IPv6 Networks Research Articles

Intrusion Prevention Scheme Against Rank Attacks for Software-Defined Low Power IoT Networks

The 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks) standard enables resource-constrained devices to connect to the IPv6 network, blending an IPv6 header compression protocol. For this network technology, a new routing protocol called Routing Protocol for Low Power Lossy network (RPL) has been designed. The latter is a lightweight protocol that determines the route across the nodes based on rank values. This protocol is known to be non-resilient against Rank attacks, which aim at creating non-optimized routes for packet forwarding, hence overwhelming the constrained 6LoWPAN. With 5G, Software-Defined Networks (SDNs) have been developed to facilitate simple programmable control plane, Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning, and route configuration services for 6LoWPAN. However, there is still a lack of optimization mechanisms to protect 6LoWPAN against Rank attacks in SDN-based deployment. To this end, in this paper, a Reinforcement-Learning (RL) agent is leveraged to assist and complement an SDN controller in achieving cost-efficient route optimization, and QoS provisioning packet forwarding to prevent rank attacks. Experimental results confirm that our approach effectively prevents Rank attacks while providing an adequate delay and radio duty cycle. Meanwhile, it maximizes the packet delivery ratio, facilitating practical implementations in software-defined Low Power Internet of Things (IoT) networks.

Comparative Analysis of OSPFv3/IS-IS and RIPng/IS-IS Mixed Protocols for Real-Time Applications in IPv6 Communication Networks

In network designs, the decision made when implementing dynamic routing protocols is very paramount to the speed of the network. To make the best choice of protocol to deploy, several decisions has to be considered. Usually, these decisions are made based on the performance of the routing protocol with respect to some quantitative parameters. The protocol that performs better than other protocols involved in a research is selected for routing purposes. In this research paper, performance comparison of two mixed protocols namely OSPFv3/IS-IS and RIPng/IS-IS in IPv6 network has been made. Their performances have been measured and comparison made by simulation using Riverbed Modeller Academic Edition. The objective of this paper is mainly to determine which of the mixed protocols will be more suitable to route traffic in IPv6 network. The main motivation for this paper is to find out if the difference in the routing algorithms of RIPng and IS-IS will offset and produce a better performance than a combination of two routing protocols of the same routing algorithm (thus OSPFv3 and IS-IS). To achieve this paper’s objective, the simulation was divided into two scenarios. The first scenario was an OSPFv3/IS-IS configured IPv6 network topology. The second scenario is a copy of the first scenario but configured with RIPng/IS-IS. The two scenarios were simulated and the effect of using each of the scenarios to separately route the selected applications was measured and recorded. The performance comparison of the mixed protocols was based on the following quantitative parameters: database query response time, database query traffics received, email upload/download response time, ftp upload/download response time, ftp traffic received, http page response time, remote login response timeandIPv6 traffics dropped. The results obtained from the simulation indicated that RIPng/IS-IS scenario performed better in email download/upload response time, remote login response time, IPv6 traffics dropped and remote login response time while the mixture of OSPFv3/IS-IS performed better in database query response time, database query traffics received, ftp download/upload response time, ftp traffic received and http page response time. Hence OSPFv3/IS-IS is the better option when the choice is between RIPng/IS-IS and OSPFv3/IS-IS for most of the quantitative parameters involved in this paper. This is because the combination of RIPng and IS-IS took a longer time to converge, affecting the speed on the network scenario. The time the RIPng/IS-IS combination took to access most of the application servers is slower than that of OSPFv3/IS-IS network scenario. On the basis of database query and ftp traffics received, the simulation results showed that network configured with OSPFv3/IS-IS performs better than RIPng/IS-IS. This is because the OSPFv3/IS-IS received the highest database and ftp traffics. The mixture of OSPFv3/IS-IS sent and received more application packets because it had very high throughput values which had an effect on the total quantity of application traffics received. Although the OSPFv3/IS-IS network scenario recorded the highest database and ftp traffics, this could not affect its speed to become lower than the RIPng/IS-IS scenario.

Performance Comparison of OSPFV3 and EIGRP with IPv6 Network

A collection of interconnected devices that deal with communication protocols that are common to share resources provided by nodes of a network over digital interconnections is a computer network. The process of determining the most efficient route from a source to a given target is called routing. Cisco's Enriched Internal Routing Gateway Protocol for IPv6 and the IETF's OSPFv3 (First Version 3 of Open Shortest Path) are two of the most frequently studied IPv6 routing protocols among researchers (EIGRPv6). As a result of the popularity of EIGRPv6 and OSPFv3, it is necessary to undertake a thorough contrast of the two protocols once working inside a minor enterprise network on IPv6. Thus, the study analysed the performance comparison of OSPFV3 and EIGRP with IPv6 networks with regards to convergence time, end-to-end delay, and packet loss. Packet Tracer 6.2.2 was used to compare the performance of routing protocols of different kinds. In the simulation, Cisco routers, switches, and generic computers were employed in the test. In these topologies, standard IPv6 addresses have been used. The findings of the study revealed that EIGRPv6 outperforms OSPFv3. As a result, we advocate using EIGRPv6 as an internal routing protocol in a network of IPv6.

An Efficient Method to Enhance IP Telephony Performance in IPV6 Networks

Abstract IP telephony have played an essential role during the COVID 19 pandemic lockdown. One of the issues that lower the service level of the IP telephony solutions is the inefficient bandwidth exploitation. This paper proposes a Smallerize/Zeroize (SmlZr) method to enhance bandwidth exploitation. The SmlZr method is explicitly designed for the P2P IP telephony calls over IPv6 networks. The essence concept of the proposed method is to use the unnecessary fields in the header to keep the voice media of the packet. Doing so leads to smallerize or zeroize the packet payload and, thus, enhance the bandwidth exploitation. The SmlZr method has outperformed the RTP method for all the comparison parameters. For instance, the SmlZr method shrinks the bandwidth by 25% compared to the RTP protocol. Bandwidth saving is helpful for P2P IP telephony calls because it alleviates the traffic load. Thus, improve the call capacity boosts the call clarity.

Smurf as Spoof Type Attacking Activity on Network and Neutralization

Reliable and timely detection of cyberattacks is becoming indispensable for securing networks and systems. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) flood attacks continue to be one of the most serious threats in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks. There are various types of cybersecurity attacks based on ICMP protocols. Many ICMP protocols are very similar, so security managers might think they might have the same impact on the victim’s computer systems or servers.

Proposal of Study on Performance Analysis of OSPFV3 and EIGRP Applications in IPV6

The internet protocols are increasingly imposed in recent times, there is a need to propose a study on the performance analysis on OSPFV3 and EIGRP in IPV6 application. IP is currently involved in sensitive areas of internet protocols, remote sensing, telepresence, computer networks and so on. The IP exists in two versions (IPv4 and IPv6), the difference between these two protocols is distinguished in terms of features, operation, and performance. In this study, measuring and evaluation on the performance of the two IPv4 and IPv6 protocols in the networks of communicating companies are proposed for further studies based on the literature gaps identified. The study should be performed by varying the routing protocols RIP, RIPnG, OSPF, OSPFv3, IS-IS and ISIS v6. Further studies should conduct simulation on performance analysis of OSPFV3 and EIGRP in IPV6 applications. The gaps identified after reviewing a number of literature on OSPFV3 and EIGRP with IPV6 network needs to be done since it sought to bridge gaps in literature.

Assessing the Performance Analysis of OSPFV3 and EIGRP in Applications in IPV6 Analysis for Articles Published in Scopus between 2016 and 2021

The Analysis of common conceptual frameworks associated with Performance analysis of OSPFV3 and EIGRP in applications in IPV6 for analysis of articles published in Scopus between 2016 and 2021 by applying the Corresponding method analysis. The number of times an article is downloaded is also being considered as a measurement instrument or method of analysis. The Corresponding analysis method has analysis 117 articles from 2016 to 2021. All the articles are based on performance analysis of OSPFV3 AND IPV6.IPv6 has gained legitimacy and inevitability as a result of the internet's expansion, which has resulted in IPv4 address space exhaustion. An internet next-generation protocol that will replace eventually IPv4 is IPv6. Using Riverbed Modeler Academic Edition, 2state link protocols’ performance for IPv6, IS–IS and OSPFv3 was compared and tested for the greatest commonly utilized applications enterprise for example remote login, database query, file transfer, web surfing, and email. The major characteristics used to assess performance include IPv6 packets dropped, network convergence time, link utilization, throughput, remote login response time, file upload/download response times, http page response times, email, and database query response time,. The primary goal of this dissertation is to compare, simulate, and assess both routing protocols’ performance in order to decide which one is best for routing IPv6 network traffic. Based on the parameters utilized, the protocol that performed better than the others would be suggested for routing network traffic in IPv6. The study was separated into two scenarios to achieve this goal: the IS–IS and OSPFv3 scenario. After the simulation for the IS–IS scenario was completed, the data from both scenarios were compared and examined using the provided parameters to see which protocol worked better. Based on the majority of the simulation parameters employed, the simulation results showed that OSPFv3 was performed as compared toIS–IS.

Research on the Application of the IPv6 Network Protocol

With the rapid development of computer network technology, network applications have been very popular in people’s lives and work. The computer network technology includes many aspects, mainly including the communication technology and the computer technology. Although the network application has been relatively impeccable now, although people can contact anyone anywhere at any time through the network, it is still not perfect enough, and there are still great bottlenecks in the network technology. The network protocol plays an important role in the network technology. At present, the IPv4 protocol is more widely used in the Internet than others. Although the IPv6 protocol also has some applications, it is used less widely. For this reason, it is very necessary to research the application of the IPv6 network protocol. This paper mainly studies the main technical performance of the IPv6 network protocol, and introduces its application with specific examples. This paper analyzes the tunnel technology, network address translator technology and dual-stack technology of IPv6. And this paper introduces the basic configuration of the IPv6 address and of the static routing according to a specific type of router.

Using Unique Node ID TO Control IPv6 ID Spoofing

Intemet Protocol (IP) has a resent version knowns as (IPv6). Computers on networks could be located and identified via IP. Meanwhile, by monitoring the routing data traffic across internet. Protecting an Identity of IPV6 Packet against ID Spoofing Based on Cryptographic and Steganography techniques are proposed. One of the most considered point is the reliable communication by using security side especially in IPv6 network applications. The faced problems in general cases are DoS attack, IP-Spoofing, and commonly passive attacks types. In this paper an approach is suggested depending on generate an unique identity for each node randomly. In this work, nine experiments are implemented, which are the proposed method based on generate ipv6 address, which is passed to the chaotic logistic map and RSA function with SHA 2. The results show the proposed system provides high randomness for generated ID, and it hides identity of node inside packet.

Analysis of BGP4 Peering Establishment Time on IPv6 Connection over 6PE and 6VPE

Nowadays, because of the exhaustion of IPv4 address space, IPv6 is increasingly being used on enterprise networks. Usually, an enterprise uses an MPLS network from a Service Provider to interconnect their IPv4 network sites. Although MPLS Service Providers mostly built their MPLS backbone based on IPv4, their MPLS backbone have the capability to transport IPv6 traffic of their customers. Two methods can be used by the MPLS Service Provider to connect its customer IPv6 network, which is 6PE (IPv6 Provider Edge Routers) and 6VPE (IPv6 VPN Provider Edge Router). Enterprises generally use a BGP routing protocol to interconnect their networks, and they need to use the best method that suits their requirement from their MPLS Service Provider to transport their IPv6 traffic (including the BGP protocol). The MPLS Service Providers need to consider the advantages and disadvantages of both methods. This paper illustrates the analysis of BGP4 (current BGP version) IPv6 peering establishment time over 6PE and 6VPE methods. The MPLS Service Providers can use the analysis results of this study to determine the suited method to interconnect its customers' IPv6 networks.

Routing Performance Evaluation of a Multi-Domain Hybrid SDN for Its Implementation in Carrier Grade ISP Networks

Legacy IPv4 networks are strenuous to manage and operate. Network operators are in need of minimizing the capital and operational expenditure of running network infrastructure. The implementation of software-defined networking (SDN) addresses those issues by minimizing the expenditures in the long run. Legacy networks need to integrate with the SDN networks for smooth migration towards the fully functional SDN environment. In this paper, we compare the network performance of the legacy network with the SDN network for IP routing in order to determine the feasibility of the SDN deployment in the Internet Service provider (ISP) network. The simulation of the network is performed in the Mininet test-bed and the network traffic is generated using a distributed Internet traffic generator. An open network operating system is used as a controller for the SDN network, in which the SDN-IP application is used for IP routing. Round trip time, bandwidth, and packet transmission rate from both SDN and legacy networks are first collected and then the comparison is made. We found that SDN-IP performs better in terms of bandwidth and latency as compared to legacy routing. The experimental analysis of interoperability between SDN and legacy networks shows that SDN implementation in a production level carrier-grade ISP network is viable and progressive.

Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols On IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing Networks

With IPv4 addresses being exhausted, network engineers and researchers are encouraged to adopt IPv6. But before using the IPv6 network directly, engineers need to test their hardware and network performance under new conditions of IPv6 as it has an extended address, high complexity, overhead performance, and IPsec complications. As routing protocols play a crucial role in network performance, it leads to a network’s extended performance by finding the shortest path, good throughput, and lowest delay. As the specifications, viz. frame structure for IPv4 and IPv6 are entirely different, there are modified routing protocols specified for IPv6. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Routing Information Protocol Next Generation (RIPng) are distance vector routing protocols and use hop count as a cost. In this paper, we have used RIPng on the IPv6 addressing network and RIP on the IPv4 addressing network and then analyze and compare them on the basis of different performance parameters. For this comparison, three different applications – File Transfer Protocol (FTP), DB Query (DataBase), and electronic mail (e-mail) – are set on a network consisting of three different subnets, each having a diverse network topology. The performance parameters analyzed are global and object statistics, viz. ethernet delay, number of hops, applications response time, background traffic delay, traffic dropped, point-to-point links throughput, links utilization, and links queuing delay. The experimental results determine the strength of the routing protocols. Thus, the quantitative results give the option to choose the routing protocol according to the network scenarios. In terms of ethernet delay, traffic dropped, network convergence, and security, it is found that the RIPng_IPv6 network performs better than RIP_IPv4. RIPng_IPv6 has an ethernet delay of 2.9 milliseconds, traffic dropped of 0.29 packets/second, and network convergence of 17 seconds less than RIP_IPv4 values. However, the RIP_IPv4 network is scalable, uses less hop, and has 40 milliseconds of traffic delay, while RIPng_IPv6 has 0.40 seconds of traffic delay. RIP_IPv4 also has a better response time for all three applications, FTP as 100 milliseconds, DB as 40 milliseconds, and e-mail as 20 milliseconds which is much less than the values obtained for RIPng_IPv6 network. Therefore, according to the performance requirements, the network engineers/operators or researchers can use either the existing IPv4 network or a new IPv6 network to achieve the Quality of Service (QoS) target level.

Dynamic MTU: A smaller path MTU size technique to reduce packet drops in IPv6

With an increase in the number of internet users and the need to secure internet traffic, the IPv4 protocol has been replaced by a more secure protocol, namely IPv6. The IPv6 protocol does not allow intermediate routers to fragment the on-going packets. Moreover, due to IP tunneling, some extra headers are added to the IPv6 packet, exceeding the packet size, resulting in increased packet drops due to lower path mtu. One probable solution is to use Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD) to know the path mtu using ICMP packets. Due to dependency on ICMP error messages, this method faces security and failure issues. In this paper, we propose a Dynamic MTU (DMTU) scheme, which tries to handle the packet drops in IPv6 network, by dynamically adjusting the MTU of each link depending upon the incoming packet size, thereby reducing the number of packet drops by a significant amount. Unlike PMTUD, the algorithm works on intermediate node level which is further optimised by assigning specific phases for validation and then, for processing. The method has ability to work in standalone and in parallel with PMTUD. Using mathematical and graphical analysis, our scheme proves to be much more efficient than the state-of-the-art PMTUD scheme.

Empirical Analysis of IPv4 and IPv6 Networks through Dual-Stack Sites

IPv6 is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), which can solve the problem of IPv4 address exhaustion and allow the growth of the Internet (particularly in the era of the Internet of Things). IPv6 networks have been deployed for more than a decade, and the deployment is still growing every year. This empirical study was conducted from the perspective of end users to evaluate IPv6 and IPv4 performance by sending probing traffic to 1792 dual-stack sites around the world. Connectivity, packet loss, hop count, round-trip time (RTT), and throughput were used as performance metrics. The results show that, compared with IPv4, IPv6 has better connectivity, lower packet loss, and similar hop count. However, compared with IPv4, it has higher latency and lower throughput. We compared our results with previous studies conducted in 2004, 2007, and 2014 to investigate the improvement of IPv6 networks. The results of the past 16 years have shown that the connectivity of IPv6 has increased by 1–4%, and the IPv6 RTT (194.85 ms) has been greatly reduced, but it is still longer than IPv4 (163.72 ms). The throughput of IPv6 is still lower than that of IPv4.

Improving Response Time for Crowd Management in Hajj

Flying Adhoc Network (FANET) is a particular type of Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) that consists of flying drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). MANETs are especially useful in rural and remote areas, where the lack of public networks necessitates data delivery through mobile nodes. Additionally, FANETs provide better coverage where there is a lack of roads. Generally, the goal of FANETs is to provide multimedia data to applications such as search and rescue operations, forest fire detection, surveillance and patrol, environmental monitoring, and traffic and urban monitoring. The above applications’ performance and efficiency depend on the quality and timely delivery of these essential data from an area of interest to control centers. This paper presents a Priority-based Routing Framework for Flying Adhoc Networks (PRoFFAN) for the expedited delivery of essential multimedia data to control centers. PRoFFAN reduces the FANET application’s response time by prioritizing the sending and forwarding of critical image data from the UAV to the control center. Our motivation application is crowd management; we believe that having important image features as early as possible will save lives and enhance the crowd’s safety and flow. We integrated PRoFFAN over the RPL routing layer of Contiki-NG’s IPv6 network stack. We used simulations in Cooja to demonstrate the benefit of PRoFFAN over conventional ZigBee.

Revisiting the Performance of DNS Queries on a DNS Hierarchy Testbed over Dual-Stack

Abstract The exponential growth of IoT devices and their need to use IPv6 addresses has the potential to create load stress on the existing DNS infrastructure and it is imperative that DNS servers to be deployed on IPv6 networks. The DNS query latency from a particular Internet vantage point for IPv4 and IPv6 network cannot be compared directly due to variations in the number of hops of query on IPv4 and IPv6 communication networks. Moreover, there is no assurance that DNS server in the hierarchy is hosted on a dual-stack. This work brings out the DNS query resolution latency over the IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks with better accuracy. The experiments are carried out by setting up a complete DNS hierarchy (ROOT, TLD, STLD, TTLD and recursive resolver) on dual IP stack (IPv4 and IPv6), enabling both forward and reverse lookup tree on a live testbed, ensuring a constant number of hops between the recursive resolver and each of the DNS servers in the hierarchy. This live testbed is a first of its kind and is made available for Internet researchers. The operational issues encountered during this deployment and service provisioning are discussed and documented in this paper. This paper also gives a clear illustration and provides reference guidelines for the DNS hierarchy setup, and also aims to bridge the knowledge gap required for deploying DNS over IPv6.

DEH-DoSv6: A defendable security model against IPv6 extension headers denial of service attack

With the rapid depletion of IPv4 protocol in these recent years, the IETF introduced IPv6 as a solution to address the exhaustion, however, as a new protocol exists, new characteristics have been introduced and new threats have been discovered. Extension Headers are the new characteristics of IPv6 that have an emerging and re-emerging security threats that is needed to be taken into consideration during the full migration to the IPv6 network. This study revealed that up to this moment, the popular vendors are still vulnerable and doesn’t have any default protection to deal with extension headers’ Denial of Service Attack (DoS). Also, this study leads to the development of new security model which creates a new solution to address the emerging threats of IPv6 extension headers’ Denial of Service Attack. Moreover, the results of this study show that our proposed security model is more effective in terms of neutralizing the unwanted traffic causing evasion attack by filtering, rate-limiting and discarding the malformed packets of prohibited extension headers’ payload versus the traditional router protection.

IPv6 Multicast Vulnerability – An Overview

IPv6 is the next Internet Protocol version designed to eventually replace IPv4 as the amount of potentially allocated IPv4 addresses is insufficient. The vulnerabilities of IPv6 protocols and the attacks against them demand more attention to be paid. The multicast mechanism is one of the crucial mechanisms that are related to the nature of IPv6 protocol. Despite its usefulness in performing basic tasks in IPv6 environments, the multicast mechanism is considered as a security hole that calls to be understood by the security specialists and IPv6 network administrators. To address the multicast security aspects, this paper presents the attacks that utilize the multicast vulnerability along with the identification of countermeasures for each attack. In particular, this paper analyzes the state-of-the-art attacks and ranks them based on a new severity ranking method to provide significant security guidance for deploying IPv6 networks.

Integrating Voice over IP Solution in IPv6 and IPv4 Networks to Increase Employee Productivity: A Case Study of Cameroon Telecommunications (Camtel), North-West

Telecommunications organizations have to follow the rapid innovation of technology if they want to face challenges raised by competition. The challenge to respond to the huge market demand of updated products and services from customers requires that the organization‘s working environment be equipped with tools and communication facilities that contribute to ameliorating productivity. Cameroon Telecommunications (Camtel) is facing a digital telephony and Internet Protocol strategic management challenge. Successful implementation cannot be achieved if the employees are still depending on the ageing public switched telephone network (PSTN) as their primary communication system, despite the frequent loss of dial tone experience in a day which can last up to a week, with serious repercussions on business activities and revenues. This study is designed to provide a solution to the telecommunications challenge. The fundamental question is how to integrate a digital telephony system that will provide telephony services in the existing IPv4 data network while prioritizing IPv6 traffic forwarding. This study proposes and implements solutions that integrate a Voice over IP solution with IPv6 as an alternative communication system that relies on the existing IPv4 data network. VoIP is deemed as one of the driving forces behind the adoption of IPv6. The purpose is to offer to workers an option that will free them from the poor Quality of Service (QoS) of their existing PSTN based solution, hopefully enhancing the overall productivity. This paper follows two research methodologies: Qualitative Research in Applied Situations and Engineering design process. The first part of this study reports the results of the evaluation of how much such a solution can enhance workers’ productivity. As it is important to provide an environment where IPv4 and IPv6 networks and applications/devices can interoperate in the context of VoIP; the second part describes practically a simulation environment where various configurations of network entities are done following a Dual-Stack transition approach. Document and records were used to gather information related to the structure, operations, and topological update of the Camtel’s existing IP data network. The findings demonstrated that VoIP can be an effective communication solution for Camtel and its implementation with IPv6 will be preferable. However, for this to be efficient there must be a provision of sufficient bandwidth and usage of types of equipment and transmission mediums that minimizes processing and propagation delays. Findings also reveal that better productivity will be achieved if workers are fully trained for the exploitation. This research article tries to highlight, discuss a required transition roadmap and extend the local knowledge and practice on IPv6. Future expansion of this research work will consist of deploying Dual-Stack VoIP in the remaining 9 regional offices for full integration in the corporate communication system of Camtel.

Network Forensics Investigation: Behaviour Analysis of Distinct Operating Systems to Detect and Identify the Host in IPv6 Network

This paper studies the behaviour analysis of distinct operating systems for the purpose of forensics investigation in the IPv6 network and ensures the detection as well as identification of the network host. The network forensics parameters help to capture, filter, analyse, and information reporting about the computer-based incidents and activities of cybercrime. IPv6 supports tackling the complication of traffic in a network environment, such as dual-stack, tunnel, and translation. This research sheds light on the IPv6 network, assesses the automatic and manual transition in order to characterise network behaviour. This paper proposes a flexible and automated method architecture to analyse operating systems behaviour by observing the system function calls, performing network investigation by using PCAP file analysis to help detect and identify the host, sessions, and open ports in the virtual environment. Through the experimental result on the network traffic, PCAP files dataset of the University of New Haven, the proposed model can archive identify network host in IPv6 network with high accuracy rate, the result shows the robustness of the NetworkMiner in terms of behaviour analysis with efficacy as compared to other state-of-the-art schemes.