Iraqi Dinar Research Articles

Evaluating the risk of bacterial infections associated with the most handled Iraqi notes in Kalar

Every day new sources of microbial and especially bacterial infections are reported, which are not taken into account, the fact that these sources have been implicated in the outbreaks of these infections. The goals of the current research focused on the exploration of the scope of microbial pollution of the widely traded paper currency notes of the Iraqi currencies (250, 1000 and 5000 Iraqi Dinars) in Kalar city. 300 banknotes (100 samples for each of the denominations under investigation) in circulation were gathered from different categories of Kalar population and one fresh sample for each of the three currencies (control negative). Each bill was rinsed in 5 ml D.W then cultured on Nutrient agar, Mannitol Salt agar and MacConkey agar, respectively, then incubated at 37 ºC for up to 48 hours. Results revealed the rate of microbial contamination, specifically bacterial ones as 94%, 68%, and 60%, respectively on the denominations of 250, 1000, and 5000 of Iraqi Dinars. In a descending order, and with regard to the prevalence rate, bacterial species contaminated 250, 1000 and 5000 Iraqi denominations respectively were as follows: 55.31%, 32.35% and 36.66% for Bacillus sp.; 14.89%, 38.23% and 20% for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus; 8.51%, 8.82% and 20% for E. coli; 2.12%, 11.76 and 20% for Pseudomonas sp.; 2.12% for each of Klebsiella sp., and Salmonella sp.; 10.63% and 4.25% for Enterobacter sp. and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, and only on 250 denomination; 2.94% and 5.88% for each of Corynebacterium sp. and Serratia sp. only on 1000 currency note; lastly, 3.33% for Proteus sp. on 5000 IQD only. These outcomes suggest that bacterial contamination of Iraqi Dinars, specifically the 250 denomination is risky and could be regarded as the real source of infectious diseases with the most dangerous pathogenic bacteria.

Determination of the Optimum formula for Composite Motor Gasoline Octane Number Blending Enhancer

To decrease the dependency of producing high octane number gasoline on the catalytic processes in petroleum refineries and to increase the gasoline pool, the effect of adding a suggested formula of composite blending octane number enhancer to motor gasoline composed of a mixture of oxygenated materials (ethanol and ether) and aromatic materials (toluene and xylene) was investigated by design of experiments made by Mini Tab 15 statistical software. The original gasoline before addition of the octane number blending enhancer has a value of (79) research octane number (RON). The design of experiments which study the optimum volumetric percentages of the four variables, ethanol, toluene, and ether and xylene materials leads to 30 experiments. The results obtained show that RON can reach a value of 103.1 (30.5% RON improvement) when a formula of composite octane number blending enhancer containing a volumetric percentage of 15, 25, 25 volumetric percent of ethanol, toluene and xylene respectively. The cost study in comparison with the price of high octane number gasoline sold in Iraq show that this formula has a high cost of 2050 Iraqi Dinar (IQD)/liter gasoline, while the formula of composite octane number blending enhancer containing 15% volumetric percentage of Ethanol only leading to gasoline of 89.6 RON (13.4 % ON improvement) gave minimum cost of 300 IQD / liter gasoline for the blend of octane number enhancer making the total price of the gasoline to be competitive with the high ON gasoline imported from outside Iraq. While the formula of 7.5, 12.5, 37.5 and 5% volumetric percentage of ethanol, toluene, xylene, and ether respectively have a maximum cost of 2525 IQD of produced gasoline of 101.3 RON (octane number improved by 28.23%).

OPTIMIZE THE PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN GAS SEPARATION STATIONS (DEGASSING STATION DS ) AND ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS OF OIL EQUIPMENT FOR OIL RUMAILA FIELD

Annotation: There are various types of electrical equipment used in the extraction of oil at the Rumaila field, with an average voltage of 11 kV and a low voltage of 0.4 kV. The most common elements in this class are transformers and reactors, engines and gas discharge lamps. All of this equipment consumes reactive power and reduces the value of the power factor. (Power factor is the ratio of kW to kVA). The closer the power factor to the maximum possible value of 1, the greater the benefit for the consumer and supplier. In case of low power factor, the current will be increased, and this high current will lead to (large line losses, an increase in the nominal total power of kVA and overhaul dimensions of electrical equipment, deterioration in voltage regulation process and an increase in voltage drop, a decrease in efficiency).Power factor improvement allows the use of smaller transformers, switchgear and cables, etc. as well as reducing power losses and voltage drop in an installation. Improving the power factor of an installation requires a bank of capacitors which acts as a source of reactive energy. These arrangements provide reactive energy compensation. In Rumila, An improvement of the power factor of an installation presents several technical and economic advantages, notably in the reduction of electricity bills, we save (685.854.007 Iraqi Dinar= 550.000 $) for one month . All this work takes 6 to 12 month.

Risk factors associated with seropositivity to Toxoplasma among sheep and goats in Northern Iraq.

Serum samples from 423 small ruminants (335 sheep and 97 goats) from 72 farms in 6 districts in the province of Dohuk, north Iraq, were tested for the presence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii using a latex agglutination test (Latex) and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). When the test results were interpreted in parallel, 42.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 36.7, 47.7) of sheep and 36.1% (95% CI: 26.6, 46.5) of goats were found to have antibodies against Toxoplasma. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to determine the risk factors for Toxoplasma seropositivity in small ruminant flocks. Factors which increased the risk of infection included the presence of cats near the feed of animals (Odds ratio (OR) = 6.3; 95% CI 1.6, 24.6) and a history of abortions in sheep in the preceding 12 months (OR = 13.4; 95% CI 2.1; 86.7). For every ten goats aborting in the preceding 12 months the odds of seropositivity increased significantly (OR = 6.7; 95% CI 1.3; 32.9). Results of the regression model indicate that for every 1000 Iraqi Dinars (~0.85 USD) spent by the farmers on prophylactic treatment in their flocks the odds of Toxoplasma seropositivity decreased significantly (OR = 0.94; 95% CI 0.90, 0.98). This study contributes to the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants in northern Iraq.

A Collective Household Labour Supply Model with Disability: Evidence from Iraq

In this study we explored the determinants of the women’s labour supply and we attempted to identify the sharing rules for married couples. The analysis relied on data derived by the Iraqi Household Socio-Economic Survey (IHSES) in 2012–2013. The study considered the housework contributed by both spouses and we also included the wife’s disability status as a distribution factor. Moreover, we estimated the sharing rules accounting for female non-participation in the labour market. The household collective model was preferred over the unitary model as the results supported that changes on wages, non-labour income, age, education, number of children, and disability as a distribution factor affect the bargaining power and the share of spouses. The findings showed that for a one percent increase on female’s daily wage rate, her share on full income was increased by 1320 Iraqi Dinar (ID) corresponding to $1.12, while reached 1470 ID ($1.25) when the domestic labour was considered. Similarly, increases on the male’s wage increased her share by 630 ID ($0.50), while increases of 1 ID in the non-labour income increased female’s share by 0.43. The estimates showed that the disabled women decreased the share by 1275 ID ($1.08). Furthermore, the findings illustrated that considering the non-participation of the wife in the labour market, her share and therefore her bargaining power was lower than their earner counterparts.

The Effect of Economic Variables in the Exchange Rate of the Iraqi Dinar for the Period (1995-2015)

This study aims to identify the trends of fluctuations of Iraqi dinar exchange rate along with diagnosis the factors that influencing it. The importance of this study is that it attempts to examine the mechanisms of impacts some economic variables on the exchange rate fluctuations of Iraqi economy as a result of the use of the Iraqi Central Bank's policies. This study based on a hypothesis that states: Iraqi dinar exchange influenced by several factors and variables, some are fact and some are because the hard cash that led to the occurrence of fluctuations. Since the cash supply has a positive as well as a significant impact on creating and finding these fluctuations. This study comprises three sections: first section presenting the theoretical framework of the exchange rate. Second section focuses on the Relationship of the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar with economic variables. Finally, the third section analyzes the results of impacts some economic variables on the Iraqi dinar fluctuations exchange rate for the period of (1995-2015). The study found a set of results, and based on the outcomes of the study a number of recommendations has been presented.

Forecast the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar against the US dollar using different versions of GARCH models.

There are many time series that are characterized by large variability, which makes them suffer from the problem of heterogeneity of contrast clearly, Where the time series analysis requires the homogeneity of variance for this purpose was the study and review of some important models used in dealing with the time series heterogeneous in contrast, a GARCH, ARMA-GARCH,TGARCH, EGACH , When the distribution of errors follows the normal distribution which was discovered by Engle since 1982, The aim of this study was to forecast . This study aimed at forecasting the exchange rates of the Iraqi dinar against the US dollar for the period from 2010 to 2018 through an analysis of fluctuations in the exchange rate series. The application of the studied data showed that the best model for predicting volatility is ARMA (0-1) -GARCH 2.1) based on some criteria for selecting the AIC, SIC, H-QIC and the significance of the estimated model parameters.

Risk Factors Associated with Brucella Seropositivity in Sheep and Goats in Duhok Province, Iraq.

Sera from 432 small ruminants (335 sheep and 97 goats) from 72 farms in Duhok Province, northern Iraq, were collected to investigate risk factors associated with brucellosis seropositivity. Serum samples were tested using the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Using parallel interpretation, RBT and iELISA results showed that 31.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 26.1, 36.3) of sheep and 34.0% (95% CI: 24.7, 44.3) of goats had antibodies against Brucella in the study area. A random-effects multivariable logistic regression model indicated that a higher chance of being seropositive (odds ratio (OR) = 1.7; 95% 1.4; 2.2) was associated with an increase in the age of animals. The odds of Brucella seropositivity in flocks where sheep and goats grazed together was 2.0 times higher (95% CI: 1.08; 3.9) compared to flocks where sheep and goats grazed separately. The odds of Brucella seropositivity in small ruminants was 2.2 higher (95% CI: 1.2; 4.3) for animals originating from farms with a history of goat abortion in the preceding 12 months. In contrast, for every 1000 Iraqi Dinars (~0.85 US Dollar) spent by the farmers on control of Brucella in their flocks, the odds of Brucella seropositivity decreased significantly (OR = 0.9, p-value = 0.021). The final model also indicated significant differences in Brucella seropositivity between the different districts of Duhok Province. This study provides a contribution to the epidemiology of brucellosis in small ruminants in northern Iraq.

Economic Losses of Condemned Livers and Lungs due to Infectio with Common Reportable Diseases of Slaughtered Ruminants at Kerbala Abattoirs

A study was carried out at kerbala slaughterhouses during 6 month-period from October 2015 to March 2016 in order to estimate the economic losses of condemned livers and lungs of slaughtered ruminants due to common reportable diseases. Diagnosis of diseases and lesions of livers and lungs depended on pathological changes of organ, color, size, consistency, presence of parasites and lesions. Out of 67,500 heads of slaughtered sheep, goats, cattle, and buffaloes which were slaughtered during this study at Kerbala abattoirs, condemnation of livers and lungs was carried out in 2002 (2.96%) of the slaughtered animals, of which 22 (0.03%) , 15 (0.02%) , 302 (0.45%) , 91 (0.13%) of the slaughtered animals were due to hydatidosis, facioliasis , lung worms, pneumonia and hepatitis respectively. The highest infection rate of the condemned livers in slaughtered ruminants was recorded due to hydatidosis 1,324(1.96%), followed by hepatitis 91(0.13%) and fascioliasis 22(0.03%). The livers of 1.32% sheep, 7.42% goat, 3.36% cattle and 4.06% buffaloes carried hydatid cysts, and the infection rate of hydatidosis in livers of goats was significantly higher than other animal species with ( P< 0.05 ). However, lungs of slaughtered ruminants were frequently disposed due to hydatid cyst (1.004%) ,followed by pneumonia (0.45%) and lung worms (0.02%), and that lungs of goats (3.72%) were condemned more frequently with a significant difference ( P <0.05) than other animal spp. The findings of the current study revealed that condemnation of livers and lungs of sheep, goat, cattle and buffaloes in kerbala abattoirs due to parasitic infestation and other pathological lesions caused considerable economic losses. The estimated total losses due to condemned livers and lungs in buffaloes and cattle were (28,250,000 Iraqi Dinars ,ID) (21,730 $) but in sheep and goats ,the losses were (46,650,000 ID) (35,884 $) and the total economic losses recorded in this period of study for all species of animals slaughtered in abattoirs due to condemned lungs and livers were (74,900,000 ID) (57,615 $) .

Determinants Of The Exchange Rate Of The Iraqi Dinar. An Applied Study For The Period 1996 - 2011

  This research has attempted to study the determinants of the Iraqi dinar exchange rate from the period (1996 – 2011) . The ( Minitab ) was adopted to obtain some evaluations for the indicators that were used to analyze and evaluate the nature of relationships among the variants of the research and their tendencies and also testing the hypotheses . The research has reached a series of conclusions related to both the theoretical and practical sides of the research , and through which the hypo theses of the research were verified . Some recommendations were reached , the main one was that Iraq must be in aware of the importance of correcting the violation resulted from the Iraqi dinar exchange price versus the American dollar exchange price as the Iraqi dinar being the main goal of the economic policy and the fundamental condition of developing the economic performance and the insurance of the total economic stability , and consequently , the violation of the price exchange rate had received a greater attention in the economic literature and in the establishment of the economic policies and the main reason of any economic instability . Achieving its stability is not an easy task . Achieving such tasks without knowing the affecting factors , and how to direct them would from a greater challenge .

Currency Auction Of The Central Bank Of Iraq And Its Role In Stabilizing The Exchange Rate Of The Iraqi Dinar . An Analytical Study Of The Period From January 2010 Until December 2010

Currency Auction Of The Central Bank Of Iraq And Its Role In Stabilizing The Exchange Rate Of The Iraqi Dinar . An Analytical Study Of The Period From January 2010 Until December 2010

The Cost of Formula Milk Feeding in Infancy in Al-Amarah City, South East of Iraq

Background Infant formula means a breast-milk substitute specially manufactured to satisfy, by itself, the nutritional requirements of infants during the first months of life up to the introduction of appropriate complementary feeding. We aimed to determine the cost and burden of formula feeding on the family in Al-Amara city, Iraq. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional analytic study was carried out in Al-Sadder Teaching Hospital in Al-Amara city, Iraq, during period from August/2015 to February/2016. The study performed on 100 mothers of infant less than 6 months who were attended the pediatric ward. Data was collected then calculating the average of ounces consumed per a day for each age group with calculating their cost per a day. Results The mean cost of ounces consumption per a day for each infant who was exclusively on formula feeding during the first month of age was (1,584 IQD: Iraqi Dinar), while for the second month and 3-6 months age group were (1,806 IQD) and (2,322 IQD) respectively. The cost was significantly higher than those infants on mixed feeding in all age groups, the P-values are 0.007, 0.005 and 0.002 in 1st month, 2nd month and 3-6 month of age respectively. Conclusion In general the cost of formula milk feeding in infancy was high and causing a burden on the family. Saving money, health and emotional wellbeing will direct our vision toward breast feeding.

Iraq's Economic Development Strategies: The Challenges and Requirements

Sustainable development, with its economic, social, environmental aspects, is required for the advancement of human life in developing countries. This can be achieved after examining the challenges (economic and non-economic and internal and external) and the requirements for development, while acknowledging that the process of identifying the philosophy of the economic system and orientations and defining the role of the state in economic management and policies is extremely important and necessary in Iraq. The research found that the policy of economic reform implemented by the Iraqi government could not achieve high economic growth rates and stable guarantees for development but created economic improvement in some economic indicators in limited periods. The existence of a pre-2003 economic philosophy a clear guarantee of the achievement of economic development after 2003 resulted in policies and programmes of economic reform being instituted. These achieved some positive results by reducing inflation and stabilising the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar and the high value and high volume of foreign exchange reserves, amounting to a 60 billion dollar reduction (80%) and scheduling of external debt. The country’s GDP has witnessed improvements by increasing oil exports. However, the contribution of other economic sectors except oil continued to contribute to the formation of low-GDP ratios. This paper attempts to characterise the economic reforms which have been adopted by the Iraqi governments in recent years and to explain the strategy of the economic reform programmes for achieving economic development in Iraqi economic sectors. These suffer from underdevelopment and not keeping pace economically with the countries of the advanced capitalist world.

The Economics Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Iraq for the Period (2004-2011)

The impact of economic variables on the growth of FDI inward is always of interest to economists, financial, academics and decision-makers nowadays, was discussed this issue extensively in recent years, but the results were different and unclear, so the main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of three macroeconomic variables; inflation rate, interest rate and exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar against the U.S. dollar on the foreign direct investment inflows to Iraq for a period of eight years (2004-2011) using statistical analysis and econometrics as multiple regression. The study results showed that there was no significant effect of both the inflation rate and the interest rate, and the existence of significant negative effect of the exchange rate on the dependent variable foreign direct investment inwards in Iraq. The study concluded that the increase in the exchange rate of the Iraqi currency leads to lower FDI inwards. The study suggested that the Iraqi government focus to establish effective monetary policy in order to stable the exchange rate to attract more foreign direct investment to participate in the economic development and reconstruction process to be undertaken.

THE FINANCIAL , TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL USEFULNESS STUDY FOR ESTABLISHING EXPERIMENTAL STATION AND DEVELOPING OF HONEYBEES PROJECTS

The research aims to study the financial , technical and economical usefulness establishment of experimental station and development of honeybees projects , in Mosul city / Iraq , by using some economical evaluation aspects ; Four productive lines were chosen , they are ; Honey Product , bee clusters , queen Rearing , Bee Cluster production and honey characters credit. In order to prove hypothesis research trading profit aspects , such as Ratio Benefits to cost , which was 1.22 , 2.85 , 7.86 and 1.58 Iraqi Dinar, and Internal incomes mean aspect which was 18.49 % ,17.7%,18.25% and 17.83% to the four lines productive respectively had been used . Result showed an economical usefulness for this project.

THE ECONOMIC USEFULNESS OF PRODUCING MEDICAL PLANTS PROJECT IN THE CITY OF MOSUL

The research aims at studying the economic usefulness of producing medical plants project un the city of Mosul bu using economic evaluation criteria. A sample of medical plants was chosen including Ghazing, Coriander, Chamomile and black Cumin. As for the reason behind choosing them, that is because they are local raw materials involved in manufacturing many pharmatical formulas and the wild abundant production in the city of Mosul in addition to consider them as an important economic resource. For the sake of refuting the hypothesis of the research, the criteria of commercial earning i.e. the portion of earnings to costs which reached 1.408 and the current next value of the additional cash flow which reached 576745 Iraqi Dinars and the rate of the internal earnings that reached 34.87%. the total costs of the proposed project reached 75927579 Iraqi Dinars, and the total additional value of the duration of the project 50699456 Iraqi Dinars equal to 42605 US Dollar by exchange rate 1119 Dinar / US Dollar.

The Impact of Exchange Rate Changes on General Level of Goods Prices in Erbil City for the Period 1994 – 2006

The exchange rate is regarded as one of the most important prices because it is depended by the country to exchange products with other countries. In other words, it determines the country competitive ability. Exchange rate affects the balance of payments, real growth, inflation rate and connects the national with international economy through three markets: commodity markets, asset markets and production factors markets. The importance of the research rises from analyzing the reasons, scope and the trend of changes taken place with Dinar exchange rate and their reflection on the level of goods prices and inflation rates in Erbil City during the period of study. The research aims to apply a theoretical side of exchange rate, besides knowing the trend of Dinar exchange rate changes in Erbil Markets and the affect of their changes on general level of goods prices. The research problem is represented in Iraqi Dinar exchange rate that is fluctuated against foreign currencies especially the U.S Dollar and their reflection on general prices level in Erbil City. The hypotheses are: - Exchange rate changing and affects the general prices level in Erbil City within the research period. - Inflation rate moved within same period. To realize the hypothesis, the research was divided into two parts; the first one related to the exchange rate issues (theoretical side), while the second concerns the Iraqi Dinar exchange rate and its changes in the City. The research also showed that the exchange rate in Erbil City faced three stages: - First One: Through the period 1992 – 2003. - Second: Through the period 2004- 2006. - Third: Through 2007 till now. Latterly, the research reached some conclusions and suggestions; the general price level in Erbil City affected directly by exchange rate suggested that the Central Bank must continue its role in stabling the Dinar through continuously intervene selling the Dollar. ).

Iraq's Capital Budget and Regional Development Fund: review and comments on execution capacity and implications

This article discusses the unique situation of Iraq: tremendous need in the infrastructure and basic services, huge financial resources and the sub-optimal capacity of the Government of Iraq (GoI) to utilize them to satisfy the needs. In 2007 only 65.1 of the Iraqi dinars (ID) 7,826 billion Capital Budget and 34 of the ID 2,883 billion Regional Development Fund have been spent. The physical performance on the ground under-performs as well. This article identifies the legal framework, planning capacity, economic and financial policies, coordination among the GoI institutions and the implementation capacity that can be classified under one title: the sub-optimal conduct of the GoI including the legislative branch, the executive branch and the local governments. This article suggests a series of actions and measures to improve the conduct of the GoI in Capital Budget execution.

ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF BROILER RATION USED IN NENAVA PROVINCE

The aim of this study is to evaluate the ration usually used in broiler farms in nenava province, which consist of 30% corn, 35% wheat, 25% soybean meal (45% cp), 10% protein concentrate. The results shows that , by using linear programming we can formulate a starter ration consist of 8.22 % corn, 61.78 % wheat, 15.87% soybean meal,14.13 % protein concentrate, and a finisher ration consist of 79.46% wheat, 11.85% soybean meal, 8.69% protein concentrate , and that will reduce the cost of feeding by 505.47 thousand Iraqi Dinars for each house and each stock.

Does devaluation improve the trade balance of Iraq?

This paper aims to investigate the impact of devaluation of the Iraqi dinar on the country's trade balance for the period 1970‐90. It follows the elasticity approach to the balance of payments. The OLS and GLS methods were used to estimate the import and export demand functions. The empirical results indicate that devaluation does not improve the trade balance, since the sum of demand elasticities for imports and exports is less than unity (point estimate). However, at 95 per cent and 80 per cent and for lower confidence intervals, the results cannot reject the hypothesis that devaluation does improve the trade balance. Only at some even lower confidence interval is the sum of the price elasticities unambiguously less than unity, resulting in the conclusion that devaluation does not improve the trade balance.