IR LED Research Articles

Non-invasive hemoglobin measurement using optical method

The measurement of Hemoglobin (Hb) by the non-invasive method is gaining popularity. The system, consisting of a photodiode is placed in between a Red (630 nm) and an IR (940 nm) LED, along with the signal conditioning circuits. 10 healthy male (8) and female (2) volunteers in the age group between 21 and 24 were recruited for this study. During measurement, the fingertip of a volunteer was placed on the measurement pad. Visible and IR lights are switched ON one after the other. The optical absorbance of the blood component in the arteries was detected by the photodiode using the reflectance method. The current generated was converted into voltage and was processed to remove the noise associated with the signal. From this, the concentration of Hb of the volunteers was determined. On the same day they were taken to the clinical laboratory and Hb values were obtained by the standard invasive method. Hemoglobin values obtained from the two methods were compared and an accuracy of 96.31 % and correlation coefficient value of 0.932405 was achieved. From the Bland -Altman plot, the results obtained are within the confidence interval of 95 %. The error of 3 % can be reduced further by employing sophisticated signal conditioning techniques. The proposed non-invasive method took only a few seconds to find the hemoglobin concentration than the invasive lab test. This method can accelerate the decision-making process in emergency situations.

Portable Medication Reminder System for Elderly and Alzheimer's Patients

As healthcare demands rise and the senior population grows, innovative results are essential for cases with habitual ails and memory-related conditions like Alzheimer's. Introduces a movable drug memorial System designed for hospitals, old age homes, and independent elderly citizens. The system, erected around an Arduino UNO microcontroller, integrates an IR detector, buzzer, TV display, RTC module, keypad, LED, and GSM module, working together to give timely drug monuments. In hospitals, it integrates into patient care routines, driving visual and audile monuments for nursing staff to insure timely drug delivery. This integration helps drug crimes and ensures that cases are cleaved to their prescribed treatment plans. Old age homes profit from the stonerfriendly device, allowing residents to manage their drug schedules via the TV display and keypad. The system's simplicity and trust ability can significantly ameliorate the quality of life for senior residents. For independent seniors, the movable system provides monuments through the TV display and buzzer, with the GSM module transferring SMS cautions to family members or caregivers if boluses are missed. This point is particularly precious for those who live alone, offering peace of mind to both the seniors and their families. Alzheimer's cases, floundering with memory loss and drug adherence, gain significantly from this system. The combination of visual and audile monuments, along with the straightforward keypad and TV display, offers an effective tool for managing their drug needs. By icing timely drug input, alleviates the progression of symptoms and enhances the overall well-being of Alzheimer's cases.

Sensing Pre- and Post-Ecdysis of Tropical Rock Lobsters, Panulirus ornatus, Using a Low-Cost Novel Spectral Camera

Tropical rock lobsters (Panulirus ornatus) are a highly cannibalistic species with intermoult animals predominantly attacking animals during ecdysis (moulting). Rapid, positive characterisation of pre-ecdysis lobsters may open a pathway to disrupt cannibalism. Ecdysial suture line development is considered for pre-ecdysis recognition with suture line definition compared for intermoult and pre-ecdysis lobsters emerged and immerged, using white, near ultraviolet (365 nm), near infrared (850 nm), and specialty SFH 4737 broadband IR LEDs against a reference of intermoult lobsters with no suture line development. Difficulties in acquiring suture line images prompted research into pre-ecdysis characterisation from the lobster’s dorsal carapace, due to its accessibility through a culture vessel’s surface. In this study, a novel low-cost spectral camera was developed by coordinating an IMX219 image sensor, an AS7265x spectral sensor, and four SFH 4737 broadband infrared LEDs through a single-board computer. Images and spectral data from the lobster’s dorsal carapace were acquired from intermoult, pre-ecdysis, and post-ecdysis lobsters. For the first time, suture line definition was found to be enhanced under 850 nm, 365 nm, and SFH 4737 LEDs for immerged lobsters, while the 850 nm LED achieved the best suture line definition of emerged lobsters. Although the spectral camera was unable to characterise pre-ecdysis, its development was validated when a least squares regression for binary classification decision boundary successfully separated 86.7% of post-ecdysis lobsters. Achieving post-ecdysis characterisation is the first time the dorsal carapace surface has been used to characterise a moult stage for palinurid lobsters.

35‐4: Invited Paper: Next Generation Eye‐tracking Technology for AR/VR Devices

Wearable eye‐tracking technology is an essential component in AR/VR devices. Conventional Pupil‐Corneal Reflection (PCR) eye‐tracking technology often presents challenges due to high costs and bulky designs, particularly for compact AR and smart glasses. To overcome these limitations, our next‐generation eyetracking technology relies on AI image analysis, significantly reducing the number of required IR LEDs and image sensors. This simplification enhances flexibility and lowers production costs while maintaining accuracy. Our breakthrough solution makes eye tracking more accessible for the masses in AR/VR devices in the new era of spatial computing and the metaverse.

Do attenuation coefficients based on luminescence bleaching fronts reflect true light attenuation in rocks?

The emerging technique of rock surface luminescence dating employs a double-exponential fitting dating model based on the Bouguer-Lambert law. The accuracy of exposure age determination is sensitive to the light attenuation coefficient, μ, which is usually derived from fitting the luminescence profile as a function of depth into the rock. Alternatively, μ might be determined by direct measurement using a spectrophotometer. However, their directly measured values of μ were significantly larger than those estimated from field luminescence bleaching data. Here, we aim to confirm these previous results by measuring the luminescence-depth profiles of both IRSL and IRPL signals from granite rock exposed to different light sources, including sunlight, SOL2 and IR LEDs under controlled conditions. We also measured monochromatic light (blue LED: (470 ± 30) nm, green LED: (520 ± 30) nm, and infrared LED: (850 ± 30) nm) attenuation in granite rock slices of varying thickness (0.62–2.60 mm) using a high-sensitivity photodiode. Finally, we use a camera-based measurement system and a Risø Luminescence Imager to investigate spatial variation in transmitted light as a function of slice thickness. The spatial correlation between direct light transmission and luminescence emission is then investigated, to investigate the underlying reasons for the difference between direct measurement and luminescence-based estimates of μ. We find that light attenuation through a granite rock slice is very heterogeneous; most light penetrates through localized low attenuation light paths corresponding to transmission through the most transparent grains, presumably quartz. The light penetration and escape into the surrounding matrix are assumed to be influenced by the surface area of quartz grains. As a result, transmissive light paths result in a significant area of feldspar grains at depth in the slice being exposed to more light than might be expected from average attenuation measurement. When the incident light predominantly travels through feldspar minerals, simultaneously stimulating luminescence from within any potassium feldspar (K-feldspar), the attenuation coefficients derived from the luminescence-depth profiles tend to be smaller than the average of 1.18 ± 0.07 (n = 79) irrespective of the kinetic model used for fitting. Thus, luminescence-based attenuation coefficient estimates appear to be affected by the distribution of light attenuation across and within the rock slice, making such estimates preferable to directly measured (average) estimates of light attenuation coefficients. These insights are important for our understanding of the significance of light attenuation coefficients in rock samples; they contribute to the reassessment of parameters and measurement methods in dating models and so to improvements in accuracy of rock surface luminescence dating techniques.

Smart shirt and carpet for annotating child behaviour in autism research

This study presents a developmental solution for annotating events, eye-contact, in live interaction scenarios, such as autism research. The approach involves prototyping infrared light emitting diodes (IR LEDs) integrated into both a smart shirt and smart carpets. Leveraging the imperceptibility of IR LEDs to the human eye ensures minimal disturbance to the individuals under surveillance. During video analysis, researchers can identify instances of eye-contact through the activation of IR LEDs, aiding in the recognition of corresponding events. The prototyped smart shirt features a necklace-type design with embedded IR LEDs, while two distinct designs of smart carpets incorporate IR LEDs at varying vision angles and positions. Validation of the prototypes includes laboratory testing and real-world evaluations with the researchers. The assessment encompasses the observation of IR LEDs on the smart shirt and carpets from diverse perspectives, evaluating their light intensity, and assessing their operational synchronization. The findings contribute to the advancement of technology-assisted methodologies in capturing and analyzing interpersonal interactions, particularly in the context of autism research.

Electronic Shooting Simulator Family "STrIzh": Implementation Levels and Free Software Structure

Development of rifle electronic simulators (i.e. for hand weapons and not using ammunition) is an important task, since the production of any type of small arms according to regulatory documents also requires the production of a simulator to instill aiming and firing skills. A family of electronic shooting simulators "STrIzh" of four levels of implementation: initial, basic, professional and special is described. Structural diagrams of different configurations are given, functional purpose and capabilities of each level of simulators are shown. The initial level allows independent assemble the simulator from publicly available elements (laptop, webcam, weapon layouts, IR LEDs), which can contribute to widespread use both in schools and at home, but is low in accuracy and manufacturabili (requires daily calibration). The basic level also allows independent assemble the simulator, and less publicly available elements (laptop, projector, mockup weapons, laser emitters, FHD camera), which allows to be used both in schools and in DOSAAF structures, and has acceptable accuracy and manufacturability (a weekly calibration is enough, but assembling a mock-up weapon with laser emitters requires adjustments). It is recommended to limit the special level to virtual reality simulators, including a helmet with a smartphone and a mockup of a weapon with its smartphone which also contributes to its public availability and widespread use. The simulator software algorithm should fully support all implementation levels with different configurations and include a multimedia shooting training system. Mathematical models of external ballistics of thrown equipment for Kalashnikov assault rifle, Makarov pistol, hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher 7 products are described in detail, taking into account changes in atmospheric factors (temperature, air pressure, wind force) and dispersion of various types of ammunition. The above review of rifle simulators and their experience revealed the main trends of improvement – use of virtual reality and training not only direct shooting skills, but also training in the eligibility of the use of weapons, safe handling of them and even tactical interaction in the group.

OPTICAL BASED NON INVASIVE GLUCOMETER WITH IOT

Diabetes mellitus (DM) nicknamed as sugar is becoming one of incurable and critical challenge to medical field. Serious illness such as premature mortality even cause of death, which can be identified by continuous monitoring from a remote location. The traditional and conventional method such as finger pricking's demerits such as pain and damage to tissues that cause infection. Such type of infections can be overcome by non-invasive technique. The objective of this paper is to monitor glucose level using non-invasive technique by optical and IoT technology. The proposed sensor circuit consists of IR LED's of wavelength 650–2500nm for optical blood glucose measurement and NIR photodiodes (InGaAs) to receive the reflected light from body parts to determine the glucose level. The Beer-Lambert law is used for signal processing along with WIFI based IoT real time information transmission. The project is implemented using Arduino IDE for finding the performance matrix of the system as well as various analytical studies. With the rapid development of wearable technology and transdermal biosensors, non-invasive blood glucose monitoring will become more efficient, affordable, robust, and more competitive on the market. Key Words: Diabetes mellitus, blood glucose measurement, WIFI based IoT, wearable technology

Effects of Violet and IR LED Light on mast cell degranulation: in vivo study in a murine model.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of IR (λ850 ± 10 nm) and violet (λ405 ± 10 nm) LED phototherapy on total mast cells counts and its ability to influence mast cell degranulation. For this, 27 Wistar rats were used and were randomly distributed into three groups: control, IR LED, and violet LED. When indicated, irradiation done and they were sacrificed, had their tongue removed immediately, 20-min, 45-min, and 2-h after irradiation. Samples were processed to wax, cut, and stained with Toluidine Blue. Intact and degranulated mast cells were counted under light microscopy, and statistical analysis was carried out. In the superficial connective tissue and muscular tissues, violet LED light caused a significant increase in both total number and degranulated mast cells when compared to the control group immediately after irradiation. The degranulation indexes were higher in the groups irradiated with Violet light, both in superficial connective tissue and muscular tissues in relation to the timing. Irradiation with IR LED caused immediate increase in the total number and degranulated of mast cells when compared to the control group only in the superficial connective tissue. In all times observed, the highest total amount of mast cells was seen immediately after irradiation, except in the muscular tissue, which presented the highest amount after 20-min. It was concluded that IR and violet LED light were able to increase the number of mast cells and inducing degranulation in oral mucosa. However, considering that violet LED light can be harmful in periodontal disease, it seems that the use of IR LED light could be the best option in Dentistry.

LED를 이용한 건강기기에 적용 가능한 LED 광원의 전력밀도 및 간섭에 대한 설계

This design is about low-energy optical therapy using the photo-chemical effect of light rays on the living body using RED LED and IR LED, and it is about the emisson wavelength and power density of LED. The amount of power in light transmitted to the body by 660nm red light and 830nm near-infrared light passing through the skin was simulated according to the skin depth and the absorption coefficient of fat. In addition, the power density for the interference effect between adjacent LED was calculated for the arrangement of LED. As for the power density according to the skin depth, it was confirmed that the power density at the abdominal depth of 3.5cm would supply about 0.44mW/㎠ of energy by adding the red light power density of 1.76mW/㎠ and the power density by the IR LED.

All‐in‐One Sensing System for Online Vibration Monitoring via IR Wireless Communication as Driven by High‐Power TENG

AbstractAbnormal vibration is a direct response to the mechanical defects of electrical equipment, and requires reliable vibration sensing for health condition evaluation in the associated system. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) triggered by random vibration to generate electrical energy/signal while giving feedback on the vibration state, paving a promising way towards self‐powered sensors. Here, an all‐in‐one sensing system configured with a vibration sensor demonstrates instantaneous discharge boosted TENG and IR wireless communication for vibration state online monitoring. The sandwich‐structured TENG combined with mechanical switches can release the co‐accumulated charges from dual triboelectric layers to yield giant instantaneous output power of 616 W, which is 106 times higher than that of the continuous discharge. Moreover, an IR LED as a transmitter driven by the TENG can form an all‐in‐one vibration sensor enabling wireless communication, where the sensor can be further integrated with repeaters and phones to establish a wireless vibration online monitoring system for vibration state visualization. This work presents a novel idea to implement high‐power TENG with IR communication integration for in situ vibration online monitoring. Such a strategy is potentially available for distributed sensor construction towards abnormal signal monitoring that reflects the operating state of equipment.

On heating mechanisms in LEDs based on p-InAsSbP/n-InAs(Sb)

Three main reasons for a temperature increase in activated p-InAsSbP/n-InAs/n-InAsSbP and p-InAsSbP/ n-InAsSb/n-InAs double heterostructures has been considered, contribution of nonradiative Auger recombination, electron-phonon interaction and Joule heating to diode temperature increase in single element LEDs and flip-chip diode arrays (1x3) were evaluated at forward and reverse bias using data on spatial distribution of the mid-IR radiation intensity and current-voltage characteristics. Keywords: IR LED, IR diode array, Joule heating, Auger recombination, electron-phonon interaction.

Develop an Optical Sensor to Detect Pollution Incidents in Sewerage

Cities are big consumers of energy and big producers of pollution. In the past years, the concept of smart cities has been applied to reduce the release of pollutants and to reduce energy consumption. In this article, we present a wireless sensor network (WSN) based on solid sensor nodes to detect illicit discharges in sewerage. The solid sensor is an optical sensor that uses infrared light to determine the pollutant concentration in water. At 0°, a photoreceptor receives infrared LED (IR LED) light and allows the current passage. This provokes a reduction of the internal resistance of the photoreceptor that can be measured. First, we tested different intensities of powered LEDs and resistances in the voltage divider. Once the best combinations had been selected, we calibrated our sensor. Our result suggested that the relative error of our prototype is 3.4% in the range of 200–5000 mg/L.

Thickness dependent wavelength selective NIR-UV-visible photoresponse in ZnO nanowires and silicon heterojunction

In this paper, we report ZnO nanowires (NWs) and silicon-based type-II PN heterojunction for UV–Visible–Infrared self-powered photodetection. The as-grown ZnO NWs were highly crystalline and aligned along the c-axis in the [002] direction revealed in the HRTEM and XRD measurements. The Hall measurements revealed the n-type behavior for ZnO and p-type for p-Si with carrier concentrations of 4.09 × 1016 cm−3 and 1.38 × 1017 cm−3, respectively. The depletion widths were estimated to be ∼35 nm and ∼120 nm, respectively for p-Si and n-ZnO NWs. The Ag/n-ZnO NWs/p-Si/Ag PN heterojunction showed large photoresponse, even at zero bias, under the illumination of commercially available UV–Visible–NIR LEDs, thus acting as a self-powered photodetector. It was interesting to observe that the photoresponse was dependent on the growth time and hence the thickness of ZnO NWs thin film. A maximum zero bias responsivity of ∼0.1 A/W at green (515 nm) was observed and was large for the junction with thicker ZnO NWs film (5 h growth), compared with thinner (3 h growth) device under IR (950 nm) LED illumination, however, it was observed otherwise for UV (395 nm) LED. This suggests that tuning the thickness of the ZnO NWs thin film results in the wavelength selective photoresponse, consequently, paving the way towards UV blind IR-visible photodetector based on ZnO NWs. The transient short circuit current (Isc vs t) and open circuit voltage (Voc vs t) properties showed fast and large responses under periodic illumination of all LEDs (UV–Vis–NIR). The response was observed to depend on the intensity of light and the maximum Voc comes out to be ∼102 mV and Isc ∼5.58 μA, under the illumination of a red laser diode.

Placement Optimization of Infrared Sensors as Non-Invasive Blood Sugar Measurements

In the light of the increasing prevalence of diabetes, research on non-invasive blood sugar measuring devices have begun to be developed, one of which utilizes infrared spectroscopy methods. This method uses a pair of IR LED and photodiode placed in line. In doing so, the location of its placement in the human body has to be considered, thereby enabling the photodiode to capture the light emitted by the IR LED. Therefore, the voltage data generated by the photodiode circuit in several parts of the body is taken as the representation of the ability of the photodiode to absorb infrared light. A higher voltage value is captured in the range of 1 Volt when the sensor is on the finger. Meanwhile, there is no voltage read on the wrist. The results of this study will be used as a reference to determine the location of the sensor placement in the designed blood glucose monitoring device.

A Fuzzy Logic-Based Smart Traffic Management Systems

Traffic congestion is a serious problem in many developing countrieslike Egypt. In the presence of thetraditional traffic light system, it creates health risks, wastes time andfuel, and pollutes the air. Therefore, there is a big need for a smart trafficmanagement system. This study contributes in solving this problem byintroducing an artificial intelligence-based smart traffic light system usingfuzzy logic to ensure the smooth flow of traffic in cities. Research resultsindicate that smart traffic light management is very crucial in smart cities toreduce their carbon footprint to save the world and save energy. Other possibleapplication could be implemented with minor system upgrades such as Detectionand Management of traffic Congestion, Automatic Billing of Toll Charges,Automatic detection of speed limit Violation, Route planning, IntelligentInternet of Vehicles, and Prevention of Road Accidents. Four traffic lightapproaches (fixed-time, smart-time, fixed-time-fuzzy logic, andsmart-time-fuzzy-logic) are developed with different eight traffic scenarios.The four approaches are applied with two tools, the first tool is a realMarquette which consists of 4 roads with only one or two vehicles. The secondis a simulation software which consists of 4 roads with more than 100 vehiclesthrough 10 min. Many sensors such as (IR sensors, rain sensors, and LEDs tocontrol traffic light) are used to collect data and then the fuzzy algorithm isused to ensure the smooth flow of traffic in cities. The traffic data acquiredfrom the vehicles is fed into the proposed model to maximize the duration ofthe green light based on the road state. According to experimental results, theproposed smart fuzzy technique simulation software reduced the average waitingtime of the vehicles from 769 to 289 sec in heavy rain condition. It also reducedthe total time for all vehicles from 2490 to 1154 sec.

Text Transmission Using Visible Light Communication

Recently, WiFi wireless technology was used to send data by using radio signals, this paper will focus on LiFi technology which is an optical wireless networking technology that uses LEDs for the transmission of data using light-emitting diodes. LiFi production models were capable to transmit 150 megabits per second (Mbps). Visible light communication (VLC) is a facile method to overcome the spectrum crisis of radiofrequency. Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is the wireless data transfer using LED. In this study LEDs have been used to transfer text between two computers using a processing software method, coding the Arduino Mega board by the Arduino software in both sender and receiver is observed. The system has worked better for a white LED than the red LED and IR LED. Experiments have shown that white is the most efficient color for transferring texts from one computer to another.

IoT Based Signal Violated Vehicle Detector

Abstract: The number of new vehicles on the road is increasing rapidly, which in turn causes highly congested roads and due to the long awaiting red signals, few vehicle drivers ignore traffic rules by violating traffic signals. This leads to a high number of road accidents and hence it is essential to detect the signal violated vehicles automatically. Traffic violation detection systems using IOT technology can able to send violated vehicle information to the concern traffic police station automatically by which the vehicle can be penalized immediately. The proposed system can be implemented using vehicle ID card installed in the vehicle itself such that if the vehicle moves further during presence of red signal, automatically, vehicle information in the form of vehicle registration number, type of vehicle (weather it is two-wheeler, car, truck, auto, etc.), owner name, vehicle colour, etc, can be forwarded to the concern authorities through concern mobile phones. To prove the concept practically, all vehicles must be equipped with these low-cost wireless ID cards such that the vehicle data can be transmitted continuously. The demo module contains a mini automatic traffic signal post along with simulated road. The system is designed such that when red signal is energized and during this period, if any vehicle crosses the zebra lines, the system receives the vehicle data and transmits the same through Wi-Fi module. If anybody violates the traffic signal, immediately alarm will be energized to alert the nearest traffic police. The main processor must be installed near the traffic signals, which regrets to acquire vehicle information during the presence of yellow and green signals. The demo module contains one toy car which will be equipped with its wireless ID card. Major building blocks: Simulation of single lane road constructed with traffic signal post & zebra crossing, main processor designed with Arduino MCU, wireless ID card designed with 89C2051 controller chip, IR signal decoder (TSOP1738), Wi – Fi module, Alarm, IR LED, 5v Power supply unit, Toy car, etc.

Computer-Aided Interface Design for Real-Time Pupil Motion Detection and an Application for Physically Disabled Persons

In this study, a human-computer interface was created in C# so that individuals with physical mobility disabilities such as ALS can express their wishes. In this system created, pupil movements were analyzed and the patient's wishes were expressed both visually and audibly. In the system created for the tracking of the pupil, the face of the patient, which was detected by the camera, was detected autonomously by the system. An adaptive IR LED light source has been designed to illuminate the eye area of the user. Pupil motion detection was performed with the developed image processing algorithms. According to the movements of the detected pupil, commands were created on the user interface to express the wishes of the patient by using the location information of the patient. An application study was carried out by creating the prototype of the controlled patient bed with a 3D printer. At the end of this study, pupil motion detection was carried out using a camera without any contact with the user. With the algorithm created for pupil motion detection, it is ensured that the patient can express his wishes without the need for any movement other than eye movement. With this study, a uniquely developed algorithm that can be used in pupil tracking systems of individuals with physical movement disabilities such as ALS has been acquired.

Desain Alat Ukur Kadar Asam Urat Non-Invasive Dengan Sensor Near Infrared

Gout disease or commonly known as gout arthritis is a disease caused by the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in the body. Monitoring blood uric acid levels is currently still using invasive techniques by taking blood samples to be included in the test strip, this invasive technique measurement requires money and time to come to health clinics so that many people cannot monitor blood uric acid levels on a regular basis. This study aims to develop a measuring instrument for monitoring blood uric acid levels using sensors by utilizing the absorption and reflectance of infrared rays so that gout sufferers and other individuals can monitor blood uric acid levels regularly and are easy to use. The method of developing non-invasive techniques focuses on monitoring blood uric acid levels using a NIR sensor with an IR LED with a wavelength of 940 nm as a transmitter and a photodiode as a detector at a wavelength of 700-1300 nm and a microcontroller as a minimum system for control. The first stage is measuring uric acid levels with invasive techniques on participants and at the same time measuring voltages with sensors, the results with invasive techniques are correlated with sensor output voltages to obtain non-linear equations in polynomial form, for conversion programs on the microcontroller. The second stage is measuring uric acid levels with invasive techniques and invasive measurements on participants at the same time. Both monitoring results were analyzed by simple ANOVA statistics and calculated SEP and RMSE to determine the accuracy of the prediction equation and its accuracy value.