Iraqi Population Research Articles

Mitochondrial DNA (Hypervariable region II) diversity from Basrah population

Mitochondrial DNA hypervariable regions II of control region were sequenced from 139 random healthy unrelated individuals ethnic of Iraqi population in Basrah city. The aim of this study was to detect and classify the mtDNA haplotypes into mtDNA haplogroups will be better in applications of the forensic genetics and will determine the history of the Iraqi Population The variation in sequence within the D-loop control region was analyzed for the haplogroups composition which displayed a high haplogroups frequency. H, J, U, B, N and R (25%, 12%,12%, 7%, 5% and 5%, respectively, Moderate Haplogroups Frequency L, T and W was (3%) HV, I, X and M (1%), and low haplogroups frequency in pre-HV (0.7%). This study Reported absence of haplogroups V, P, Y, O, Z, Q, G, E and C.

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Tylenchorhynchus clarus Allen, 1955 and T. zeae Sethi & Swarup, 1968 (Rhabditida: Telotylenchidae) from Iraq

During a survey on the biodiversity of plant-parasitic nematodes in Misan province (southeast Iraq), Tylenchorhynchus clarus and T. zeae were discovered around the rhizosphere of sugarcane and pumpkin, respectively. The morphological and morphometric data were provided for the recovered species. The morphological characters of both populations are in agreement with the type populations and other populations of them. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of these two species from Iraq, and a first report of the association of T. zeae with pumpkin. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the Iraqi populations of T. clarus and T. zeae using the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences using Bayesian inference (BI), showed they form maximally supported clades with other sequences of both species.

Role of insulin receptor substrate-1 polymorphism rs2943641 in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Iraqi population

Insulin receptor substrate-1 is the first and key substrate of the insulin receptor, act as a multisite docking protein for various effector molecules. It is encoded by the IRS-1 gene, which is found on chromosome 2q36.3 in humans. Insulin receptor substrate is an effective insulin signaling agent that plays a key role in preserving the cell’s basic function, any polymorphism in the IRS genes acts as a competitive insulin receptor inhibitor. A total of 150 healthy men as control and 200 diabetic patients participated in this study; it is across-sectional study, patients were chosen while seeking medical care in the outpatient clinic. This study investigates the association of IRS-1 rs2943641 to the pathogenesis of type 2diabetes mellitus in Iraqi males. This study was conducted to study the association of SNP rs2943641[TT(minor allele type), TC(heterozygous alleles type) and CC(major allele type)] to the pathogenesis of type 2diabetes mellitus according to the logistic regression method which demonstrates that there is a significant association between TC and CC allele groups to the pathogenesis of T2DM. In conclusion, genetic polymorphism of IRS-1 rs2943641 is associated with the pathogenesis of T2DM in Iraqi male.

Impact of 420del (rs72552763) organic cation transporter 1 polymorphism on therapeutic response to metformin in type2 diabetic patients in the Iraqi population

Metformin is one of the most widely prescribed medications for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) but metformin response varies greatly between individuals,polymorphisms in genes that regulate metformin’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics may be to blame for these phenotypic differences in drug disposition and action. Inthis study, we investigated the association between 420del (rs72552763) organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) polymorphism and therapeutic response to metformin in type 2 diabetic patients, A total of 200 diabetic patients enrolled in this cross-sectional study, patients were chosen when they visit outpatient clinic for medical care. Fasting serum glucose, fasting serum insulin and HbA1c, which indicate metformin response were measured. The result of the study indicate there was a significant association between the presence of 420del (rs72552763) in diabetic patients and the variability response to metformin, the multinomial logistic regress analysis indicates that most patients with the reference allele (wild type) and heterozygous alleles of OCT1 (420del) had statistically significant metabolic responses to metformin, whereas patients with mutant alleles had less or no response. In conclusion, Genetic polymorphism of OCT1transporter 420del (rs72552763) contributed to the variability of therapeutic response to metformin treatment.

Identification of three novel DNMT3A mutations with compromising methylation capacity in human acute myeloid leukaemia.

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a complex and heterogeneous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell malignancy characterised by the accumulation of immature blast cells in the bone marrow, blood, and other organs linked to environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Somatic mutations in the gene DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A; NM_022552.4) are common in AML patients. In this study, we used Sanger sequencing to detect the mutations in the DNMT3A gene in 61 Iraqi AML patients, Hence, the protein function and stability within alterations were identified and analyzed using a variety of computational tools with the goal of determining how these changes affect total protein stability, and then the capacity of methylation was analyzed by methylation specific PCR MSP status at CpG islands. Three novel mutations in exon 23 of DNMT3A were identified in 14 patients (22.9%; V877I, N879delA, and L888Q). The V877I and L888Q substitutions are caused by heterozygous C2629G > A and C2663T > A mutations, respectively, while frameshift mutation C2635delA caused protein truncation with stop codon N879T*. Methylation was detected in the DNMT3A promoter region in 9 patients carrying DNMT3A mutations (64.28%) by MSP, and we found significant correlations between DNMT3A mutations and promoter methylation (p = 8.52 × 105). In addition, we found a significant overrepresentation of DNMT3A methylation status in patients ≥ 50years old (p = 0.025). Our findings highlight the importance of studying the effects of DNMT3A methylation alteration in Iraqi populations beyond R882 substitutions in the leukemogenic pathway so that patient treatment can be tailored to prevent therapeutic resistance and relapse.

Mandibular Clinical Arch Forms in Iraqi Population: A National Survey.

Background: This study aims to identify mandibular clinical arch forms and dimensions in the Iraqi population. Materials and methods: The study sample consisted of pre-treatment mandibular study models of the Iraqi population. The most labial aspect of 13 proximal contact areas was digitized using AutoCAD software to determine the clinical bracket point for every tooth. The dental arches were classified into three types: tapered, ovoid, and square. The arch dimensions were identified using four linear and two proportional measurements. Results: A total of 1005 study models were collected. The arch forms were distributed as ovoid (47%), tapered (36.2%), and square (16.8%), with no significant difference in the distribution between Arabs and Kurds. The ovoid arch form was predominant in class I and class III malocclusion, while the tapered arch form was predominant in class II. All the linear measurements were greater in the males than in the females. The arch widths decreased as the arch form shifted from square to ovoid to tapered, while the arch depths showed the reverse relation. Conclusions: According to this study, ovoid and tapered archwires should suit the majority of Iraqi patients. The ovoid arch form was the most predominant in the subjects with class I and class III malocclusion, while the tapered arch form was the most predominant in the class II subjects.

Two missense variants of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene are associated with non small cell lung carcinoma in the subjects from Iraq.

Lung carcinoma is a foremost cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Variable genetic factors are associated with the development of lung cancer. This study was performed to evaluate the possible association of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene polymorphisms with non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in Iraqi population. DNA samples were extracted from 100 patients and 100 controls. Four PCR fragments were designed to amplify four high-frequency variants within EGFR, namely rs1050171, rs2072454, rs2227984, and rs2227983. The PCR fragments were genotyped by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method, and each genotype was subjected to direct sequencing. Genotyping experiments confirmed the variability of three targeted variants, and logistic regression analysis showed that two of these variants (rs1050171 and rs2227983) tend to exhibit a significant association with NSCLC. Individuals with rs1050171:GA genotype showed a possible association with the increased risk of NSCLC (P = 0.0110; OD 5.2636; Cl95% 1.4630 to 18.9371). Individuals with rs2227983:GG genotype exhibited a potential association with NSCLC (P = 0.0037; OD 5.2683; Cl95% 1.7141to16.1919). Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that the effects of the investigated variants seem to take independent actions, and no haplotype was found to be associated with the high prevalence of NSCLC. Our collective data indicated that EGFR-rs1050171G/A and EGFR-rs2227983G/G SNPs tend to exert significant and separate associations with the increased risk of NSCLC. However, this study recommends using a broader spectrum of the investigated samples to get further details of both SNPs in terms of their association with the susceptibility to NSCLC.

Association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the SP110 gene with susceptibility to latent tuberculosis infection in the Iraqi

Background: SP110 plays an important role in microbial immunity and regulating macrophage biological activity, which may protect against tuberculosis. To investigate whether SNPs of SP110 are associated with susceptibility to latent TB infection in an Iraq population. Hence, identifying SNPs in these genes could be used as a marker to screen individuals at risk of latent TB Infection. Method: A case-control study was conducted to investigate the polymorphism of the SP110 gene by the Sanger sequencing method in 50 individuals with latent TB infection and 40 healthy controls. Result: The findings demonstrated that the A allele and the genotype "GA" of rs9061 was significantly associated with LTBI risk ( p=0.033; OR: 2.32; 95 %CI: 1.07 - 5.03 and p=0.035; OR: 3.14; 95 % CI: 1.08 - 9.07 ), respectively. In addition, the results of the current study showed that the genotype CT of rs28930679 was significantly associated with the risk of latent TB infection (p=046; OR:2.64;95%CI:1.02 - 6.86). Conclusion: The results found that genetic variants of the SP110 (rs9061, rs28930679 ) are associated with susceptibility to latent TB and single nucleotide polymorphism of the SP110 gene show the predictability of latent TB risk and subsequent TB development.

Prediction of Risk Takers in Arterial Hypertension Patients with Data Mining Application

Hyper arterial pressure (HAP) is a disease that kills silently because it does not produce symptoms in the early stages, making it difficult to diagnose. When it is detected, its treatment is not accessible to everyone, which affects the disease’s long-term development. Hypertension affects a large portion of the Iraqi population. In the current research paper, we have discussed how data mining can be applied to identify the status of the risk factors that affect arterial hypertension due to I10-I15 causes, evaluating the context variables disability, overwork, high-risk pregnancy, stress, high diets, and poor nutrition in the population between 50 and 64 years in the city of Baghdad. It is possible to see how data mining in large volumes of health data can generate new knowledge and thus uncover hidden patterns in the data through the development of this research. Attributes directly linked to disease prevalence can be found in data from Baghdad, Iraq, even if they are not directly linked to a specific cause. This shows that some variables are transversal to the development of the disease regardless of its categorization. Cluster analysis revealed that, even though these diseases are categorized as having different causes, they have a degree of incorrect classification of 40.71% because they present attributes with a similar behavior transversal to the disease and not the disease-specific cause for which it is categorized.

THE RELATION BETWEEN LOSS OF A FAMILY MEMBER AND ORAL LICHEN PLANUS IN IRAQI POPULATION

Abstract background Oral lichen planus is common oral mucosal lesions with several predisposing factors, but with poorly identified etiology. Stressor factors could be one of etiological causes for eruption of the lesion and/or a predisposing factor for its appearance, aggravating the excited lesion. The aim of this study to evaluate certain circumstances that were passed on Iraqi population that may be related to elevated OLP incidence in Iraq. Material and method One hundred twenty-nine clinical charts for oral lichen planus patients were taken from oral pathology department college of dentistry university of Baghdad from a period 2009 to 2017. Results Fifty-eight patients only involved in the inclusion criteria of this study, the patients classified according to history associated eruption of the lesion into loss of one family member, trouble associated and both loss and trouble group .The mean age 48.37±12.2 ,the lesion most common in female than male 1.7:1,bilateral involvement of the lesion and mostly on buccal mucosa with slight higher of the red lesions over the reticular making elevated symptoms associated with the lesion mostly the burning sensation .About 65%of the patients presented within one to six months of eruption of the lesion. Conclusion The stressor events affect the age and the symptoms associated with eruption of oral lichen planus lesion.

Statistical Predictive Value of Negative Psychological Outcomes after Trauma Resulting from Dissociation of the Iraqi Population

Statistical Predictive Value of Negative Psychological Outcomes after Trauma Resulting from Dissociation of the Iraqi Population

Association of glutathione S-transferase 1 (GSTP1) polymorphisms with Breast Cancer susceptibility

Hereditary and environmental variables have a role in the development of breast cancer. This study aimed to examine the links between genetic Variations in the GSTP1 gene and Predisposition to breast cancer in an Iraqi population. The research included 40 Iraqi female breast cancer patients and 20 healthy volunteers. GSTP1-1695 A/G gene polymorphisms were investigated using polymerase chain reaction in Real-time (RT-PCR). The results showed the GSTP1 frequency of the wild GG genotypes was showed significantly (P<0.01) higher in healthy women in comparison with Breast cancer women (GG, 80% vs. 32.5%, respectively; furthermore, heterozygous AG genotypes were significantly higher in Breast cancer women in comparison with healthy women 42.5% vs. 20%, respectively at (P<0.01). While the mutant AA genotype (25%) in patient women appeared significantly (P<0.01) higher compared to healthy women (0.0%). Finally, we discovered a connection between GSTP1 polymorphisms and a higher chance of developing breast cancer in an Iraqi female population sample. Keywords: glutathione S-transferase1, breast cancer, polymorphism.

Evaluation of Cortical Bone Thickness of Posterior Implant Sites Using CBCT in Iraqi Population.

Background Cortical bone thickness (CBT) is a critical factor for implant success and for determining the long-term dental implant treatment outcome. Objectives The objective of this investigation was to examine posterior cortical bone thickness buccally and lingually in dentate and edentulous implant sites according to gender. Materials and Methods CBT of 160 patients requiring a single posterior tooth implant was investigated by CBCT. The study included 80 males and 80 females. CBT was measured for implant edentulous sites at 3 levels including crestal bone (level 1), five mm from the crest (level 2), and ten mm from the crest (level 3). CBT was also measured for dentate sites at 3 levels including crestal bone (level 1), midroot bone (level 2), and apical portion (level 3). The differences of bone thickness between the levels of dentate sites were statistically analyzed using a Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance. Mann–Whitney test was used to determine the specific differences between group members. For the edentulous site, a one-way ANOVA was used. Results CBT increased gradually from the crestal level to the apical level in all groups (buccal and lingual side, male and female). However, CBT at lingual side was statistically higher than that at buccal side in all groups. The mean value of CBT was significantly higher in males than females for both edentulous and dentate site. The dentate site shows a higher CBT in the apical level than the edentulous group in both male and female/buccal and lingual groups. Conclusion CBT at the coronal levels is low and susceptible for resorption compared to the apical portion, especially for the female group. Moreover, CBT is thicker in males than females. It is essential to measure the CBT before making a treatment plan with dental implant prosthesis.

Investigation the importance of IL-6 gene polymorphism with the severity of infection in COVID-19 patients of Wasit Province, Iraq

Emerged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was a pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). Disease severity is associated with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). Genetic polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of cytokine genes may be associated with differential cytokine production in COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to investigate the association between potentially functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the promoter region of IL-6 and the severity of susceptibility to COVID-19 in an Iraq population. In total, 120 individuals (40 patients with severe COVID-19, 40 patients with mild COVID-19 and 40 healthy people) were recruited for this cohort study. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes of patients to determine the genotype of SNPrs1800795 (-174 G>C) in the promoter region of the IL-6 gene by Sanger sequencing using ABI3730XL, automated DNA sequencer, by Macrogen Corporation – Korea after sent PCR products.

The rs1801280 SNP is associated with non-small cell lung carcinoma by exhibiting a highly deleterious effect on N-acetyltransferase 2.

N-acetyltransferase 2 is an enzyme that is involved in the detoxification of carcinogens in the human body, so any damage to this protein may lead to the emergence of several metabolic dysfunctions. This work was conducted to determine the association between NAT2 polymorphism and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) that is increasingly reported in the Iraqi population. PCR sequencing was conducted to assess the possible association between genetic variants and NSCLC. Several in silico tools were implemented to investigate the effect of the observed SNPs on the structure, function, and stability of the altered NAT2. Five SNPS of NAT2 (rs1208, rs1041983, rs1799929, rs1799930, and rs1801280) were identified in high frequencies in the amplified fragment. These SNPs showed variable distributions of haplotypes between cases and controls. No significant association of rs1208, rs1041983, rs1799929, and rs1799930 with NSCLC was shown in the investigated population. In contrast, rs1801280: CC genotype showed a highly significant (P = 0.009) association with the NSCLC, and individuals with this genotype had 2.19 more chances for developing NSCLC (OR 2.19; Cl95% 1.21-3.94). Association analysis of rs1801280 SNP distribution among the investigated patients showed that patients with CC genotype showed a significant (P = 0.02, OR 2.65) association with family history, which entailed a high hereditary possibility of this genotype among Iraqi patients. It was predicted that this SNP showed high damaging effects on the activity of NAT2 enzyme, with various deleterious outcomes on enzyme structure, function, and stability. Data indicated that rs1801280 SNP exerted a tight association with NSCLC since individuals with CC genotype exhibited the most damaging effects on the NAT2 that may be behind the low acetylation rates of this enzyme in patients with NSCLC.

Predicting Type II Diabetes Mellitus among Iraqi Adults at Al Anbar Province Using a Finnish Diabetes Risk Score

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as one of the major health problems worldwide. Thus, a simple risk-assessment scoring system for early screening of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Iraqi adults will be beneficial to identify the high-risk adults and thus taking adequate preventive measures in fighting diabetes mellitus.Aims of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of FINDRISC to predict progression to diabetes in an Iraqi population without diabetes.Methodology: A descriptive quantitative design conducted on adult people. It is implemented in order to achieve the objectives of present study, which started from 15 February, 2022 through 15 April, 2022. The instruments have been constructed through the review of available literature, the questionnaire is composed of two parts: Part I: Sociodemographic information; Part II: Finnish Diabetes Risk Score to Predict Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Results: In total, 100 adult people were included in this study. The result shows that the vast majority of the study sample are within third category of age groups (Mean ± SD 39.2 ± 10.7 yrs.) and accounted for (61.0%). The majority of the study sample for study group have slightly elevated risk of developing type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in ten years and they accounted for (40.0%) of the whole sample. The results illustrate that there is high significant relationship between the age groups and the risk of developing type II Diabetes Mellitus score (C.C.= .000). The table also shows that there is non-significant relationship among gender, marital status, occupation status, residency and the risk of developing type II Diabetes Mellitus score (C.C.= .788, .111, .083, .791) retrospectively. Also, there is significant relationship between level of education and the risk of developing type II Diabetes Mellitus score (C.C.= .314). Conclusions: There is significant relationship among age groups, level of education and diabetic risk score. There is non-significant association among gender, marital status, occupation status, residency and diabetic risk score.Recommendations: The research recommends the use of the scale in basic health care, mainly by the nurse as a prevention tool for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

A Success Story in Controlling Sand and Dust Storms Hotspots in the Middle East

Using 30 years of satellite observations, two sand and dust storms (SDS) source locations (hotspots) were detected on the southern side of the Mesopotamian Flood Plain. Around 40 million people in the region are affected by the two hotspots, including populations in Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, and Emirates. Both hotspots encompass roughly 8212 km2 and contribute 11% to 85% in 2005 and 2021, respectively, of the total SDS in the region. Dust physical (particle surface area and size percentages) and chemical (mineralogy, major and trace elements, and radionuclides) properties show close similarities between source and downwind samples during SDS originated solely from the two hotspots. Deposited dust size particles show a finning trend towards the north in the Middle East compared to the south. A comprehensive assessment of the chemical and physical properties of soil and dust samples was conducted as an essential step in developing and implementing a mitigation plan in order to establish a success story in reducing SDS, improving air quality, and benefiting the gulf countries and neighboring regions.

Morphological markers of ear print in Iraqi population

The outer ear is an emerging biometric that has drawn the attention of the research community for more than a decade. Empirical studies confirm, that the shape of the outer ear is unique, and it is also assumed to be stable throughout a human life time. An ear print is a two-dimensional depiction of the external ear pieces that have got into contact with a surface. In 1965, the first criminal ear print identification was made in Switzerland. The variation in shape and size of ear features makes it richer biometric tool than face. Material and method: The study performed a qualitative discrimination of the external ear shape of 143 individuals, including lobe size, lobe attachment, helix rolling, ear protrusion, and antihelix folding, by using ear photographs. Results: Six landmarks were evaluated for auricle morphometry in both sexes. There was variation in the morphological features of the external ear of the sampled subjects. The external ear features vary in both sexes. All variables were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The triangle-shaped ear was prevalent in females and males had an oval shape. ear print

Genetic analysis of X-chromosomal short tandem repeat (X-STR) frequencies in Arab Iraqi male population

BackgroundThe X-chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms are a particular tool in the fields of human population genetics and personal identification. It was necessary in investigating complex kinship or deficiency cases in conditions where information on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or Y chromosome polymorphisms have been used to explore their direct paternal line. This study aimed to investigate the allele frequency of (12X-STR) of 200 unrelated males from different region of Baghdad City to serve as a reference data base for individual identification in Iraqi population. ResultsTwelve X-STR loci (DXS7424, HPRTB, DXS8377, GATA31E08, DXS7423, DXS8378, DXS9895, DXS10074, DXS6809, DXS7133, DXS101, DXS6807) were successfully amplified by multiplex PCR and divided into four groups. According to measures of allele frequency, the higher alleles frequency were 16, 11, 46, 11, 14, 10, 15, 15.2, 35, 11, 25, and 11 while the lowest alleles frequency were 11, 9, 52,53, 7, 17, 14, 13, 12.2,17, 36, 15, 16, 22, 29, and 17 that observed at the 12 loci respectively. Forensic efficiency parameter for DXS8377 locus in the first group showed highest polymorphic allele in the Iraqi Arab population with the frequencies ranging from 0.005 to 0.16%. The power of discrimination (PD) value ranged from 0.663 for DXS7423 locus and 0.9066 for DXS8377 locus. In addition, the polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.602974 for DXS7423 locus to 0.899206 for DXS8377 locus. ConclusionsOverall the X-STR markers become used as an important source of information beside the autosomal and Y-STR markers, especially for kinship testing and haplotype analysis.

Age estimation of Iraqi children and young adults based on third molar development and its relation to chronological age

The study aimed to estimate the age of Iraqi children and young adults based on the third molar development to establish Iraqi reference material for orthodontic and forensic purposes, and to investigate the correlation between the estimated and chronological age. A retrospective analysis of digital orthopantographs of 1515 patients of Iraqi origin, aged from 6 to 25 years was conducted, and the developmental status of the mandibular right third molar for each patient was evaluated using Demirjian et al.’s method. Statistical analysis was carried out using “Mann-Whitney U -test” between genders. The linear regression analysis was performed to obtain “regression formulas” for dental age calculation with chronologic age. No statistically significant differences were observed between Iraqi males and females at any age. The median of male and female age of initial calcification of the cuspal tips for mandibular third molars was 9 years, whereas 14 years was the median of age for both genders when the crown was completed. All mandibular right third molars have a complete root formation with apex closure at a median of male and female age 22 years. The use of Demirjian et al.’s method was appropriate as a reliable age indicator for Iraqi population. A strong correlation was observed between these stages and chronological age. Consequently, reference data have been established for mandibular third molar development in Iraqi population.