Iranian Crisis Research Articles

The Importance of Life Skills Training in Preventing Addiction Recurrence between January and February 2020: A Narrative Review Article

IntroductionDrug abuse problem is one of the four global crises and the most important social crisis in Iran. This study was conducted to investigate the importance of life skills training in preventing the recurrence of addiction among young people.MethodsThe present article is a narrative review performed by two researchers between January and February 2020 by searching in scientific databases in articles published in Scopus, Pubmed, Google scholar and Google search engine including the terms “addiction”, “youth” , “Coping skills”, “adaptability skills”, “life skills training”, and “drug abuse”.ResultsThe results of various studiesindicate that the life skills training program increases the feeling of happiness, improves the quality of life of people, and increases the ability to control emotions.ConclusionDue to the positive impact of life skills training and its applicability to all segments of society, planners and managers in the community's mental health sector can set up centers to continuously hold such classes and conduct life skills training even as in-service training program.

Twelve Lessons on Hospital Leadership during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Coronavirus pandemic has been announced by World Health Organization Director General on March 11th, 2020. Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, was one the first referral hospitals in the capital city of Tehran, I.R.Iran that entered the crisis and started a serious battle with the disease. The hospital had to change many routine operations to cope with the situation and during this journey, we used published leadership principles and reached to some new experiences. As this is probably the most severe health-related crisis in Iran in the past 100 years, we gathered our lessons learned in the first fifty days of epidemic from the leadership point of view to share those with all colleagues worldwide. We know that leadership is of pivotal role in such a massive crisis and focused leadership experiences can help health care providers to manage the crisis while we are in the middle of it.

Combination of GIS and AHP for site selection of pressurized irrigation systems in the Izeh plain, Iran

Irrigation systems have in recent years attained a higher level of variety in as such that the selection and implementation of an irrigation system is based on the physical constraints of the site area thus giving way to a much more adequate irrigation efficiency. With due regards to the water crisis in Iran and subsequent drought conditions, the implementing of similar irrigation systems in different regional conditions lacks any justification. In the Izeh plain the use of surface irrigation systems with minimal efficiency is very common. In order to implement and operate modern irrigation systems and maximize water saving, the site selection of pressurized irrigation systems was evaluated through the fusing of AHP and GIS maps for a variety of pressurized irrigation systems followed by the selecting of the best irrigation system for each region. In the current study physical and socio-economic criteria were selected as the main criterion and were then classified into several sub-criterions.A Drip irrigation system, a Gun irrigation system, a center pivot irrigation system and a linear irrigation system were selected as the options utilized when using the AHP method. The Gun and center pivot irrigation systems had the least value as they were not suitable for mountainous area. Drip and linear irrigation systems were given a higher value and were suitable for implementation in most regions. After comparing different sub-criterion, the drip irrigation system was identified as being the most suitable pressurized irrigation system for the Izeh plain.

Английские поставки пшеницы в СССР и продовольственный кризис в Иране 1942 года

The article is devoted to the problem of British wheat supplies to the USSR and overcoming the food crisis in Iran in 1942. During the Second World War, England supplied to the USSR under Lend-Lease, including through Iran (the “Persian corridor”), however, due to food supplies in 1942, friction arose between the Allies. During lengthy negotiations, England and the USSR made mutual concessions. England supplied Canadian wheat, but at its own expense, the USSR believed that all deliveries through the «Persian corridor» should go into its ownership. As a result of the negotiations, the parties found understanding based on the interests of the starving Iranian population. England agreed to give part of the wheat supplies to the USSR, and the USSR agreed to distribute this wheat in northern Iran among the starving population. Thus, England was possible to cope with the famine in Iran, the USSR contributed to this.

Policymaking and Water Crisis in Iran

The water crisis in Iran for nearly two decades has become an important concern for people and politicians and has always been raised in the media. Locating in dry and semi-arid belt and low rainfall, there are few water resources in Iran. Resource management should offset water scarcity through a variety of methods, due to population growth and agricultural and industrial development . The government has the most important role in this regard, which needs to have a good policy for water management. However, at the present moment water crisis is not considered as a priority for policymakers, and the lack of a well-structured program, as well as poor performance of the authorities has worsened the country’s water resources. Various institutions are involved in water resources management, which are generally divided into policy and executive institutions. Water resources policymakers have not yet come up with coherent and clear policies for understanding the water crisis and for a genuine crisis resolution. In the area of executive bodies, every water-related entity, regardless of the water crisis and the consequences of implementing sectoral policies on water resources, is trying to meet its organizational goals. The lack of expertise and coherent policies in the face of the water crisis and the implementation of sectoral policies without sufficient attention to water scarcity have put the country’s development policies on the water resources and the challenges of the water crisis are constantly increasing. The main question of the article is what is the policy of water in Iran since 2001? Based on this question, our hypothesis is that the water crisis is not well positioned in macroeconomic policy, leading to a lack of clear and comprehensive planning for the crisis and that existing programs are partly due to lack of coordination between institutions and agencies. The water crisis has not finally come to end.

Improving water management in date palms using economic value of water footprint and virtual water trade concepts in Iran

Iran has the second rank in production and cultivation area and the fifth in exporting date palm in the world. Even though the date palm has a high economic value, due to the water crisis in Iran, the effect of date palm production on the water resources along with its economic value should be considered. This research assesses the index of water footprint and economic value of water footprint for three cultivars of date palms, including the soft, semi-dry and dry during the period 2008–2016. Through this study, these indices have been computed for date palms and compared with the other agricultural products in Iran. Finally, the results are used for prioritization of the cultivated area. The outputs show that the average footprint and economic value of water footprint for date palm is 3.02 m3/kg and 0.59 USD/m3, respectively, which in this regards the share of green, blue and grey water footprint are 9.1 %, 76.9 %, and 14 %. The maximum value of water footprint (8.6 m3/kg) and economic value of water footprint (1.49 USD/m3) belongs to the dry date palm while the minimum value of those indices is 0.97 m3/kg and 0.19 USD/m3 which belongs to the semi-dry date palm. In comparison the date palm with 43 agricultural products in Iran, the dry date palm is ranked 33 in water footprint and 18 in the economic value of water footprint while the semi-dry and the soft date palms are ranked 33 and 34 in water footprint and 29 and 30 in the economic value of water footprint. The volume of water footprint for date palm is about 2437 million cubic meters (MCM) per year in Iran, which the share of soft, semi-dry, and dry date palms are 79.6 %, 18 %, and 2.45 % respectively. The volume of the exported virtual water is 1243 MCM with 733 million USD economic value of water footprint, whereas the net benefit of exported date palm is one-quarter of its economic value of water footprint. The results of this study show that the indices discussed through this study capable to provide valuable information for prioritization of date palm cultivation and management of water resources in Iran.

A Trend Study on Media Representation and Economic Circulation of Drug Addiction Treatment Market in Iran: Development of Opioid Maintenance Services and Emergence of Treatment Menu for Amphetamines

Background: Drug addiction treatment (DAT) is a dynamic market influenced by customers’ requests and regulating policies. The treatment centers advertise their services in daily newspapers providing an indirect manner for their market analysis. Objectives: The current study was the second phase of the authors’ longitudinal study on evaluating DAT network in Tehran. The current study was designed to provide an outline of treatment services, along with communicative and economic aspects of these centers through tracking their advertisements in newspapers. Methods: A trend study was conducted in two time points, May 2009 and November 2012, and reviewed all relevant advertisements in the daily newspapers in a one-month period, in Tehran. After content analysis of the advertisements, the data collection was finalized with telephone-structured interviews. Results: In 2009, sixty-six clinics advertised for their services, using 383 codes to introduce their centers (43%) and treatment menus (57%). Three years later, in 2012, ninety-nine clinics advertised their services a 33% increase. They used 923 codes (140% growth) to introduce their centers (64%) and advertise treatment menus (36%). Based on the results, methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) remains as the most popular treatment in Tehran offered by 85% of the centers. In 2009, there was no code regarding methamphetamine in the ads, but in 2012, about 43% of centers included the related code in their ads, reflecting the market response to rapidly growing methamphetamine addiction in Iran. Conclusions: Longitudinal trend analysis of DAT market using newspaper advertisements, as an indirect, but rapid and feasible method, provides a dynamic picture of drug treatment network. It showed that opioid maintenance therapy still continues its services in the market, and treatment services likewise grow in response to methamphetamine crisis in Iran.

Response to water crisis: How do Iranian farmers think about and intent in relation to switching from rice to less water-dependent crops?

In response to the severe water crisis in Iran, the Iranian government has changed its approach to the management of the country’s water resources in different sectors from supply-side to demand-side management–an approach that relies on reducing water demand. In this regard, due to the high consumption of water in the agricultural sector, switching from rice cultivation that requires large amounts of water, to less water-intensive crops were considered a priority for the country, and the government banned the cultivation of rice as a water conservation policy. It is however very difficult for a government or any other power to enforce such a measure as it must be voluntarily accepted by end users (i.e., farmers) to be successful. Therefore, the success of this policy largely depends on what the public think of such measures. As such, it is crucial for policymakers to know how farmers think and behave in terms of these policies. The aim of this research is to accrue empirical evidence about farmers’ intention toward changing the rice cropping system. To achieve our goal, we used a social-psychological theory known as the Theory of Interpersonal Behavior. A sample of 250 rice growers in southwest Iran was selected. Structural equation modeling showed that farmers’ intention to change from rice cultivation to another crop is determined by personal norms, beliefs about their role and emotional considerations.

Reinterpreting Yazd watermuseum's spatial quality and performance based on users' viewpoints

Museums are treasures of mankind’s memories and history which, by displaying and teaching past generations’ heritage, encourages the contemporary society to deepen its thoughts. Therefore, visiting them is influential in improvement of future life. considering the water crisis in Iran, it is necessary to pay attention to proper architectural space and performance in water museums as well as proper planning to increase people’s participation. Since one of the problems in the Iranian museums is relying on object-centered approach, displaying, and protection, perhaps it could be effective to utilize users' points of view in order to recognize the criteria of desirable museum spaces and functions. This may ultimately increase the users’ interaction and satisfaction and lead to the prosperity of the museum. to this end, Yazd Water Museum was chosen as a case study. Then, semi-open questionnaires and “Q” methodology were used to determine and analyze the intentions, expectations and interests of visitors as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the museum. Information from the “complaints and feedbacks” office were also coded and classified and consequently users’ opinions were analyzed. Finally, by using the extracted viewpoints, some solutions for architectural design and performance of Water Museums were suggested. Therefore, this research tried to be a model for Improving the performance of Yazd Water Museum sa well as other museums in the conuntry to increase their popularity and visiting rate through designing a suitable space and more effective performances.

Wheat Self-Sufficiency, Water Restriction and Virtual Water Trade in Iran

Sustainable food security is one of the policy-making targets in Iran, but water scarcity has always been a challenge to its actualization. Regarding this point, offering policies to address this challenge is essential. On the other hand, wheat is the most important commodity in the food baskets of Iranians, and due to the lack of equality in the supply and demand among the regions, a large amount of wheat is displaced every year. The displacement of wheat has resulted in virtual water trade among the regions and could be a possible solution to manage the water crisis in Iran. With respect to the necessity of research, the present study investigated the effects of economic policies on virtual water trade for wheat using a spatial equilibrium model. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of virtual water trade flow and welfare changes which resulted from making different economic policies in the wheat market. The results showed that the wheat self-sufficiency policy reduces the total amount of virtual water trade, and will increase pressure on the water resources of Iran. The policy of paying tax and receiving subsidies also significantly affect the flow of virtual water trade. But that happens best when tax revenues are equal to the payment of subsidies.

The Influence of Religious Cultural Heritage on President Truman, the Iran Crisis of 1946, and International Control of Nuclear Technology

The Influence of Religious Cultural Heritage on President Truman, the Iran Crisis of 1946, and International Control of Nuclear Technology

The senility tsunami in Iran

One of the achievements of the 21st century is the aging population (Angus and Reeve, 2006). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), senility is passing the 60th birthday (Bengtson and Allen, 2009). According to forecasts, by 2050, the population of the world 65-year-old age group will reach over 1.4 billion people from 550 million. It means that the world's aging index, rising from 24 people in 1950 to 33 people in 2000, will increase to 101 people in 2050 (Christensen et al., 2009). Currently, due to lower birth rates, increased life expectancy, health promotion, and disease detection, Iran is also in the age structure transition phase of the population from youth to senility (Noroozian, 2012). Therefore, elderly people are considered as the largest population group in Iran. According to the census conducted in 2016, the ratio of the elderly of Iran reached 6.1% in the past five years from 5.7% (Yearbook, 2017). It is anticipated that by 2050, the Iran’s elderly population will reach 31.5% of the total population of the country (Yearbook, 2013, 2017). Due to the WHO, the world's elderly population will reach 21.5% in 2050 and 24% in Asia (Organization, 2009), according to which the population of the elderly people in Iran will be higher than the whole world average and the Asia average till 4 years (Yearbook, 2017). This demographic crisis in Iran can be called the senility tsunami, which can be debatable in various aspects including social, economic, health, medical, and political, in developing countries like Iran.

Causes of the US Hostage Crisis in Iran: The Untold Account of the Communist Threat

ABSTRACTThis article provides a revisionist account of the occupation of the US embassy in Tehran in November 1979, one of the most conspicuous manifestations of anti-Americanism in recent history. Drawing solely upon primary documents, largely from various Iranian communists and Islamists, it questions the conventional wisdom that the Islamists' takeover of the embassy was a grassroots reaction to American policies, particularly after President Carter admitted the ailing Shah. It also challenges the argument that the radical students stormed the embassy primarily to bring down the nationalist provisional government. Instead, I introduce a critical overlooked factor and argue that the Hostage Crisis can be better explained as a preemptive act by the Islamists to outbid the leftists' anti-American activities. I demonstrate that the United States and the Islamists were seeking to maintain normal relations during and even after the 1979 revolution. However, various communist organizations that surfaced after the revolution posed an existential threat to the new Islamist-nationalist government, quickly dominating universities, labor unions, and intellectual circles throughout the country and accusing the Islamists and their nationalist allies of collaborating with the United States. In this climate, the Islamists strategically adopted the Left's anti-imperialist language and eventually occupied the US embassy to establish their anti-American credibility.

Lived experienced of patients with sickle cell disease anemia about disease management (a qualitative research)

Introduction and Goal: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of disorders, comprising sickle cell anemia and compound heterozygous disorders. It is the most common inherited hematological disease in the world. The objectives of this study were to describe the lived experienced patients with SCD during the evolution of a painful event and their solutions for control and manage it. We hope that with finding and cumulative of these solutions help patient with SCD for the management of their painful event. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study explored the experiences of sickle cell patients in management and control of pain and disease crisis in Iran. In-depth, unstructured individual interviews were conducted to extract the subjects' experiences of sickle cell patients in management and control of pain and disease crisis. Results: Codes extracted from the interviews led to the emergence of fore themes, which include implementation of various strategies to pain relief, awareness of pain intensifying, need to have the full support, awareness of the disease process. Conclusion: It is recommended that the instructions and programs written by nurses, be taught to patients and received feedback, to ensure that these strategies will be used.

Water Crisis in Iran: Its Intensity, Causes and Confronting Strategies

Objectives: This investigation was done in order to study Iran’s water crisis intensity as well as its causes and also to propose some solution to confront and mitigate this crisis. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This research was carried out as a documentary and library research using Grounded Theory Method. Also 3 famous and common water crisis indexes were used in order to assess Iran’s water crisis. Findings: Results of all investigated indexes showed and confirmed that Iran is in intense water stress condition. Among the factors causing and intensifying this crisis the most important factors are: Irregular water consumption and increasing demand for water along with limited water resources and consequently water supply-demand imbalance; Rapid urbanization along with population growth and its unsuitable geographical distribution across the country; Iran’s geographical and climatic condition as a country in arid and semi-arid region of the world; Mismanagement of water resources; Improper development of agriculture section along with unsuitable cropping pattern in agriculture. Application/Improvement: some exit strategies in two categories of short-term and long-term solutions are presented at the end in order to confront water crisis condition of Iran.

‘Strong, United and Independent’: the British Foreign Office, Anglo–Iranian Oil Company and the internationalization of Iranian politics at the dawn of the Cold War, 1945–46

ABSTRACTThis article challenges traditional accounts of the 1946 Cold War Crisis in Iran by moving beyond Soviet–American confrontation to focus on British policy. In contrast to the United States, Britain was a major stake-holding power in Iran due to the valuable holdings of the Anglo–Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). By comparing the reactions of the AIOC and Foreign Office, continuity between the events of the 1946 Crisis and later developments in the Mosaddegh premiership becomes apparent. Soviet interference in Azerbaijan prompted great concern from representatives in Iran, but the central Foreign Office pursued a more cautious policy. Only concerns relating to the growth of domestic Iranian communism in the form of the Tudeh Party and the threat this entailed to the British concession prompted the Foreign Office and AIOC to take measures rendering them partially complicit in the internationalization of Iranian politics, setting an important precedent for future action. This article evaluates the policy-making process and its impact on Anglo–Iranian relations by utilizing records from the UK National Archives, British Petroleum Archive and diplomatic personal papers.

The Co-movement between Output and Prices: Evidence from Iran

This paper employs a multivariate dynamic conditional correlation GARCH model, which is developed by Engle (2001, 2002), to detect the timing and nature of changes in the comovement between Iranian output and prices for the periods after Iran–Iraq war , known as imposed war . The results showed that there is a weak correlation between output and prices after imposed war and varies periodically and changes from positive to negative after imposed war and changes from negative to positive again after 2009 crisis in Iran. We conclude that there is a contagion effect of the price index on output. The predominantly negative output-price co-movement suggests that the overall price level was typically countercyclical rather than procyclical. These findings imply the presence of aggregate supply versus aggregate demand shocks and sticky prices. Supply shocks are the main causes of stagflation. To solve the problem of stagflation, governments must adopt policies to push out the aggregate supply curve

The University Entrance Exam Crisis in Iran

The University Entrance Exam Crisis in Iran

Decolonization in Reverse: The Iranian Oil Crisis of 1951–53

The decolonization process in the 1940s and 1950s in Middle Eastern states under Great Britain's informal influence did not aim at recognizing the same type of independence of these states as that enjoyed by Britain and the United States. In the 1940s Washington laid the groundwork for its leading role in Iran during and following the Iranian oil crisis, whilst London with the assistance of the Americans in part reasserted British influence after the crisis. The United States achieved a paramount position in Iran with the assistance of its oil companies and through cooperation with Great Britain, and at the expense of the latter and the Soviet Union.

Revisiting the Iranian Crisis of 1946: How Much More Do We Know?

The Iranian crisis of 1946 occupies a significant place in the early history of the Cold War. While this fact has been increasingly acknowledged by scholars, there remain aspects of the crisis, in particular the motivations of the major actors involved, which demand further exploration. This article reconsiders the roles of early Cold War actors, including the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and Iran itself in the Azerbaijan crisis and offers a synthesis of different perspectives. In revisiting the crisis it draws upon Cold War and post-Cold War literature including recently available archival material. It aims to combine contributions from International Relations, the Cold War and Iranian history to offer a balanced and integrated narrative of events.