IPM Packages Research Articles

Sublethal toxicity of sulfoxaflor to parasitoid Binodoxys communis Gahan

Integrated pest management is focused on combining biological and chemical controls. There is evidence of a negative impact of neonicotinoids on biological control, however, sulfoxaflor (SFX), a novel insecticide, its impact on parasitoid natural predator remain limited. Binodoxys communis is an important parasitic natural enemy of Aphis gossypii, which may have direct and indirect toxicity from the insecticides and aphids. Understanding the potential threat of SFX to B. communis is therefore essential to integrated pest management and the conservation of parasitoids. Here, the effects of sublethal doses of SFX on B. communis larvae and adults are presented for the first time. Sublethal SFX doses had a significant negative effect on the survival rate, adult life span, duration of development, and rate of parasitism. Moreover, exposure to sublethal SFX doses also had adverse effects on the biological performance of the next generation of B. communis. Based on the transcriptome analysis, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, peroxidase, lysosomes, glutathione metabolism, drug metabolism, and CYP450 were significantly shifted by sublethal SFX exposure. These results indicate that sublethal SFX doses might adversely affect the biological performance of B. communis by altering gene expression related to the function of detoxification systems and energy metabolism. In conclusion, considering the beneficial ecological services of provided by parasitoids and the negative effects of sulfoxaflor across a greater usage scale, we emphasize the importance to optimize pesticide applications in IPM packages, in order to ensure the safety and survival of natural pest parasitoids.

Combined use of sticky traps and biopesticides as a sustainable tool to manage Aleurocanthus rugosa (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) infesting betel vine

The betel vine (Piper betle L.) is one of the plantation crops commercially cultivated for its leaf in South and Southeast Asia. The leaf production is often threatened by different insect pests including Aleurocanthus rugosa Singh (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Currently, infestations of A. rugosa in betel vine are primarily controlled using excessive conventional broad-spectrum chemical pesticides that pose serious human health risks due to the masticatory nature of consumption. This study was carried out to investigate the performance of colored sticky traps and biopesticides against A. rugosa as an ecofriendly approach by conducting multilocation field trials from 2019 to 2021. It was observed that the A. rugosa population prevailed throughout the year, however, insect infestation was higher in May and October due to the high temperature. Among the sticky traps, A. rugosa was highly attracted to the yellow-colored traps compared to white or blue traps. Whereas alternating sprays of either D-lemonine (Bio clean® 5% SL) or spinosad (Success® 2.5% SC) with sodium lauryl ether sulphate (Fizimite® 10%) reduced the A. rugosa population by 71.4–79.0% over control. Further, a combination of these spray regimes with yellow-colored sticky traps as IPM packages showed improved results in reducing pest populations by 83.8–86.0% and increasing leaf yield by 60.4–63.6% over control. Even the performance of the IPM packages was better than farmers’ practice i.e., broad-spectrum chemical pesticides. Thus, the outcome of this study indicates that the IPM program could be a sustainable and environmentally friendly method of controlling A. rugosa in betel vine production.

Integrated management of flea beetle and thrips on mungbean in coastal habitat

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of five IPM packages in controlling flea beetles and thrips on mungbeans. The results showed that the lowest number of flea beetles (1.67/plot), the highest reduction in flea beetle population the over control (72.17%), the lowest leaf area damaged (3.33%) and the lowest percent reduction in damaged leaf area versus control (72.99%) was recorded from plots treated with Package 2 (Virtako 80WG @ 0.15 g/L water + white sticky trap). The lowest number of thrips populations (1.00/20flowers), the highest reduction in thrips population versus control(85.0%), the lowest number of damaged flowers (2.33/plant), and the highest reduction in infested flowers over control (79.44%)observed in plots treated with Package 1 (Bioneem plus 1% EC at the rate of 1 ml/L water + white sticky trap). There was a negative correlation between the numbers of flea beetles and thrips with total yield. A negative relationship was observed between flea beetle leaf area infestation and total yield, and between thrips flower infestation and total yield from different IPM packages. This study concluded that IPM package 2 was the most effective package for controlling flea beetles and IPM package 1 was good enough for controlling thrips in mungbeans.
 Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 11(1 & 2): 81-91, 2022 (June & December)

Gamma-Ray- and Neutron-Induced Photocurrent and Readout Noise in LYSO+SiPM Packages

Lu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2(1-x)</sub> Y <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2x</sub> SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> (LYSO) crystals readout by a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) will be used in the barrel timing layer of a precision timing detector for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). This detector is expected to be exposed up to 5-Mrad γ-ray dose, 2.5×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> charged hadrons/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and 3×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">14</sup> n <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eq</sub> /cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at the HL-LHC for 10 years of operation. We present results of the photocurrent in LYSO+SiPM packages induced by Co- 60 γ-rays and Cf-252 neutrons of the expected dose rate and neutron flux, respectively. The γ-ray-induced readout noise is about 30 keV, which is negligible when compared to the 4.2-MeV signal from the minimum ionization particle signals. The neutron-induced readout noise is about 7 keV, which is more than a factor of 4 smaller than that from the γ-rays.

Cole Crops Disease Management Approaches Practiced by Farmers and its Impact on their Health: A Case Study of Nala, Kavre District of Nepal

A case study was conducted at Nala, Kavre district to assess the present cultivation and disease management status in cole crops in the year 2019 with use of semi-structured questionnaire among the local farmers. It was found that majority of respondent cultivated cole crops seasonally and faced five major disease problem in it namely: stalk root (Sclerotina sclerotiorum), Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae and A. brassicicola), damping off (Pythium sp.), root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) and club root (Plasmodiophora brassicae). For management of those diseases, 83% respondent used conventional method of disease management i.e. chemical fungicides and insecticides. But the methods of management of disease was found significant with IPM training and awareness on biological approaches they have heard or related program attained. Almost 40% respondent had practices IPM packages of pest control based on training they have received and 33% has practiced based on the awareness program they have received. Also female guided farming has more probability to adapt IPM tools to minimize effect of pesticides and cooperatives had also played major role in mass communicating benefits of IPM. With 83% conventional management practicing farmers, they reported to face piles of immediate and chronic health issues due to continuous pesticidal use. Eye irritation (16.9%), skin problems (21.4%), headache (10.7%), respiratory problems (7.1%), and vomiting (5.3%), and chronically cancer (27.7%) was reported in the area due to prolonged and hazardous use of pesticides in conventional practices as per the respondents.

Biorational Management of Pulse Bettle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) on Chickpea Seeds

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis is one of the major insect pest in stored pulse (i.e. Chickpea seeds) causing 40-50% losses of pulses in storage. Experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of some selected biorational insecticides on mortality of beetle, weight loss of seeds, fecundity and hatchability of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis under laboratory condition. Among the different botanicals, Neem oil (89.00%) was found the most effective in case of mortality of pulse beetle in direct method followed by Mahogany oil (78.00%) and Karanja oil (62.00%). Among different microbial derivatives, Spinosad was found most effective considering mortality followed by Emamectin benzoate and Abamectin. Among botanicals the highest percentage of weight reduction was observed in Karanja oil (30.18%) and the lowest (22.43%) was in Neem oil while among microbial derivatives the lowest percentage of seed weight reduction was obtained from Spinosad (11.15%) and the highest percentage of weight reduction was obtained from Abamectin (20.37%). No. of eggs laid per female was recorded highest in Karanja oil (24.00) and lowest in Spinosad (19.33). The hatchability percentage was highest in Karanza oil (21.73%) and lowest in Neem (12.89%) and in case of chemical treatment lowest in spinosad (6.05%) and highest in Ebamectin (14.42%). Neem oil and Spinosad were found effective against pulse beetle in storage condition. Therefore, Neem oil and Spinosad might be included in the development of IPM packages for the management of pulse beetle in the storage.

COMPARATIVE POTENCY OF BIO-RATIONAL INSECTICIDES BASED IPM APPROACHES AGAINST TOMATO LEAF MINER (TUTA ABSOLUTA, MEYRICK) UNDER FIELD CONDITION

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), the tomato leaf miner, is one of the most key pests affecting tomato crops in Bangladesh and causes damage up to 90% yield loss, and very difficult to control. An open field research was conducted in the Arboriculture Centre, Bangladesh National Parliament, Sere Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh during December 2017 to April 2018 on the management of tomato leaf miner using ten selected bio-rational insecticide based IPM packages viz. Emamectin benzoate + removal of instead leaf &amp; fruit, spinosad + removal of infested leaf &amp; fruit, abamectin + removal of infested leaf &amp; fruit, emamectin benzoate + abamectin, spinosad + buprofezin, abamectin + buprofezin, emamectin benzoate + lufenuron, buprofezin + removal of infested leaf &amp; fruit, buprofezin + lufenuron and lufenuron + removal of infested leaf &amp; fruit along with an untreated control. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (BCBD) with three replications of each treatment. The effectiveness of IPM packages was evaluated based on following parameters namely percent leaf and fruit infestation, percent protection of leaf and fruit over control, marketable and infested fruit yield (t/ha), percent increase or decrease of marketable or infested fruit over control. All the IPM packages significantly reduced percent leaf and fruit infestation and significantly increased/decreased the marketable/infested fruit yield, respectively over untreated control at 7 days after spraying (DAS). Of different packages, the best results were observed in case of emamectin benzoate + removal of infested leaf &amp; fruit (84.83% and 86.54% leaf and fruit, respectively protection over control; marketable fruit yield of 46.60 t/ha and 71.67% reduction of infested fruit yield over control) treated plot whereas the lowest protection was obtained from lufenuron + removal of infested leaf &amp; fruit (34.95% and 37.33% leaf and fruit, respectively over control; marketable fruit yield of 26.49 t/ha and 11.36% reduction of infested fruit yield over control) treated plots. Therefore, emamectin benzoate + removal of infested leaf &amp; fruit could be recommended as the IPM packages for the sustainable management of tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta.

Biorational Management of Pulse Beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) in Gram Seed

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis is one of the major pests in stored pulse causes 40-50% losses of pulses in storage. Experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of some selected biorational insecticides on percent mortality of beetle, percent weight loss of seeds, no. of eggs laid per female, percent hatchability, larval duration, pupal period and adult longevity of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis under laboratory condition. Among the different botanicals, neem oil (77%) was found the most effective showing 78% mortality of pulse beetle in direct method followed by Mahogany oil (69%) and karanja oil (62%). In case of indirect method, the highest percent mortality was recorded from karanja oil (37%) which was followed by Neem oil (33%) and Mahogany oil (33%). Among different microbial derivatives, Libsen was found most effective considering mortality followed by Suspend 5SG and Ambush 1.8EC. The highest percentage of weight reduction was observed in Karanja oil (15%) and the lowest (14%) was in Mahogany oil. The highest percentage of weight reduction was obtained from Ambush 1.8EC (16%) and the lowest percentage of weight reduction was obtained from Suspend 5SG (13%). No. of eggs laid per female was the highest in mahogany oil (24) and lowest in Libsen (19). Percent of hatchability was highest in mahogany oil (21%) and lowest in Libsen (16%). Larval duration was the highest in mahogany oil (16 days) and the lowest was in Suspend 5SG(13days). Pupal period highest in neem oil (7 days) and the lowest was in (6 days). The highest adult longevity (22 days) from the seeds treated with karanja oil. The lowest adult longevity (18 days) from seeds treated with Libson. Thus, Karanja, Neem and Mahogany oil, Libsen, Ambush 1.8EC and Suspend 5SG were found effective against pulse beetle in storage. Therefore, these biorationals might be included in the development of IPM packages for the management of pulse beetle in the storage.

Effectiveness of Botanical Insecticides for the Management of Legume Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata F. in Yard Long Bean

A research was conducted in the field of the Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during rabi season 2016-17 to evaluate the efficacy of some botanicals viz. BioNeem plus, Mahogany oil, Karanja oil, Castor oil, Tobacco leaf extract, Urmoi fruit extract and Garlic clove extract and Nitro 505EC as positive control along with an untreated control for the management of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata F. The experiment was designed as randomized complete block design with three replications of each treatment. The botanicals were evaluated based on the effectiveness on percentage reduction of flower and pod and increase of yield and pod yield. Among the botanical insecticides BioNeem plus (Azadirachtin) 1% @ 1.0 ml/L at 7 days intervals on the yard long bean showed the best performance in respect of reduction of flower and pod damage of 59.94 and 66.10 percent, respectively with significantly higher pod yield of 51.91 percent. Moderate efficacy was found from the Mahogany oil and Karanja oil @ 4 ml/L of water in case of flower (45.47 & 36.65%, respectively) and pod damage (50.36 & 41.27%, respectively) and yield increase (31.57 & 31.05%, respectively). It was also mentioned that BioNeem plus was better in different studied parameters than the chemical insecticides Nitro 505EC. The highest BCR was calculated from the BioNeem plus (1.39). Therefore, BioNeem plus might be used to successfully manage bean pod borer singly or in IPM packages. Key words: Yard long bean, legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, Azadirachtin

COMPARISON OF IPM PACKAGES ON FLOWER THRIPS AND POD BORERS MANAGEMENT OF MUNGBEAN WITH RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

Effectiveness of integrated management approaches using blue sticky trap, pheromone trap, bio and synthetic insecticides were evaluated against major insects, like flower thrips and pod borers of mungbean at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Rahmatpur, Barishal and Pulses Research Centre, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh, respectively, during two consecutive years of 2018 and 2019. All of the management packages significantly reduced flower infestation, thrips population and pod borer infestation in mungbean. The highest percentage of reduction of flower infestation, thrips population and pod borer infestation was found in IPM package-3: installing blue sticky trap + two spraying of chlorfenapyr (Intrepid 10 EC) @ 1 ml/l + third spraying with (chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam), i.e. Virtako 40 WG) @ 0.15 g/l, followed by IPM package-1, IPM package-2 and recommended practice (spraying imidacloprid, i.e. Imitaf 20 SL @ 0.5 ml/l). The highest yield was also recorded from IPM package-3, which was statistically similar to IPM package-1, followed by IPM package-2 and recommended practice. Although the IPM package-3 provided the highest yield and return, followed by IPM package-1, but recommended practice (farmer’s practice) gave the highest benefit because of higher cost of IPM components brought down the profit margin of IPM packages. The components of IPM package-1, i.e. biopesticides, are ecologically safer than that of IPM package-3 (synthetic chemical insecticides). So, considering environment friendliness, the IPM package-1: installation of blue sticky trap and pheromone trap + two spraying of azadiractin (Biomeem plus 1EC) @ 1 ml/l + third spraying with spinosad (Success 2.5 EC) @ 1.2 ml/l would be the best package for controlling flower thrips and pod borers of mungbean with higher yield in the insects prone areas, without harming the ecosystem.

Performance of Potent Isolate of Trichoderma harzianum (Th9) Possessing Mycoparasitic Property Against Late Blight Causing Fungus Phytophthora infestans in Addition to Enhancing Defensive Enzymes Activities in Potato Crop

Late blight of potato caused by fungal pathogen Phytophthora infestans is an important disease in potato growing areas around the globe resulting in food shortage, hunger and atleast 50% of crop losses. In the present investigation, two strains of Trichoderma, indigenously isolated Trichoderma harzianum (Th9) and commercial strain of same species tested were used against destructive fungus, Phytopthera infestans through in-vitro studies. Both strains of fungal bioagents showed variation in their potentiality against the rot causing fungus Phytopthera infestans. Trichoderma harzianum (Th9) exhibited highly potential properties as compared to the commercial strain. Biochemical studies revealed that enzymes chitinase and β 1,3 glucanase known for systemic resistance were found in higher concentration in healthy plants of potato as compared to the diseased one. The Th9 strain was, therefore, selected for further Integrated pest management studies either for pure applications and/or as core component of IPM packages on potato crops under field conditions.

Management of Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee Using Biorational Insecticide based IPM Packages

Management of Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee Using Biorational Insecticide based IPM Packages

COMPARISON OF IPM PACKAGES ON FLOWER THRIPS AND POD BORERS MANAGEMENT OF MUNGBEAN WITH RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

Effectiveness of integrated management approaches using blue sticky trap, pheromone trap, bio and synthetic insecticides were evaluated against major insects, like flower thrips and pod borers of mungbean at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Rahmatpur, Barishal and Pulses Research Centre, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh, respectively, during two consecutive years of 2018 and 2019. All of the management packages significantly reduced flower infestation, thrips population and pod borer infestation in mungbean. The highest percentage of reduction of flower infestation, thrips population and pod borer infestation was found in IPM package-3: installing blue sticky trap + two spraying of chlorfenapyr (Intrepid 10 EC) @ 1 ml/l + third spraying with (chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam), i.e. Virtako 40 WG) @ 0.15 g/l, followed by IPM package-1, IPM package-2 and recommended practice (spraying imidacloprid, i.e. Imitaf 20 SL @ 0.5 ml/l). The highest yield was also recorded from IPM package-3, which was statistically similar to IPM package-1, followed by IPM package-2 and recommended practice. Although the IPM package-3 provided the highest yield and return, followed by IPM package-1, but recommended practice (farmer’s practice) gave the highest benefit because of higher cost of IPM components brought down the profit margin of IPM packages. The components of IPM package-1, i.e. biopesticides, are ecologically safer than that of IPM package-3 (synthetic chemical insecticides). So, considering environment friendliness, the IPM package-1: installation of blue sticky trap and pheromone trap + two spraying of azadiractin (Biomeem plus 1EC) @ 1 ml/l + third spraying with spinosad (Success 2.5 EC) @ 1.2 ml/l would be the best package for controlling flower thrips and pod borers of mungbean with higher yield in the insects prone areas, without harming the ecosystem.

Effect of buprofezin on the growth, development and morphometric parameters of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Order: Lepidoptera, Family: Noctuidae) adult

The experiments were conducted to know the efficacy of Buprofezin (Award 40 SC), an insect growth regulator against 2nd instar larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) under laboratory conditions (insect rearing was done at room temperature and relative humidity that is 260C-300C and 65-80% relative humidity) at three different concentrations viz. 200, 400, and 600 ppm through three different application methods like direct or topical, indirect or leaf-dip and combined. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications and ten 2nd instar larvae of Spodoptera litura were used for each replication. Results revealed that this growth regulator strongly arrested the growth and development of S. litura (Fabricius) from larval stage to adult. The treated data were recorded after adult emergence and compared with untreated control adult. The results clearly showed that Buprofezin had significant effect on the inhibition of adult weight; wing length and width compared to control and consequence were clearly dose, time and method dependent. As well as we are hopeful because we found some abnormal adult from the treated larvae that may increase the potentiality of Buprofezin as an excellent tool of IPM. The maximum, 54.53% adult weight reduction was recorded from 600 ppm of Buprofezin through combined application method which was followed by leaf-dip (46.41%) and topical application method (39.86%). Similarly, 23.13% wing length and 22.27% wing width were inhibited when larvae were treated with 600 ppm through combined application method compared to control. The 2nd best result was found from 400 ppm and leaf-dip application method. The dose, 200 ppm and topical application method was found to be less effective compared to the rest of the two doses or two application methods. So this is the demand of the current situation to evaluate this selective bio-rational molecules against S. litura as the alternatives of conventional insecticides to combat resistance development, effective larval control, inhibition of growth and development, to keep the natural enemies safe and fit these molecules in IPM packages individually or combindly.&#x0D; &#x0D; J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 514–520, 2019

Paradigm shift of insect pests in rice ecosystem and their management strategy

Insect population has changed both spatially and temporally over the period of time in a crop like rice. In the present study, data from the year 1965 to 2017 shows considerable increase of insect pests to 21 numbers. Their spread to large rice areas has been worked out which is a matter of concern, particularly Brown Planthopper (BPH), which has invaded all rice growing areas of the country. Present article focuses on more frequent occurrence of pests in different years related to the extent of damage incurred, which will be the principal concern of applied entomologists and farmers. Insects are classified as pests based not solely on numbers but on socioeconomic impact and on biological tolerance of the host to pest attack. In the present study, emphasis is placed upon host plant resistance to pests, proper monit oring and developing location-specific IPM packages for management of rice insect pests based on their initial populations and the processes by which they change to endemic form.

Effectiveness of Some IPM Packages Consisting of Chemical and Non Chemical Components for Suppressing Pod Borer and Aphid in Summer Country Bean

An experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur to evaluate the efficacy of IPM packages for suppressing aphid and pod borer of summer country bean BARI Seem-3. In case of aphid, among the different IPM packages, P4 [comprising mechanical control (hand picking) and 4 sprays of admire 50 SP (imidacloprid) @ 1ml l-1 of water at 7 days interval] had minimum inflorescence infestation (4.99), whereas untreated control plot P7 totally overturned. In case of pod borer, among the IPM packages, P5 [comprising mechanical control, hand picking with 4 sprays of ripcord 10 EC (cypermethrin) @ 1 ml l-1 of water at 7 days interval] ensured minimum inflorescence and pod infestation (by number and weight) and pod diameter with the lowest pest incidence (4.59 %). In consideration of the economic analysis of the different management packages for controlling pod borer of country bean, the highest BCR ratio (4.28) was recorded in the P5 [comprising mechanical control, hand picking with 4 sprays of ripcord 10 EC (cypermethrin) @ 1 ml l-1 of water at 7 days interval] followed by 3.76 in P6. However, based on marketable pod yield and BCR, hand picking with 4 sprays of ripcord 10 EC (cypermethrin) @ 1 ml l-1 of water at 7 days interval may be considered as the most effective option.J. Environ. Sci. &amp; Natural Resources, 10(1): 109-115 2017

Identifying and Managing Root Rot of Pulses on the Northern Great Plains

Pulse crops (annual grain legumes such as field pea, lentil, dry bean, and chickpea) have become an important component of the cropping system in the northern Great Plains of North America over the last three decades. In many areas, the intensity of damping-off, seedling blight, root rot, and premature ripening of pulse crops is increasing, resulting in reduction in stand establishment and yield. This review provides a brief description of the important pathogens that make up the root rot complex and summarizes root rot management on pulses in the region. Initially, several specific Fusarium spp., a range of Pythium spp., and Rhizoctonia solani were identified as important components of the root rot disease complex. Molecular approaches have recently been used to identify the importance of Aphanomyces euteiches on pulses, and to demonstrate that year-to-year changes in precipitation and temperature have an important effect on pathogen prevalence. Progress has been made on management of root rot, but more IPM tools are required to provide effective disease management. Seed-treatment fungicides can reduce damping-off and seedling blight for many of the pathogens in this disease complex, but complex cocktails of active ingredients are required to protect seedlings from the pathogen complex present in most commercial fields. Partial resistance against many of the pathogens in the complex has been identified, but is not yet available in commercial cultivars. Cultural practices, especially diversified cropping rotations and early, shallow seeding, have been shown to have an important role in root rot management. Biocontrol agents may also have potential over the long term. Improved methods being developed to identify and quantify the pathogen inoculum in individual fields may help producers avoid high-risk fields and select IPM packages that enhance yield stability.

Development of integrated pest management approaches against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in tomato

Five IPM packages viz. T1=Pheromone trap @ 70 traps ha-1 + Neem seed kernel extract @ 50 g L-1 of water; T2=Pheromone trap + HaNPV @ 0.4 ml L-1 of water and Bt @ 2.0 g L-1 of water; T3=Pheromone trap + Neem seed kernel extract + HaNPV and Bt; T4=Pheromone trap + Trichogramma chillnis @ 50,000 ha-1 and Bracon hebetor @ 1200 ha-1; T5=Pheromone trap + Neem seed kernel extract + T. chilonis and B. hebetor were evaluated against H. armigera in tomato. The lowest fruit infestation by number (12.55%) was attained from T5 followed by T2 (15.49%). Significantly the lowest fruit infestation by weight was found in treatment T2 (10.60%) followed by T5 (11.73%). The highest yield was obtained from T5 (29.74 t ha-1) followed by T2 (26.77 t ha-1). The highest marginal benefit cost ratio was achieved from T2 (3.41) followed by T5 (3.35). Hence, considering benefit cost ratio, T2 and T5 packages may be the effective tools for managing H. armigera in tomato.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(2): 287-296, June 2016

DEVELOPMENT OF BIORATIONAL-BASED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE AGAINST POD BORER, HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA HUBNER INFESTING CHICKPEA

ABSTRACT Chickpea, (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop world-wide. There are many constraints in the production of the crop, of which pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner is the notorious one which causes both quantitative and qualitative loss. Therefore, an experiment was conducted during rabi 2012-13 to evaluate different biorational based IPM packages viz., IPM package 1 (P1) comprising pheromone trapping of H. armigera along with sequential release of biocontrol agents (Trichograma evanescens @ gm/ha/week + Bracon hebetor @ 1 jar (1000-1200 adults)/ha/week) and spraying of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) @ 0.4g/ litre of water; IPM package 2 (P2) consists of pheromone trapping in addition to sequential release of bio-control agents and spraying of Helicoverpa nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HNPV) @ 0.1g/litre of water against this pest attacking chickpea. Results indicate that the IPM package (P2) revealed the best performance reducing 68.20% pod damage over control and provided significantly the highest yield (1832.20kg/ha). Consequently, the highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) (2.11) was also recorded from this package. Hence, biocontrol agent release along with installation of sex pheromone traps and spraying of HNPV may be recommended for effective management of pod borer attacking chickpea.

Liquid Loading and Gas Well Deliverability: The Production Approach

The authors consider the concept of liquid blockage in a gas wellbore and how it can be prevented by adequately predicting the fluid mixtures' (gas, oil, water and condensates) behavior as it travels along the wellbore to the surface using the IPM packages MBAL, PROSPER, and GAP to model the flowrate and tubing size performance. The central objective of the modeling work was to determine the best tubing size needed for optimum delivery of the gas well in focus. The results from the analysis show 0.1397 m (5.500″) tubing as the best size for flowing the gas well.