Infrared Spectroscopy Research Articles

Investigation of the double layer structure of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate at the air-water interface using sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy.

The interfacial structure and adsorption behavior of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate ionic liquids (ILs) aqueous solutions were investigated using sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) and surface tension measurements. Polarization-dependent measurements revealed a dramatic increase in the SFG signal for both CH and CN stretching modes with increasing ILs concentration, reaching a maximum at a mole fraction of 0.01. This concentration dependence was accompanied by a dramatic drop in surface tension. Upon further increasing the concentration, surface tension varied slightly and reached a constant value, while the SFG signal decreased significantly. Quantitative polarization analysis showed that as the bulk concentration increased, the apparent molecular orientation of the SCN- transition dipole at the interface changed from 51° to 46°, and the tilt angle of CH3 group of the butyl chain attached to the imidazole cationic ring changed from 18° to 32°. The decrease in the SFG signal can be explained by the formation of a double layer adsorption structure at the air/water interface. It was also demonstrated that the anions were adsorbed at the interface simultaneously with the cationic group, rather than by successive adsorption as proposed in a previous study. Using the Shereshefsky model, the thermodynamic Gibbs free energy of adsorption deduced from surface tension data was compared with SFG results.

Molecular H2 in silicate melts

A series of hydrothermal diamond anvil cell experiments was conducted to constrain the equilibrium distribution of molecular H2 between H2O-saturated sodium aluminosilicate melts and H2O at elevated temperatures (600–800 °C) and pressures (317–1265 MPa). The distribution of H2 between the silicate liquid and the aqueous fluid was achieved through real-time monitoring of the H-H stretching vibration under in situ conditions using Raman vibrational spectroscopy. Results show that the solubility of H2 in silicate melts saturated with H2O decreases as the temperature increases, with control exerted by the mole fraction of H2O in the melt. The dissolution of H2 in the hydrous silicate melts appears to follow Henrian behavior, resembling that of an inert, neutral non-polar species. To express species solubility as a function of temperature (T in K) an empirical equation was developed:ln Km/f = 11.4 (±1.3) *1000 / T (K) − 18.7 (±1.1)where Km/f is the equilibrium constant for the reaction H2(g) = H2(melt). This equation was derived by integrating data from the current and prior experimental studies that include silicate melts with varying H2O saturation levels. It should be deemed applicable within the temperature range of 600–1450 °C and pressures ranging from 0.3 to 3 GPa. The implications are extended into developing an understanding of the H partitioning between H2-rich atmospheres blanketing magma oceans in the early history of planetary bodies. For example, transferring H from primordial atmospheric envelopes to the interior of rocky exoplanets may be less efficient than previously believed, which should be considered in models of volatile retention. Experimental data also suggest that minimal amounts of solar nebula H2 are likely to dissolve in the molten surface of primitive objects in the protoplanetary disk (∼10−5 to 10−9 mol faction H2 in melt), contradicting the highly reducing conditions observed in chondrule mineral compositions.

Dynamic protein hydration water mediates the aggregation kinetics of amyloid β peptides at interfaces

Protein hydration water is essential for protein misfolding and amyloid formation, but how it directs the course of amyloid formation has yet to be elucidated. Here, we experimentally demonstrated that femtosecond sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG–VS) and the femtosecond IR pump–SFG probe technique can serve as powerful tools for addressing this issue. Using amyloid β(1–42) peptide as a model, we determined the transient misfolding intermediates by probing the amide band spectral features and the local hydration water changes by measuring the ultrafast vibrational dynamics of the amide I band. For the first time, we established a correlation between the dynamic change in protein hydration water and aggregation propensity. The aggregation propensity depends on the dynamic change in the hydration water, rather than the static hydration water content of the initial protein state. Water expulsion enhances the aggregation propensity and promotes amyloid formation, while protein hydration attenuates the aggregation propensity and inhibits amyloid formation. The suppression of water expulsion and protein hydration can prevent protein aggregation and stabilize proteins. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the underlying effect of hydration water on amyloid formation and protein structural stability and provide a strategy for maintaining long–term stabilization of biomolecules.

Features of IR Spectra of Olivines Containing Isotopologues of Water

Features of IR Spectra of Olivines Containing Isotopologues of Water

Development of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Donepezil Hydrochloride Effective Nose to Brain Delivery

ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the development and evaluation of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for the efficient intranasal delivery of donepezil hydrochloride. The NLCs were prepared using the microemulsion technique. Each excipient used in the formulation was thoroughly evaluated for stability, assessing factors such as color change, phase separation, precipitation, and texture. Characterization of the NLCs included the construction of a pure calibration curve, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and the IR analysis of physical mixtures. The donepezil hydrochloride-loaded NLCs were then incorporated into a thermosensitive gel using Pluronic F127, which was also prepared using the microemulsion technique. The NLCs were further characterized by evaluating their zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and particle size. The thermosensitive gel's properties were assessed by measuring the gelation temperature and viscosity. Drug release studies were conducted using a dialysis membrane to compare the release profiles of the pure drug, donepezil-HCl-loaded NLCs, and the NLC-loaded thermosensitive gel, focusing on their potential for controlled drug release.

Synthesis of Ferrocenyl Chalcone-Containing Aminourea Schiff Bases and Their Detection on Tryptophan.

In this paper, 1-phenyl-3-ferrocenylenone aminourea Schiff bases were synthesized by a novel method. A multifunctional molecular probe (Probe A) of 1-phenyl-3-ferrocenylenone, carbon-based solid acid, aminourea, and anhydrous ethanol was synthesized by adding them to a vessel at elevated temperatures and refluxing for the synthesis of a multifunctional molecular probe (Probe A) of 1-phenyl-3-ferrocenylenone aminourea Schiff base, and it was found that it recognizes tryptophan (Trp) in solution, and that the catalyst can be reused more than five times after recycling. This method is characterised by low cost, high efficiency, green environment and no waste acid. Fluorescence and UV spectra show that probe A specifically recognizes tryptophan (Trp) without interference by other amino acids or pH and time does not affect it within 45min. The lowest limit of detection for Trp was 1.307 × 10- 4 mol/L for probe A. The binding ratios of probe A to Trp were measured to be 1:1 by Job's plotting method, respectively. The complexation constant of probe A with Trp was found to be 2.733 × 107 L/mol according to the Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The bonding mechanism was explored through IR spectroscopy and ¹H NMR titration.

Benzo[d][1,3]oxathiole-2-thione

Although known for 120 years, the title compound has not been adequately characterised before. In this paper, it is fully characterised by 1H and 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy and its X-ray structure has been determined for the first time.

Advancements in NMR and IR Spectroscopy: Enhancing Metabolomics and Disease Diagnostics in the Health Sector: A Comprehensive Review

Metabolomics has emerged as a critical field in understanding biological processes and disease mechanisms, necessitating advancements in analytical techniques to handle complex biological samples. This review explores the global landscape of metabolomics, with a focus on the use of spectroscopy and spectrometry. Techniques such as UV-Vis and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy offer fast and cost-effective metabolite tracing but are limited by their sensitivity, particularly for low-abundance metabolites. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, despite being less sensitive than mass spectrometry (MS), provides unparalleled structural information, distinguishing metabolites with similar mass-to-charge ratios. NMR's capability to detect metabolites in the 1-10 µM range highlights its effectiveness in metabolomics. This review categorizes advancements in these techniques, starting with global contributions to spectroscopy, followed by detailed discussions on FTIR strategies for metabolite tracing, and concluding with NMR's qualitative and quantitative applications in metabolomics and disease diagnostics. The review underscores the continuous development in sample preparation and data integration, enhancing the accuracy and applicability of these techniques, positioning NMR and FTIR as essential tools in modern metabolomic research.

SYNTHESIS OF NEW FRAMEWORK PHOSPHONATES BY THE INTERACTION OF 2-ETHOXYVINYL DICHLOROPHOSPHONATE WITH 4-ETHYLRESORCINOL

A simple, new and promising approach to obtaining previously unknown phosphorus-containing framework compounds by the developed original synthesis method is proposed. The proposed method is based on the condensation reaction of 2-ethoxyvinylphosphonic acid dichloride with resorcinol and its derivatives in toluene in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid. The article presents the results of a study of the reaction of 2-ethoxyvinyl dichlorophosphonate with 4-ethylresorcinol. It was found that this reaction results in the formation of a mixture of two regioisomers. The structure and construction of the obtained regioisomeric framework phosphonates were studied using 31P and 1H NMR. The regioisomeric framework phosphonates obtained as a result of the reaction of vinylphosphonate with 4-ethylresorcinol were separated by acylation of the mixture with acetic anhydride, using as a medium and a reagent. One functionalized regioisomer was isolated as an individual product, which was white crystals with good solubility in acetone-water and DMSO mixtures. The structure and composition of the obtained regioisomer were confirmed by 1H, 31P, 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MALDI) and elemental analysis. It was found that the reaction of 2-ethoxyvinyl dichlorophosphonate with 4-ethylresorcinol in the presence of an equimolar amount of trifluoroacetic acid in toluene resulted in the formation of a regioisomeric mixture of framework phosphonates in a 4:1 ratio. It was shown that acylation of this regioisomeric mixture with acetic anhydride allowed one of the regioisomers to be isolated individually.

CO-PROCESSING OF COTTON SOAPSTOCK, COAL DUST AND POLYMER WASTE BY PYROLYSIS METHOD

The work is aimed at solving the problems of rational consumption of secondary raw materials on the basis of carbon-containing waste of industries, saturation of the market with additional products and protection of the environment from the toxic effects of waste. Aim of work: the study of the co-pyrolysis process of gossypol resin (GR) from cotton soapstock of "Shymkentmay" JSC, coal dust (CD) of Kulan deposit and plastics waste (PW) in N2 medium. The methodology of work included the establishment of optimal modes of the process, determination of yield, composition and properties of pyrolysis products. Analysis of pyrolysis products by IR spectroscopy, XRD, chromatomass spectrometry. Study of the component composition of liquid pyrolysis products by the method of extraction separation in Soxhlet apparatus into oils, asphaltenes and resins. Assessment of perspectivity of co- pyrolytic processing of carbon-containing wastes from different industries for industrial development. Results and discussion. The optimum temperature of GR pyrolysis (T=450 ⁰С) was established, at which the yield of liquid product was on average 33.01 wt.%, gas yield – 60.33 wt.%, yield of solid residue – 6.65 wt.%. The co-pyrolysis of GR and CD at 1:1 ratio and T=500 ⁰C in N2 atmosphere was investigated for the first time. A high yield of liquid product – 47.34 wt.%, low gas formation – 2.31 wt.% and a large amount of solid residue – 50.34 wt.% were observed, which is apparently due to the formation of coal semicoke and coke. The process of co- pyrolysis of GR, CD with D=90 μm and PW (PE:HPPP – 1:1) at the ratio of 1:1:1 and temperatures of 500 ⁰С-700 ⁰С in N2 atmosphere was investigated for the first time. It is shown that the main contribution to the formation of liquid products in the given temperature regimes is made by GR and PW. Conclusion. Co-processing of carbon-containing wastes was found to be of interest and practical importance, both in terms of obtaining marketable products and maintaining a safe ecology.

Ultrasound synthesis of lanthanide complexes: Crystal structure, thermal decomposition kinetics and fluorescence properties

Two binuclear complexes were successfully synthesized by ultrasound method:[Ln(2-Cl-6-FBA)3(5,5′-DM-2,2′-bipy)(H2O)]2, (Ln=Tb(1), Dy(2); 2-Cl-6-FBA=2‑chloro-6-fluorobenzoicacid; 5,5′-DM-2,2′-bipy=5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine). The crystal structure analysis showed that the two complexes were isomorphic. And they were characterized by IR spectra, Raman spectra and XRD. The fluorescence properties of complex 1 were studied and its luminescence lifetime was calculated. Subsequently, the heat capacity of the two complexes were measured and their thermodynamic functions were obtained. TG-DTG/FTIR/MS technique was used to test the thermal decomposition of the complex in order to better understand the thermal decomposition behavior. Complex 1 was tested at different heating rates to study its non-isothermal kinetics. The relationship between activation energy E and conversion rate α was calculated by M. J. Starink method and NL-INT method. The mechanism functions in the third step decomposition process were determined by double equal-double steps method as G(α) = 1-(1-α)1/2 and f(α) = 2(1-α)1/2. The activation energy E and the pre-exponential factor A were calculated, a series of thermodynamic parameter of the complex were obtained by the equations.

Determination of gelatin from marshmallows using a combination of fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic and chemometrics for halal authentication

Marshmallow is a foam that contains aerated sugar, which is stabilized with gelatin or egg albumin. In this research, a Fourier Transform Infra-Red (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with the Chemometrics methods is developed to distinguish the presence of porcine gelatin in marshmallows, which can then be used to identify halal products. This method provides fast and rapid testing of halal products. Marshmallows were made with varying concentrations of bovine and porcine gelatine as the reference. Commercial marshmallows were collected in the online marketplace by purposive sampling. Isolated gelatin was analyzed using the ATR-FTIR spectrophotometer, and data analysis was continued using PCA (Principal Component Analysis). The results showed that bovine gelatin absorbed at a wavenumber of 1638 cm-1, while porcine gelatin produced a sharp absorption at 1697 and 1654 cm-1. The results of PCA analysis show that 100% of bovine gelatin marshmallows (S100) have areas different from marshmallows containing a mixture of porcine gelatin. The PCA results of four samples (A1, A2, A3, and A4) show they are in the same area as 100% bovine gelatin marshmallows (S100). This shows that it is suspected that the four marshmallow samples tested did not contain porcine gelatin. The multivariate regression curve showed that the pattern of linear absorbance changes along with porcine gelatin concentrations with the highest coefficient equation is from wavenumber 1093.97 cm-1. Keywords: ATR-FTIR, Bovine gelatin, Chemometric, Marshmallow, Porcine gelatin

Exploring Polymorphism in Quinoline‐4‐Carbaldoxime: Experimental Validation and Computational Insights into Hydrogen Bonding and Structural Variations

AbstractThis study identifies and characterizes a second polymorph (Poly‐II) of quinoline‐4‐carbaldoxime (HQ), isolated from an acetone‐acetonitrile mixture. Poly‐II was compared to the previously known Poly‐I using PXRD, DSC, IR, and Raman spectroscopy. Poly‐I forms a 1D supramolecular assembly, whereas Poly‐II exhibits a 2D assembly with additional hydrogen bonds. Hirshfeld surface analysis reveals the presence of different non‐covalent interactions in Poly‐I and Poly‐II, and atom‐in‐molecule (AIM) analysis identifies their strength. AIM analysis, along with Espinosa's relation, was used to calculate the strength of O─H···N and C─H···N interactions in Poly‐I and Poly‐II. The values are −30.0 and −6.17 kJ/mol for Poly‐I, whereas the values for Poly‐II are −36.18 and −3.66 kJ/mol. The plane wave periodic DFT calculations determined the lattice energies of Poly‐I and Poly‐II to be −1.52 and −1.53 eV, respectively, indicating that both polymorphs have comparable stability. The crystal parameters of Poly‐I and Poly‐II obtained from theoretical simulations and the experiment are comparable, indicating the similar stability of Poly‐I and Poly‐II. Computational simulations confirmed experimental data, showing both polymorphs have similar stability and melting points despite different unit cell volumes.

Rac-2-(2′-Ferrocenyl-2′-hydroxy-n-propyl)-1,3-benzothiazole

The synthesis and characterisation (UV-Vis, IR, HRESI-MS, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, electrochemistry) is reported of the novel title material (1: alternatively named rac-1-(2′-benzothiazolyl)-2-ferrocenyl-2-propanol): a rare example of a ferrocenyl-benzothiazole hybrid species. Compound 1 is produced by the low temperature reaction of acetylferrocene (3) with a solution of the methyl anion derived via the deprotonation of 2-methyl-1,3-benzothiazole. The yield of 1 is moderate (34%) after purification and is an air and thermally stable solid under ambient conditions. Attempts to sublime 1, however, result in decomposition with one of the products being identified (NMR) as 3. The spectroscopic features of 1 are presented. Attempts to obtain suitable crystalline material of 1 for a single crystal X-ray diffraction study were unfortunately unsuccessful. Compound 1 also does not form stable coordination complexes with various metal salts (e.g., Ni[2+], Co[2+], etc.) under the conditions tested.

Multimodal Non-Destructive In Situ Observation of Crystallinity Changes in High-Density Polyethylene Samples with Relation to Optical Parameters during Tensile Deformation

Abstract: Many non-destructive optical testing methods are currently used for material research, providing various information about material parameters. At RECENDT, a multimodal experimental setup has been designed that combines terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), infrared (IR), and Raman spectroscopy with a tensile test stage. This setup aims to gather material information such as crystallinity and optical parameters of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) during a tensile test. The setup compares common IR and Raman spectroscopy and the less common optical methods THz and OCT. Complementarity is achieved through different frequency ranges and measurement approaches, resulting in different measured optical material parameters and depths. During tensile testing, HDPE samples with varying crystallinity were analysed, and the determined optical parameters such as refractive index, birefringence, scattering coefficient of decay, and penetration depth can be correlated with the change in crystallinity. These findings demonstrate that the optical methods and their outcomes can be interconnected. With further optimization of the experimental setup, it would be possible to observe the alignment of fibres in fibre composite panels and the stress distribution of polymers effectively. This opens interesting possibilities for polymer characterization in the future, including quality control during moulding processes and material testing.

Derivatization of Undecahalogenated closo-Dodecaborates [B12X11NH3]- (X = F-I): Attaching Isocyanate, Amidinium, and Formamide Functionalities.

Halogenated closo-dodecaborates are very robust and versatile weakly coordinating anions for numerous applications. The introduction of additional substituents, e.g., pseudohalides, allows the tuning of their chemical and physical properties. In this report, the synthesis of the isocyanate-substituted closo-dodecaborates [B12X11(NCO)]2- (X = H, F-I) was investigated. In an attempt to synthesize the undecahalogenated derivatives, a selective and halogen-dependent reaction yielding boron clusters carrying the functional groups amidinium (-NHCHNMe2) and formamide (-NHC(O)H) was discovered. The halogenated anions were fully characterized by vibrational and NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. Salts of the formamide-substituted anion [B12X11(NHC(O)H)]2- are surprisingly thermally stable in the condensed phase. In contrast, collision-induced dissociation in the gas phase reveals that the isolated dianion [B12X11(NHC(O)H)]2- in the gas phase preferentially loses water, while the protonated form, which was generated from decomposition of the tetraalkylammonium counterion [B12X11(NHC(O)H)H]-, tends to lose carbon monoxide. Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.

Crystallization of [Zn(Pyrazinamide)₂(Cl)₂] Complex and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of the Complex Against E. coli and S. aureus

A complex of [Zn(pza)2(Cl)2], pza = pyrazinamide, was successfully crystallized from methanol or ethanol solvents with different morphology. The complex was synthesized using the solution method in ZnCl2: pza mol ratios of 1:2 and 1:4 in both ethanol and methanol solvents. FTIR and single crystal XRD analyses were done to confirm the complex. The complex was then used for in vitro antibacterial test against E. coli and S. aureus. Experimental data shows that the type of solvent and metal-to-ligand mol ratio yields the same compound, resulting in colorless crystals that melt at 234-236°C. Large block crystals were obtained from the methanolic solution, while a higher yield was obtained from the use of a higher mol ratio of 1:4. Infrared spectra analysis confirms the presence of characteristic carbonyl and amide groups of the pza ligand. Meanwhile, single crystal XRD screening indicates that unit cell parameters of the crystals from both solvents are identical to a known zinc(II)-pza complex. In vitro antibacterial tests against E. coli and S. aureus show that the complex had much better activity than the ZnCl2 and the free pza. In addition, the complex performs better antibacterial activity toward gram-positive S. aureus than the gram-negative E. coli.

3D printed polylactic acid/polyethylene glycol/bredigite nanocomposite scaffold enhances bone tissue regeneration via promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis

Recently, the fabrication of personalized scaffolds with high accuracy has been developed through 3D printing technology. In the current study, polylactic acid/polyethylene glycol (PLA/PEG) composite scaffolds with varied weight percentages (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 %) of bredigite nanoparticles (B) were fabricated using the 3D printing and then characterized through scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The addition of B nanoparticles up to 20 wt% to PLA/PEG scaffold increased the compressive strength (from 7.59 to 13.84 MPa) and elastic modulus (from 142.42 to 268.33 MPa). The apatite formation ability as well as inorganic ion release in simulated body fluid were investigated for 28 days. The MG-63 cells viability and adhesion were enhanced by increasing the amount of B in the PLA/PEG scaffold and the osteogenic differentiation of the rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was confirmed by alkaline phosphatase activity test and alizarin red staining. According to chorioallantoic membrane assay, the highest angiogenesis occurred around the PLA/PEG/B30 scaffold. In vivo experiments on a rat calvarial defect model demonstrated an almost complete recovery in the PLA/PEG/B30 group within 8 weeks. Based on the results, the PLA/PEG/B30 composite scaffold is proposed as an optimal scaffold to repair bone defects.

Sustainable reuse of date palm biomass via extraction of cellulose using natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) and microwave-assisted process

In Saudi Arabia, date palm biomass is often considered bulk waste, posing health risks to humans and the environment when incinerated or disposed of in landfills. This study explores the reuse of date palm biomass through cellulose extraction using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NaDES) and Microwave-assisted process as compared with conventional alkali peroxide method. Characterization of the extracted cellulose was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffractometry (XRD), and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Our NaDES-microwave method produced a cellulosic product with a yield of 89 %, double that of conventional non-microwave methods and more rapid cellulosic extraction, indicating its favorable efficiency. Moreover, the incorporation of the microwave process resulted in larger cellulosic crystallite sizes and higher thermal stabilities in the produced samples. The utilization of NaDES and microwave-assisted process for cellulose extraction from date palm biomass not only demonstrates superior efficiency, but also accentuates a significant sustainability advantage by repurposing a prevalent waste stream, thereby mitigating environmental and health risks associated with traditional disposal methods.

OBTAINING AN ACTIVE INGREDIENT FOR COTTON SEED TREATMENT BASED ON METHYLENDIUREA AND PARAAMINOBENZOIC ACID AND STUDYING ITS PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Seed treatment is the main method of protecting plants from infectious diseases. The article presents data on the production of a double compound based on methylene diurea and paraaminobenzoic acid and the study of its physicochemical characteristics. The chemical interaction in the three-component water-salt system methylenediurea (MDU) – para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) – water was studied using the isothermal method of physicochemical analysis. The crystallization region of the new binary compound, the active substance, was established at a molar ratio MDU: PABA = 1:2. The formation of the double compound is confirmed by X-ray phase and IR spectroscopic methods of analysis. From the obtained X-ray phase analysis data, it follows that the reference lines of the double compound and their intensity differ from the X-ray patterns of the initial components. The IR spectra of MDM and PABA are characterized by intense absorption in the region of 3500-3390 cm-1 , 2000-500 cm-1 and 3500-3345 cm-1 , 1800-500 cm-1 , respectively. In the IR spectra of the new double compound MDM•2PABA, the absorption intensity in the region of 1800-500 cm-1 increases. A decrease in the absorption region of the stretching vibration of CO groups from 1626, 1626.3 cm-1 to 1612 cm-1 is observed in the case of the double compound MDM•2PABA. The results of the studies indicate the formation of a new compound. It is shown that the double compound has low hygroscopicity under summer, autumn, spring and winter storage conditions, high swelling and moisture capacity, and low solubility.