap in terms of increasing oil revenues, in addition to the prosperity and development, especially after the rise of oil prices in the seventies. But after 1980 and the entry of Iraq in fruitless wars, reflected on the nationalization achievements; production of oil declined significantly, especially after 1990 and the invasion of Kuwait till the occupation of Iraq in 2003, which led to the looting of oil fields and the destruction of some of them, therefore the oil sector was in a serious situation, prompting the operators in this sector in 2009 to resort to rounds of licenses to reinvest investment and production in this sector, in fact this option is a justification for the advancement of the Iraqi oil sector at present, but it is no longer the best option to promote it.

The Legal Framework of The Oil and Gas Industry In Iraq

The oil and gas industry is the backbone of the Iraqi economy and the primary source of government revenue. The Federal Government controls Iraq's oil and gas industry through the Ministry of Oil, responsible for policy formulation, regulation, exploration, production, marketing, and information disclosure. Except for a few refining enterprises, most national companies engaged in the oil and gas sector are wholly (100%) owned and overseen by the Ministry of Oil. In this research, national oil corporations are generally referred to as state-owned oil businesses. This article discusses the legal framework governing Iraq's oil and gas business, including the industry's constitutional provisions, investment rules, and the Draft Oil and Gas Law. Additionally, it briefly discusses the standard oil contract, which details the contractual relationships between state-owned and multinational oil corporations. Finally, the research examines the legal position of the Iraqi National Oil Company, which is tasked with the responsibility of succeeding nine state-owned oil businesses.

The Role of Non-Traditional Energy Sources In Enhancing Energy Security In The USA and Its Expected Implications For Iraq

Non-traditional energy sources are continually evolving and boosting output to the point that they may eventually compete with conventional energy sources. It is necessary to reduce its imports of crude oil and natural gas, notably Iraqi oil, To increase the United States' energy security. Therefore, energy security is a critical issue globally, especially in the United States of America. The energy security issue is proven by the rising demand for energy in exchange for the supply available. The study's objective is to educate students on energy security while also highlighting the US economy and energy balance. It intends to investigate the development of non-traditional energy sources and their consequences for the future production and pricing of conventional energy in the United States and around the globe. It attempts to analyze and understand the shale oil and shale gas revolution's impact on Iraq's oil exports and income. The findings demonstrate that the shale oil and gas revolution and the substantial and unanticipated increases in their production have contributed significantly to the United States of America's solid security. It will diminish worldwide demand for oil and gas, lowering global prices in the short and medium-term, particularly oil prices, which would have a detrimental effect on the Iraqi economy

NMR Logging Application for Complicated Reservoir Formation Evaluation of M Oil Field in Middle East

There are many carbonate oil fields laying-out in and around Middle-East region, which are the hot productive spot with the huge crude oil reserves. However, these reservoirs also face the challenges of complex lithology, diverse pore configuration, and strong formation heterogeneity to affect the field operation performance. Take Iraq oil companies as an example, before joint operations with overseas oil companies from 2010, only the conventional logging technologies were mainly applied on site, but which can not provide enough support for the development of oil field. After 2010, the advanced logging technologies, such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) logging which are superior to conventional logging in some aspects, are introduced in order to support oil fields development effectively, and which actually makes good performance to direct the identification of non-pay zones, hidden effective zones and micro-fracture distributions. Technical analysis is based on M Oil Field in Iraq to share the experiences of NMR logging application from the view of reservoir engineering in the complicated carbonate reservoir.

Construction of Comprehensive Geological Model for an Iraqi Oil Reservoir

The paper generates a geological model of a giant Middle East oil reservoir, the model constructed based on the field data of 161 wells. The main aim of the paper was to recognize the value of the reservoir to investigate the feasibility of working on the reservoir modeling prior to the final decision of the investment for further development of this oilfield. Well log, deviation survey, 2D/3D interpreted seismic structural maps, facies, and core test were utilized to construct the developed geological model based on comprehensive interpretation and correlation processes using the PETREL platform. The geological model mainly aims to estimate stock-tank oil initially in place of the reservoir. In addition, three scenarios were applied based on sensitivity and uncertainty of five variables to determine an accurate estimation of stock-tank oil initially in place of the reservoir. The oil-water contact appeared to be the major uncertain parameter for stock-tank oil initially in place estimation because the available geological and field data was not enough to demonstrate it confidently, and only 13% of the total wells have penetrated the water zone in the Mishrif formation. The results of all scenarios indicate that the reservoir has huge stock-tank oil initially in place. The importance of developing this oilfield is validated by its very high stock-tank oil. This is where the value of this study becomes obvious.

Intellectual and Knowledge Investment and its Role in Achieving Sustainable Development of Natural Resources: A Study Applied to the Iraqi Oil Ministry

An intellectual capital and knowledge is one of the basic and very important resources for modern organizations in light of the knowledge economy. It is another form of capital recognized in the new economy. The intellectual and cognitive capital consists of the basic components represented by the experiences, skills, knowledge and capabilities that individuals working within organizations possess, which have a clear and profound effect on determining the success of the organizations from their failure. The results showed that there are strong correlations between the independent variable with its dimensions represented by intellectual capital and knowledge capital and between the dependent variable represented in investment in natural resources, as well as there is a strong relationship between the independent variable with its dimensions represented by intellectual capital and knowledge capital and between the dependent variable represented in investment in resources. Accordingly, a set of recommendations were presented that can contribute to improving the level of investment. Its role in achieving the best investments for the natural resources is found underground through the interest in the human resource, which is one of the most important reasons for the success of organizations and the first element in achieving the well-being of society, as the more the human resource He has the knowledge, skill and ability to optimally utilize natural resources whenever this is one of the most important factors for the success of organizations. In addition, organizations today have to pay attention and benefit from the intellectual and knowledge capital, especially in developing countries. The necessary requirements must also be provided

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Quarterly Boiling Range Distribution of Iraqi Crude Oil by Simulated Distillation Method

This study includes analysis of different crude oil stock for various field Iraqi oil by gas chromatography instrument, using simulated distillation technique for determining the initial and final boiling point distribution and specified compound distillation information (normal paraffins) (Recovery W/W) for (nC5 – nC44), ASTM-D5307 becomes the analytical method. This method need tow samples; the first one spiked with internal standard and the second without internal standard. This analysis for quantitative and qualitative oil characterization which is often useful for evaluating the range of hydrocarbons in crude oil using Simulated Distillation. The study was performed using:
 
 Quarterly analysis of SIMDIS GC Distillation for three field (East Baghdad, Badra, Amara)
 Comparison of analyzes of SIMDIS GC Distillation with Different API (light, intermediate, heavy) with Initial boiling point (IBP).
 Finding experimental relationship between API and Initial boiling point (IBP):
 
 
 The result of this study shows that the boiling point increase as the number of carbon is increase, the values of n-Pentane (nC5) to n- Tetratetracontane (nC44) (w/w) changes from winter and summer (difference in temperatures), Positive correlation between C6 and C5 with API, where their percentages increase with increasing API for crude oil and C6 and C5 are lower in summer than in winter due to the evaporation of light components of the samples in summer. Initial boiling point increase as the API is decrease that mean in crude oil have heavy component increases and light component decrease (inverse relationship).