Iraqi Women Research Articles

Empowerment through technology: domestic violence acceptance among Iraqi women in an intersectional context

BackgroundAcceptance of domestic violence against women refers to the belief that violence can be justified. Women’s attitudes towards domestic violence shape societal acceptance, victimization, disclosure, and help-seeking behaviors. This study explored the role of gender, socio-economic status, regional disparities, and empowerment in domestic violence acceptance among Iraqi women.MethodsUsing data from the 2018 Iraq Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 6) with 19,443 married Iraqi women, this cross-sectional study employed logistic regression analyses to investigate individual, interpersonal, community, and societal determinants of domestic violence acceptance.Results48.4% of married Iraqi women accepted domestic violence, with higher acceptance in South/Central regions (62–73%). Factors associated with higher acceptance included lower education (aOR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.35–0.45 for upper secondary education compared to preprimary or non), functional difficulties (aOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.40–1.83), marriage to blood-related spouses (aOR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.36–1.54), and rural residence (aOR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.15–1.33). Conversely, owning a mobile phone (aOR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.44–0.50) and using a computer/tablet (aOR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.30–0.38) were associated with lower acceptance.ConclusionThese findings, given the lack of research on domestic violence among Iraqi women, highlight the urgent need for policy discussions supporting Sustainable Development Goals on gender equity and well-being. Enhanced access to technology could help women have better access to resources, support systems, and information, which would lower acceptance for domestic violence.

Role of Zinc Alpha2-Glycoprotein and Retinol-Binding Protein-4 in Iraqi Women with Thyroid Dysfunctions

Thyroid dysfunction (TD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are two of the most frequent chronic endocrine disorders. This study included 60 women with thyroid disorders: 30 with hypothyroidism and 30 with hyperthyroidism, aged between 20 and 40 years. This study used 30 healthy women aged 20-40 years as a control group. Anthropometric measurements of Body Mass Index (BMI), hematological analysis of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), biochemical parameters (Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH, Free triiodothyronine FT3, Free thyroxine FT4, Fasting Blood Sugar FBS), and adipokine concentrations zinc-α2-glycoprotein (AZGP-1) and retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4) were performed for all participants. The results revealed that the serum levels of zinc-α2-glycoprotein and retinol-binding protein-4 are significantly higher in hyperthyroidism (P<0.0001) compared to both healthy and hypothyroid women. Besides that, zinc-α2-glycoprotein has a negative correlation with TSH in the hyperthyroidism group. In the hypothyroidism group, it correlates positively with retinol-binding protein-4. In addition to that, retinol-binding protein-4 is positively correlated with FT3 and FT4 and negatively correlated with BMI in the hyperthyroidism group. For this reason, we conclude that these adipokines can aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disorders, thereby preventing the onset of disease complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is important to highlight that women with hypothyroidism are more likely than those with hyperthyroidism to develop diabetes.

Estimation of Some Antioxidant Factors in Postmenopausal Iraqi Women with Hypertension

Postmenopausal women with hypertension may be linked with cardiovascular risk factors like visceral obesity. Changes in antioxidant levels and lipid profile are considered risk factors concerning heart disease that arises during postmenopausal. Ninety Iraqi women aged between 53-70 years, sixty women with postmenopausal hypertension, and thirty healthy postmenopausal women were selected as control for this study. Blood samples were taken to measure some antioxidants through enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and lipid profile by enzymatic technique. Results showed that the mean of catalase levels was significantly lower in patients (257.62±6.99) compared towith the control group (499.30±13.08). Glutathione results were significantly lower in patients (10.99±0.26) compared with the healthy control (39.32±2.03). Cholesterol levels were significantly higher in patients (236.09±1.91), while lower levels were observed in the control group (172.67±4.92). Triglyceride levels were significantly higher both in patients (182.10±2.68) and the healthy group (145.92±5.85). HDL levels were significantly lower in patients (29.91±0.37) compared with the control group (43.02±1.38). VLDL levels were significantly higher in patients (36.49±0.54) compared with the control (29.16±1.17). LDL levels were significantly higher in patients (169.74±2.20) than in the control group (1 00.48±5.41). It can be concluded from the results that antioxidant levels decreased in postmenopausal women than in the control group. Elevation in lipid profile of postmenopausal women was observed compared with the control group.

Protein expression of estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptors in young Iraqi women with breast cancer

Breast cancer is currently evaluated by the presence of hormonal receptors in the tumor tissue, which are among the most important prognostic and predictive markers used at present. The current study was conducted in Thi-Qar Governorate (Iraq) on women aged 20-40 years who have breast cancer (BC), highlighting­ the spread of this disease among young groups. The expression of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth factor (Her2/neu) receptors in breast tissues using immunohistochemical analysis was estimated. Breast tissue samples were collected from patients undergoing breast surgery and biopsy. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples were divided into BC (80), and control (20) groups. The study found that protein expression of both ER and PR was positive in 87.5% and negative in 12.5%, Her2/neu positive in 60% and negative in 40% of BC samples. The subtypes identified were luminal A (58.75%), luminal B (31.25%), HER2-positive (6.25%), and triple-negative (3.75%) BC. The high percentage of luminal A molecular subtype of BC is considered a good prognosis and treatable by anti-hormonal therapy. Keywords: breast cancer, estrogen, human epidermal growth factor, immunohistochemistry, progesterone, receptors

Uncle, Look at This!

Abstract This article considers the epistemic value of Iraqi first-person documentaries of family life, or domestic ethnographies, during the Iraq War (2003–2011). The article analyses Life After the Fall (Abid 2008) and Homeland: Iraq Year Zero (Fahdel 2015), two documentaries about the everyday life of the videomakers’ family members in the advent of the US-led 2003 invasion and shortly after the occupation. The article examines how Iraqi domestic ethnographies dispute and complement dominant (Western) media, filmic and historical discourses of the conflict. I argue that these videos provide a nuanced understanding of the complex social, cultural and historical dynamics of this period, exceeding essentialisms and hegemonic discourses of violence, terror and victimhood. In addition, I demonstrate how this approach facilitates the participation of historically marginalized voices of young female family members, particularly in the representation of the conflict, and situates otherwise unusual discussions around Iraqi women’s rights and gender issues at the core of everyday life in post-invasion Iraq.

Detection of BRCA1and BRCA2 mutation for Breast Cancer in Sample of Iraqi Women above 40 Years

Breast cancer is the commonest cancer affecting women worldwide. Different studies have dealt with the etiological factors of that cancer aiming to find a way for early diagnosis and satisfactory therapy. The present study clarified the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes and some etiological risk factors among breast cancer patients in Iraq. This investigation was carried out on 25 patients (all were females) who were diagnosed as breast cancer patients attended AL-Kadhemya Teaching Hospital in Baghdad and 10 apparently healthy women were used as a control, all women (patients and control) aged above 40 years. The Wizard Promega kit was used for DNA isolation from breast patients and normal individuals. By this method suitable quantities of DNA approximately (50 µl) with purity ranged from (1.7-1.9) were obtained from 100-200µg of fresh biopsy which had been taken from women breast patients. The extracted DNA was successfully used in amplification of BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes by PCR and some mutation were detected. The outcome of genetic analysis indicated that the percentage of 185delAG mutation was 16 (4 patients) whereas, the percentage of 5382insC mutation was 32 (8patients) in BRCA1 gene and the third mutation 6174delT in BRCA2 present in 3 patients only (12%). The study demonstrated that the frequency of BRCA1 mutation (48%) was higher than BRCA2 (12%) in this sample of Iraqi women with breast cancer.

The Contents of the Image of Iraqi Women in the Caricature of The Instagram Application As A Model - An Analytical Study

This study aimed to answer the question: What is the media image of Iraqi women in Instagram cartoons? The Hella Sketchz page was analyzed to uncover this image through a content analysis of the cartoons. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach using a content analysis tool to analyze all cartoons on the Hella Sketchz page from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2023, totaling 137 cartoons. At the end of the study, the researcher arrived at several key findings, including: Themes: The media images focused on diverse themes related to daily life, social and cultural issues, including women's, family, and health issues, reflecting the variety of concerns and challenges faced by Iraqi women. Classifications of the media image: The media images can be classified into several main categories, including comedy, awareness, and social and political criticism, highlighting the role of cartoons in conveying messages in an innovative and entertaining way. Nature of the media image: The media image is characterized by its distinctive and simple graphic style, which facilitates quick and effective understanding of the conveyed message and draws attention to the issues raised in a creative way.

Clinical assessment of female sexual hormones and some antioxidant vitamins in Iraqi women with polycystic ovary syndrome according to body mass index and blood group variables

Clinical assessment of female sexual hormones and some antioxidant vitamins in Iraqi women with polycystic ovary syndrome according to body mass index and blood group variables

Association between some Serum Parameters in Iraqi Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and leptin receptor gene polymorphism

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is considered as a complex, heterogeneous disorder that impacts 5-10% of women at reproductive age. This study aimed to evaluate the association of leptin recepter gene polymorphism (Lys109Arg, rs1137100) and some serum parameters with PCOS in of Iraqi women. This case-control study was carried out during the period from July to October, 2022 at Infertility Care and IVF center of Kamal AL-Samaraay Hospital, Baghdad. The study included 120 Iraqi women as a sample size divided into two groups 60 PCOS patients and 60 apparently healthy control. PCOS patients were diagnosed by gynecologists according to Rotterdam criteria. The genotypes of leptin receptor gene at rs137100 SNP were determined by using HRM-PCR. The serum levels of leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) and AMH were measured by using Elisa kits. Lipid profile parameters were measured by spin 200 full auto. LH, FSH, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, TSH, T3 and T4 hormones were measured by cobas E411. Results revealed that BMI values were significantly increased (p≤0.01) in PCOS patients compared to controls (30.21±0.70 versus 24.28±0.617). Serum leptin and sOB-R levels were significantly (p˂0.05) higher in PCOS patients than controls (4303.28±71.55 versus 3854.84 ±213.96 pg /ml and 144.09 ±5.51 versus 122.16 ±7.64 ng/ml respectively). The frequency of AA genotypes was significantly (p˂0.05) lower in PCOS patients than in apparently healthy subjects (33.3 % versus 65.0% respectively) whereas the frequencies of AG and GG genotypes were significantly (p˂0.05) higher in PCOS patients versus controls (53.3% versus 26.6% and 13.4% versus 8.4% respectively).The A allele frequency was higher in apparently healthy subjects than in PCOS women (78.3% versus 60.0% respectively) while G allele frequency was significantly higher in PCOS patients versus controls (80.0% versus 21.7%, respectively). It was concluded that the leptin receptor polymorphism (rs1137100) is strongly linked to an increased risk of developing PCOS. Further, those with the A allele are less likely to develop PCOS.

HLA-G rs1063320 Polymorphism with the incidence of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (RSA) in Iraqi Women

Recurrent spontaneous abortion is a serious complication of pregnancy caused by multiple factors. This study examined whether serum HLA-G concentrations and the HLA-G (rs1063320) SNP were associated with RSA risk. Control 48 healthy females and 48 other with idiopathic RSA were included. By using an ELISA kit for human leukocyte antigen G, the quantity of HLA-G was quantified. HLA-G serum level was 27.26 ± 0.4U/mL and 16.52 ± 0.9 U/mL in women with RSA and apparently healthy women respectively. By employing RT-PCR and the TaqMan genotyping assay, the genotypes were identified. The findings revealed significant distinction in the concentration of HLA-G between apparently healthy as compared with the RSA women. The frequency of allele G was 0.26 and 0.20 in RSA women and control respectively whilst the frequency of allele C was 0.74 and 0.80 in RSA women and control respectively indicating no statistically variations in GG, GC, CC genotype frequency rate distribution and allele frequencies among the studies groups. In conclusion, the genotypes of rs1063320 are not associated with the risk of RSA.

Investigation of the Effect of Nano-melatonin on Oxidative Stress in Sera of Patients with Polycystic Syndrome

Background: The association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and oxidative stress in women, the possible causes of PCOS, insulin resistance (IR), obesity, and oxidative stress. Oxidants are chemical elements that tend to gain electrons, losing positive charge. The Oxidative Stress (OS) is defined as an imbalance between the formation and synthesis of free radicals and the antioxidant defense system, which results in oxidative damage. Objective: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of nano-melatonin on oxidative stress in the sera of patients with polycystic syndrome. Methods: The study includes 120 Iraqi women, divided into two groups: 60 PCOS patients and 60 healthy control patients. Sample Analysis Biochemistry analyses the hormonal profile and determines the hormonal levels (LH, FSH, Testosterone, and Prolactin) that were identified for all controls and patients. Hormones analysis was performed using the enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) technique. Synthesized ML nanoparticles by ultrasonic sonication. Results: The results indicate that the mean of serum LH significantly increased (P<0.02) in PCOS BMI ≥ 25 patients G1 (6.19±3.13) mIU/mL compared with controls C1 (4.504±1.591) mIU/mL, while a nonsignificant difference (P>0.05) when compared the BMI<25 kg/m2 for G2 (5.55±1.93) with control group C2 (6.31±2.58) of luteinizing hormone in G1 and G2. Conclusions: An increased ratio of LH to FSH was shown to be characteristic of PCOS. For PCOS, high LH values are crucial. For the purpose of diagnosing PCOS, high LH values are crucial release of gonadotropin hormones (LH, FSH) from the pituitary. To higher the production of androgen in ovarian theca cells, The LH receptor is activated by the luteinizing hormone (LH). The nano Mel was higher in the inhibition of Oxidative stress two causes nano-melatonin high surface area and small size.

Impact of metformin versus metformin plus omega_3 on inflammatory outcomes in a tester of Iraqi women with PCOS

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome signifies a state of chronic inflammation, which is partly caused by excessive visceral adipose tissue and the pro-inflammatory mechanisms associated with it. Interestingly, even normal-weight women with PCOS exhibit long-lasting low-flat inflammation characterized via raised ranks cytokines of pro-inflammatory. This can be attributed to the presence of surplus visceral adipose tissue and intraperitoneal fat depots in normal-weight PCOS patients as well. Aim of the study: To estimate the influence of metformin and omega-3 treatment on serum ranks of IL-18 and highly sensitive CRP in females with PCOS. Patients and methods: The present interventional prospective study included 90 sick with an age assortment of 18 to less than 40 years. Those patients were analyzed with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOS) founded on Rotterdam principles (Rotterdam, 2004) by 2 specialists in obstetrics and gynecology. The patients were recruited from the Maternity and Pediatrics Teaching Hospital in Adiwaniyah Province, Iraq. The training is outmoded back to September the 21st 2023 and extended to March 31st 2024. Results: Following treatment, both metformin+Omega3 and metformin alone were able to reduce mean IL-18 significantly (p < 0.001 versus p < 0.001, separately); however, the amount of decrease caused by combination was more than that caused by metformin alone significantly, 158.62 pg/ml versus 71.14 pg/ml , respectively (p = 0.048). Both metformin+Omega3 and metformin alone were able to reduce mean hs-CRP significantly (p < 0.001 versus p < 0.001, respectively); however, the amount of decrease caused through combination was more than that caused by metformin alone significantly, 157.69 mg/L versus 61.27 mg/L , separately (p = 0.032). Conclusion: The use of Omega3 has an efficient and safe synergistic effect when added to metformin in reducing IL-18 and hs-CRP in sick with PCOS, thus, suggesting an anti-inflammatory property for such combination.

Cosmetic intervention among Iraqi women, prevalence and associated factors (demographic, place, and time).

To assess the prevalence of cosmetic interventions, and the factors that instigate women to undergo such procedures. The cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2021 in Baghdad, Iraq, and comprised women aged 18 years or above from 4 general hospitals, 4 health centres and 8 schools. The sample was divided into group A having subjects with experience of cosmetic interventions, and group B having those with no such exposure. Data was collected using a a questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS (version 25). Of 1113 women, 997(90%) were aged 20-40 years. There were 375(34%) women in group A and 738(66%) in group B. Within group A, Botox was the most common intervention 89(23%). Besides, 215(57%) women had the intervention in clinics, and 75(20%) had it in beauty centres. Dermatologist did the intervention in 146(39%) cases, while side effects were noted in 142(38%). Within group A, 248(66%) subjects said they would not advise their daughters or sisters to have cosmetic interventions. Age and marital status were significantly different between the study groups (p<0.05). Cosmetic interventions among the women studied were found to be relatively high, and Botox was the most common intervention.

Association of aromatase levels with estrogen-related gene polymorphism CYP19 Rs10046 in breast cancer among Iraqi women

Association of aromatase levels with estrogen-related gene polymorphism CYP19 Rs10046 in breast cancer among Iraqi women

Expression of Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase and Its Association With Ki-67 Proliferation Marker, BCL-2 Anti-apoptotic Protein, Hormone Receptor Status, and HER2/Neu Status in Breast Cancer Among Women From Duhok, Iraq.

Background Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide, contributing to high mortality rates, especially in Iraqi women. Detecting the disease before metastasis may increase survival chances for many patients, but that is not the case for most of them. Thus the search for new prognostic biomarkers or testing the relevance of existing ones could contribute to therapeutic decisions complementing the traditional methods, including TNM (tumor, node, and metastasis) staging, tumor grade, and other clinicopathological features in addition to the use of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu). The Axl receptor is frequently associated with invasion, migration, poor prognosis, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, its association with chemotherapyand targeted therapy resistance makes itan ideal biomarker for therapeutic targeting. Methodology This study involved 50 malignant cases with 25 benign fibroadenoma and non-neoplastic cases represented by inflammatory conditions, collected with their corresponding data from the central lab in Duhok Governorate, Iraq. Expression of Kiel 67 (Ki-67) proliferation marker and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) anti-apoptotic protein was measured using immunohistochemistry (IHC) to estimate tumor growth and apoptosis. Gene expression of the Axl receptor was evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results Cases with high Ki-67 accounted for 68% and low Ki-67 cases were 32% across the graded groups and were significantly associated with tumor grade, PR, and HER2. BCL-2-negativecases accounted for 62% and BCL-2-positive cases were 38%. It was revealed that BCL-2 had a strong correlation with age, especially inthose under 50 years.As for the Axl gene expression, the average fold change in expression in the high-grade (H.) group was 1.74 times higher than in the control group, while in the low/intermediate (L.) group, it was 3.74 times higher. Additionally, when comparing these results with other variables, no significant associations were observed. Conclusion Axl receptor was not associated with all of the clinicopathological variables, the expression values were high in malignant tumors in comparison with the benign tumors, and it was found that Axl receptor expression was associated with low/intermediate grade, which is considered a favorable prognostic factor. Although Axl receptor expression was previously linked with proliferation and invasiveness in BC, its association with the Ki-67 proliferation marker and BCL-2 anti-apoptotic protein was not observed.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Women’s Representation in Maysaloon Hadi’s Novel The Black Eyes

This study applies a discourse analysis framework to explore the portrayal of women in Maysloon Hadi’s novel (The Black Eyes) (2011), using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Norman Fairclough’s tri-dimensional model (1989) as the analytical foundation. It investigates the roles and challenges women face in the novel. While there is growing interest in the portrayal of women in literature, Iraqi literature—especially from the perspective of Iraqi women writers remains underexplored. Hadi’s *The Black Eyes* provides a unique case to examine this intersection. Despite the novel’s rich narrative, which offers insight into Iraqi women’s lives, there is a lack of comprehensive CDA to understand how its language constructs and communicates the multifaceted roles, challenges, and images of women. The research fills this gap by analyzing specific passages from the novel using Fairclough’s model. The findings reveal a nuanced portrayal of women and underscore the value of CDA in analyzing such works. Further research is recommended to apply CDA to other Iraqi literary texts for broader insights.

Cutaneous and Systemic Adverse Effect of Topical Corticosteroid Misuse on Iraqi Women

Topical corticosteroids (TCS) are the most widely prescribed and abused topical medications worldwide. TCs have melanogenic, anti-pruritic, atrophogenic, immunosuppressive effects on the epidermis and sex-hormone-like, in addition to anti-inflammatory activity. Several of these, if used without judgment, may have serious local and systemic negative repercussions. The current study was designed to evaluate the possible local and systemic effects of topical corticosteroid misuse among women in Basrah City and Amara city, Iraq. Totally 125 participants were categorized into three major groups: control individuals, patients who utilize TCs for 1–3 months, and patients with long-term TC use for more than 3 months. A questionnaire was filled out, and a full skin examination was performed by a special dermatologist. Blood was drawn for hematological, hormonal, and biochemical analysis. TCS abuse was linked to the development of skin conditions with various percentages and frequencies, such as erythema, photosensitivity, dryness, acne, atrophy, infections, pigmentation, hirsutism, and rosacea. TCs also have systemic adverse effects in addition to their cutaneous ones, especially with prolonged use. TCS prolongs bleeding time compared to control group. Long-term TCS suppresses ACTH and decreases cortisol concentrations significantly while having no effect on insulin or testosterone levels. Interestingly, TCS significantly reduced serum vitamin D and serum interleukin 6 compared to the normal control group. TCS misuse is a big disaster in Iraq, associated with huge skin impacts and systemic deterioration, including hormonal and hematological consequences that require medical intervention and educational and legal approaches for successful treatment.

Show that we exist: Iraqi women’s stories, Rita Leistner, and her seeking human(ity) in the images of conflict

This article presents an analysis of one of the socio-artistic projects of the Canadian photographer Rita Leistner. Her work focuses mainly on how humans function during conflict and crises, including internal ones, but also includes initiatives related to environmental protection and fortitude displayed by her characters in everyday life. By focusing on the human condition and the situation of humanism today, Leistner demonstrates concern and a profound sense of empathy. Our reflections focus on the Safer here project, which tells the story of women incarcerated against their will in a Baghdad psychiatric hospital. Leistner presented their daily struggle for survival, their dignified lives, and how they come to terms with their plight. It was originally part of Unembedded, a project of four photojournalists stationed in Iraq. Our aim is to place Leistner’s story in a broader context that considers how war stories are created and presented to the world. We also consider the demanding and difficult role played by artists in this process, who try to find a balance between being interpreters and being historians. Leistner’s work shows her as, above all, an activist fighting for public attention and empathy for war victims. We use storytelling and visual analysis in our empirical investigations.

The Impact of Maternal Smoking on Perinatal Complications in Iraq

Smoking is negatively associated with birth outcomes for Iraqi pregnant women, with the fetus being at risk of stillbirth, neonatal death, and severe complications. The present study aims to investigate and enrol the clinical outcomes of perinatal complications among Iraqi smokers who are pregnant. A total of 63 pregnant Iraqi women, aged between 25 and 45 years, who had given birth in maternity hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq, were recruited between March 2023 and April 2024. The study enrolled the women's intrapartum outcomes, their daily cigarette use, and the dose of cigarettes they consumed during pregnancy. The clinical data pertaining to both the women and the fetuses were determined in terms of complications, pain, obstetric outcomes, and quality of life assessment. The study revealed that women in the 25–30 age group were the most prevalent participants, with 24 cases. The daily cigarette consumption was classified into four categories: &lt;10 cigarettes per day (29 cases), ≥ 10 cigarettes per day (20 cases), and ≥20 cigarettes per day (14 cases). A total of 14 cases were identified, with gestational age in ≥ 37 weeks representing 53.97% of the total patient population. The mode of delivery was predominantly caesarean section (28.57%), while the remaining 71.43% underwent vaginal delivery. Low birth weight was identified as a risk factor. Of the total number of cases, ten were identified as having perinatal complications, representing a rate of 41.27% among all patients. Additionally, 22 cases were classified as having a birth weight of less than 2500 g. There were four instances of stillbirth. Pregnancy outcomes perinatal ones are adversely affected by cigarette smoking based on the dosages.

Menorrhagia in inherited bleeding disorders in Iraqi women

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Menorrhagia, or excessive menstrual bleeding, is a common symptom in women with inherited bleeding disorders; they are conditions where the blood ability to clot is impaired. Some of the common bleeding disorders include von Willebrand disease (VWD), clotting factor deficiencies, and platelet function disorders. OBJECTIVE: To assess different types of inherited bleeding disorders in women with menorrhagia referred to the National Center of Hematology/Mustansiriyah University in Baghdad/Iraq. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was carried out on 193 women who had experienced menorrhagia for a duration of 3 years, from 2020 to 2023. These women sought consultation at the National Centre of Hematology/Mustansiriyah University. All participants were diagnosed through various laboratory tests, including complete blood count, blood film, blood group and Rh, bleeding time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen level, factor assay, von Willebrand factor antigen using ELISA technique, ristocetin cofactor, and platelet function test. RESULTS: Out of the 193 women with menorrhagia who participated in this study, the majority of whom had an unidentified cause (36.3%), followed by VWD (30.1%) and platelet function disorders (21.2%). Other bleeding disorders (thrombocytopenia and factors deficiencies) were 5.7% and 6.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that there was a significant difference in family history and consanguinity between patients with a hereditary bleeding disorder and nonhereditary bleeding disorder (P &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Fifty eight percent of females with Menorrhagia in this study have inherited bleeding disorders(IBDs), VWD, and thrombasthenia account for 51.3% are the most common causes of inherit bleeding disorder (IBD). Consanguineous marriage should be discouraged in Iraqi society to reduce such inherited diseases.