Components Of IPM Research Articles

Evaluation of Some Botanical Extracts Against Major Insect Pests (Leafminer, Armored scale and Woolly Whitefly) of Citrus Plants in Central Zone of Tigray, North Ethiopia

Citrus fruit production is suffering from various yield-limiting factors particularly the sucking pests viz, citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella, woolly whitefly, Aleurothrixus floccosus and scale insects especially armored scales Aonidiella auriantii. The present paper tries to identify the effective botanical insecticides against these insect pests on citrus orange. An experiment was conducted in the established citrus orange farm in Kolla Temben at two farmer’s fields, Adiha and Agibe during the off-season of 2018 under irrigation growing condition in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and replicated thrice. The findings in both experimental sites showed that the neem seed extract had a significantly (P=0.001) lower leafminer infestation levels compared to the untreated control which is on par to the insecticide treatment of dimethoate. On the other hand, in both areas, whitefly mortality of more than 81% on average was recorded from neem seed extract followed by Tree tobacco (70%) (P=0.001). For scale insects however, in both experimental sites, the highest mean percent mortality was recorded from the insecticide dimethoate 40% EC (86.9%, 87.2 & 86.0%on average) followed by neem seed and tree tobacco extracts,70.1 and 65.4% respectively. The botanicals particularly the neem seed extracts followed by tree tobacco are as effective as the chemical insecticide, dimethoate 40% EC, even superior in some cases, in controlling the target pests. Therefore, these botanicals could be used as an IPM component for against the target pests.

English

The present study assessed the effectiveness of the entomopathogen fungus Beauveria bassiana in comparison with neem oil combined with the baculovirus MaviMNPV and a synthetic insecticide deltamethrin for the control of Maruca vitrata Fabricius under field conditions. The trial was conducted in six villages at Glazoue and Djakotomey, two districts in Benin. Four treatments consisting of (1) untreated control, (2) neem + MaviMNPV, (3) B. bassiana and (4) deltamethrin were arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replicates. Reproductive organs of cowpea plants were sampled for estimating population of M. vitrata. In spite of the importance between-field variations observed, bio-pesticides significantly reduced the population density of M. vitrata as well as its damage level. Similarly, grain yields were improved in sprayed cowpea compared to the untreated control, regardless of the experimental zone. In Glazoue, yields ranged from 724.06 ± 5.04 kg/ha (deltamethrin) to 933.03 ± 8.7 kg/ha (B. bassiana). In Djakotomey, 649.1±4.7, 611.07±5.1, 583.19±4.04 and 217.11±3.9 kg/ha were recorded for deltamethrin, B. bassiana, neem + baculovirus, and untreated control, respectively. The possibilities of the using bio-pesticides as efficient IPM components in cowpea are discussed. Key words: Cowpea pests, bio-pesticides, Beauveria bassiana, neem, baculovirus MaviMNPV, deltamethrin.

COMPARISON OF IPM PACKAGES ON FLOWER THRIPS AND POD BORERS MANAGEMENT OF MUNGBEAN WITH RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

Effectiveness of integrated management approaches using blue sticky trap, pheromone trap, bio and synthetic insecticides were evaluated against major insects, like flower thrips and pod borers of mungbean at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Rahmatpur, Barishal and Pulses Research Centre, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh, respectively, during two consecutive years of 2018 and 2019. All of the management packages significantly reduced flower infestation, thrips population and pod borer infestation in mungbean. The highest percentage of reduction of flower infestation, thrips population and pod borer infestation was found in IPM package-3: installing blue sticky trap + two spraying of chlorfenapyr (Intrepid 10 EC) @ 1 ml/l + third spraying with (chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam), i.e. Virtako 40 WG) @ 0.15 g/l, followed by IPM package-1, IPM package-2 and recommended practice (spraying imidacloprid, i.e. Imitaf 20 SL @ 0.5 ml/l). The highest yield was also recorded from IPM package-3, which was statistically similar to IPM package-1, followed by IPM package-2 and recommended practice. Although the IPM package-3 provided the highest yield and return, followed by IPM package-1, but recommended practice (farmer’s practice) gave the highest benefit because of higher cost of IPM components brought down the profit margin of IPM packages. The components of IPM package-1, i.e. biopesticides, are ecologically safer than that of IPM package-3 (synthetic chemical insecticides). So, considering environment friendliness, the IPM package-1: installation of blue sticky trap and pheromone trap + two spraying of azadiractin (Biomeem plus 1EC) @ 1 ml/l + third spraying with spinosad (Success 2.5 EC) @ 1.2 ml/l would be the best package for controlling flower thrips and pod borers of mungbean with higher yield in the insects prone areas, without harming the ecosystem.

COMPARISON OF IPM PACKAGES ON FLOWER THRIPS AND POD BORERS MANAGEMENT OF MUNGBEAN WITH RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

Effectiveness of integrated management approaches using blue sticky trap, pheromone trap, bio and synthetic insecticides were evaluated against major insects, like flower thrips and pod borers of mungbean at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Rahmatpur, Barishal and Pulses Research Centre, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh, respectively, during two consecutive years of 2018 and 2019. All of the management packages significantly reduced flower infestation, thrips population and pod borer infestation in mungbean. The highest percentage of reduction of flower infestation, thrips population and pod borer infestation was found in IPM package-3: installing blue sticky trap + two spraying of chlorfenapyr (Intrepid 10 EC) @ 1 ml/l + third spraying with (chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam), i.e. Virtako 40 WG) @ 0.15 g/l, followed by IPM package-1, IPM package-2 and recommended practice (spraying imidacloprid, i.e. Imitaf 20 SL @ 0.5 ml/l). The highest yield was also recorded from IPM package-3, which was statistically similar to IPM package-1, followed by IPM package-2 and recommended practice. Although the IPM package-3 provided the highest yield and return, followed by IPM package-1, but recommended practice (farmer’s practice) gave the highest benefit because of higher cost of IPM components brought down the profit margin of IPM packages. The components of IPM package-1, i.e. biopesticides, are ecologically safer than that of IPM package-3 (synthetic chemical insecticides). So, considering environment friendliness, the IPM package-1: installation of blue sticky trap and pheromone trap + two spraying of azadiractin (Biomeem plus 1EC) @ 1 ml/l + third spraying with spinosad (Success 2.5 EC) @ 1.2 ml/l would be the best package for controlling flower thrips and pod borers of mungbean with higher yield in the insects prone areas, without harming the ecosystem.

Evaluation of components of IPM for basmati rice against rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola

The IPM module for basmati rice, synthesised and validated by ICAR-NCIPM on a large-scale in farmers’ participatory mode during 2010-2014 at Bambawad (Gautam Budh Nagar, UP) area, mainly involved green manuring, seed treatment with carbendazim or Trichoderma harzianum, seedling root dip in Pseudomonas fluorescens, pest monitoring and need-based application of bio-agents/chemical pesticides. During the recent survey, Meloidogyne graminicola was identified as a serious pest, however, it was not recorded above threshold levels in villages where IPM was implemented. With this view, repeated In vitro and In vivo trials were conducted to evaluate the role of individual IPM component against M. graminicola infesting rice cultivar PB 1121 during 2016-2018 at NCIPM-Rajpur Khurd campus. Highest mortality of M. graminicola juveniles was observed in carbendazim treatment (93%) followed by T. harzianum + P. fluorescens (75%). However, revival was recorded lowest in the latter. Results of In vivo studies indicated carbofuran as the most effective treatment in reducing the multiplication of M. graminicola as compared to other treatments. Among the bio-pesticides, T. harzianum significantly reduced number of galls per plant as well as soil population. Sesbania (chopped plant) extract significantly (P<0.05) enhanced biomass of rice plant up to 68% followed by T. harzianum (56%). Sesbania extract also enabled plant to tolerate higher number of M. graminicola galls with a reduction of 37.5% in nematode population as compared to control. Study suggests that incorporation of IPM components over the years not only improve the soil health and fertility but also helps to manage the root-knot nematode, M. graminicola.

Identification of sources of resistance against Aphid, Uroleucon compositae (Theobald) in safflower

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the most important traditional rabi oilseed crops grown in India. Safflower aphid, Uroleucon compositae (Theobald) is the key pest which causes yield losses to the extent of 30 to 78 per cent if not managed properly. Use of resistant varieties is one of the important components of IPM in safflower as the crop is mainly grown under resources poor conditions. The experiments were conducted during rabi,2018-2019 at ICRISAT Farm, ICAR- IIOR, Hyderabad to evaluate 50 safflower germplasm accessions and 20 varieties for their reaction to aphids under artificial infestation. Test entries were infested with aphids artificially bytransferring infested plants froman infester block raised separately. The reaction was recorded and categorized based on Aphid Infestation Index (AII) on 1.0 to 5.0 scale. Ten germplasm accessions, viz. GMU-671, GMU-599,GMU-3256, GMU-5133, GMU-5848, GMU-7868, GMU-7869, GMU-7870, GMU-7885, GMU-7917 were found moderately resistant to aphids with an average AII ranging from 2.3- 3.0. Out of 21 varieties evaluated, one variety,Girna was found resistant with an average AII of 2.0. Seven varieties viz. SSF-748, Bhima, A-1, SSF-708, PBNS-12, SSF-733 and Manjira were found moderately resistant to aphids with an average AII ranging from 2.3 to 3.0.

Evaluation of anthocorid predator, Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius against spider mite,Tetranychus urticae Koch on Okra under insect net cage condition

The present study deals with the evaluation of anthocorid bug, Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius against Tetranychus urticae Koch on okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.), conducted in Karif season (June-August) during 2013-2015 in the net cage condition at Entomological Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The 6-7 days old nymphs of B. pallescens @ 10, 20 and 30 nymphs/m 2 were released at weekly interval on the mite infested plants and these were compared with chemical control (Omite @ 300ml/acre at 10 days interval) and untreated control. The releases of predators and acaricidal spray on okra were found better than control in suppressing the population of T. urticae . The release of B. pallescens @ 30 nymphs/m 2 was found most effective with a 75.86 to 81.20 per cent reduction of mite population over control. It was statistically at par with chemical control, where 84.04 to 91.66 per cent reduction of mite population over control was recorded. There was no significant difference observed in the reduction of mite population of the plots released with 20 and 10 nymphs/m 2 of B. pallescens . The yield of okra from the plots of chemical control was recorded highest (52.70 q/acre), followed by 45.05 q/acre from the plots released with a B. pallescens @ 30 nymphs/m 2 at seven days interval. The study concluded that, integrating predator, B. pallescens @ 30 nymphs/plant along with acaricide (Omite 300 ml/acre) as a component of IPM for the management of two-spotted spider mite, T. urticae on okra under net house conditions.

A dynamic energy budget–integral projection model (DEB-IPM) to predict population-level dynamics based on individual data: a case study using the small and rapidly reproducing species Engraulis japonicus — RETRACTED

The coupling of a dynamic energy budget (DEB) model with an integral projection model (IPM; i.e. generating a DEB-IPM) is a promising new method to predict the population-level dynamics of species based on individuals. In a single framework, the DEB component provides links to the individual-level physiological processes, and the IPM component provides an alternative way to investigate ecological changes in quantitative life history characteristics and population dynamics. In this paper we present a DEB-IPM to analyse a Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) population in Chinese seas. The coupled model describes the dynamics of a population of individuals, where each individual follows an energy budget. Primary model parameters (e.g. energy conductance, ὺ; allocation coefficient, κ; and volume-specific somatic maintenance, [ṗM]) were estimated. The mean population growth rate (rp) was calculated to be 3.4year–1. The predicted demographic rates (e.g. growth, survival and reproduction) were well within observed ranges, and fit within average recorded values, and captured known seasonal trends. DEB-IPMs could be a useful tool to capture the dynamics of biodiversity amidst global environmental changes.

Plutella xylostella (L.): pest status, control practices, perceptions and knowledge on existing and alternative management options in arid small-scale farming environments

While Plutella xylostella (L.) is a cosmopolitan pest of brassica crops, little is known about small-scale farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and practices (KPPs) in response to the pest’s increasing status. Using a non-probability sampling method, face to face interviews were conducted based on a structured questionnaire. Botswana brassica farmers were interviewed to understand current KPPs. Plutella xylostella emerged as a major challenge in brassica production with highest prevalence in the hot-dry spring season. Farmers relied on 41 different hazardous synthetic pesticides that were applied injudiciously with prophylactic sprays, regardless of acute and chronic health effects or environmental risk potential. Most farmers neither knew (62.7%) nor had first-hand experience (93.1%) on Integrated Pest Management or biological control methods (79.4%), including the use of biopesticides (70.6%). There were also knowledge gaps of P. xylostella natural enemies and other non-chemical pest management alternatives, fundamental components of IPM. Our findings underline human and environmental welfare concerns and sustainability challenges in pesticide use practices in small-scale brassica production systems and the urgent need for more benign alternative pest management options.

Inheritance of Monocrotophos Resistance in Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma Chilonis (Ishii) (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae)

Inheritance of monocrotophos resistance was studied in the laboratory population of T. chilonis. After 10 cycles of selection pressure under laboratory condition, the resistant strain acquired LC50 value of 0.346mL compared toLC50 value of 0.114 mL in the susceptible strain. Evidence from bioassay of F1 reciprocal hybrid crosses backcrossed with respective resistant 'R' and susceptible 'S'parentalstrains of T. chilonis, aimed to determine mode of inheritance of insecticide tolerance indicated that F1 crosses exhibited a complete dominant response to monocrotophos, with degree of dominance value (D) of 1.62. The resistance factor (Rf) of resistant strain was 3.04 folds and of F1 crosses were 3.675 folds over susceptible strain. Result of this study suggests resistance to the insecticide was probably controlled by a single gene. These results provide the basic information for designing successful management programmes for the control of Lepidopteran pests using resistant strain as a component of IPM.

IMPACT ANALYSIS OF SHOPPING AREA ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF EDUCATION AND INDEX HEALTH DISTRICTS IN SOUTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA

Monetary and economic crisis of 1997 has brought great changes in the life of society and the nation of Indonesia. In this period, GDP declined by 20% per year, the exchange rate becomes more than IDR 16,000 per US dollar and inflation almost approaching 100%. Anticipating lowering economic consequences of the crisis, the government implemented the concept of regional autonomy in early 2001 through Act No. 22 year 2009 on local government and Act No. 25 Year 2009 on financial balance between central and local governments, as last amended by Act No. 23 year 2014 and Act No. 33 of 2004. The important implication of regional autonomy concept is fiscal decentralization that gives authority to local governments to regulate and manage their own governmental affairs in the Republic of Indonesia, which aims to improve the welfare of the community through a variety of measures of development success. UNDP set one of the measures of development success with the concept of HDI (Human Development Index). Indonesia is ranked 121 of 187 countries. Compared with the ASEAN countries, Indonesia is still ranked below the member countries of ASEAN. HDI differences between provinces and districts /cities still show the varied numbers. This study analyzes the impact of the district spending to the improvement of education index and health index as a component of IPM, the total expenditure and the GDP impact to the IPM and analyze the impact of the balance funds to the GDP. The analysis showed a significant relationship between exogenous and endogenous variables in four models were formed and the characteristics of each district / city.

Comparing integrated pest management modules to the farmers' practice for pest management in cabbage (Brassica oleracea) crop

Field experiment was conducted during 2013-14, on cabbage (Brassica oleracea), variety Pusa Mukta, for testing thirteen IPM modules against farmers' practices to identify suitable location specific module. The most productive IPM module was identified as combination of Beta-cyfluthrin, Azadirachtin and Dichlorovos with intercropping of Indian mustard incorporating pheromones traps, with lure (Z)-11-hexadecenal and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate as well using other important IPM components for seed treatment to harvest which resulted in the highest yield (19.38 tonnes/ha) and net return (48 500 Ruppes/0.5 ha) in comparison to farmers' plot that delivered 16.93 tonnes/ha yield (42 346 Ruppes/0.5 ha ).

Evaluation of different IPM components for the management of maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) in Kharif maize

Evaluation of different IPM components for the management of maize stem borer, <i>Chilo partellus</i> (Swinhoe) in <i>Kharif</i> maize

GM Crops are an Appropriate IPM Component Technology

GM Crops are an Appropriate IPM Component Technology

Biology and Management of Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Eggplant (Solanum melongena Linnaeus) is one of the most economically important vegetable of tropics having hot-wet climate. The key pest, eggplant fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee found to be most destructive and first ranked threat especially in South Asia, hence become hot issue for research in this region. It inflicts sizeable damage up to 80 percent in terms of fruit and content of vitamin-C. This situation refrained the farmers growing eggplant, hence relevant literature were gleaned and overviews regarding biology and management of borer with supportive facts and figure for safe and healthy eggplant production. As integrated approaches of pest management have been gaining popularity nowadays, this article outlines all the components of IPM including use of resistant varieties, sex pheromones, cultural methods, physical and mechanical barriers, bio-pesticides and bio-control agents, botanical and chemical means of management including basic biological parameters associated with management.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1.10001Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(1): 18-28

Transgenic maize hybrids as a tool to control Sesamia cretica Led. compared by conventional method of control on normal hybrids

This study was conducted on Bt and normal maize hybrids during two successive sowing dates, early and late summer plantation. The Sesamia cretica larvae were observed for the first time on first week of April on different commercial maize hybrids. While there was no larva/plant on transgenic maize hybrids, YieldGard and Ageeb-YG, while larvae were found on last week of July by a very little number on maize hybrids for late one. In Early summer planting date showed highly significant differences in reduction percent, between tested compounds and control one, in the pink corn borer population. The bio-residual activity of the NeemAzal-T/S 0.5% on TWC310 was significantly less pronounced, i.e. 75.5%, than other tested ones; the highest percentage of reduction, 86.6%, was achieved by Chlorophan 0.005% on SC2031, followed by NeemAzal-T/S 0.5% on SC2031 83.5% and Chlorophan 0.005% on SC2030 83.4%, respectively. Also the average reduction percentage of S. cretica larvae differed significantly from 69.6%, on NeemAzal-T/S SC2031, to 83.0%, on Chlorophan SC2031, in the late summer planting. The different treatments had positive effects on maize yield in the two planting dates. In the first plantation date, the increased rate of control ranged from 1.04 to 1.24, when NeemAzal-T/S acted on TWC310 and transgenic IYG, respectively. And in the second plantation date, rate of control obtained was 1.06–1.30, when NeemAzal-T/S acted on SC 2031 and transgenic IYG, respectively. The tested compounds played an important role in controlling the pink corn borer insect, S. cretica, and this study suggests that Cry 1Ab-expressing corn hybrids would provide a great value as a component of corn IPM in Egypt.

Prospect of Indigenous Plant Extracts in Tea Pest Management

Tea is a popular beverage made from the leaves of evergreen shrub or tree Camellia sinensis, under the family Theaceae. Tea plant is subjected to the attack of insects, mites, nematodes and some plant pathogenic diseases. Tea production is greatly hindered due to these maladies. About 10-15% crop loss occurred by these pests per annum. In severe cases, it would be 100%. To combat these problems different groups of pesticides have been used in the tea fields since 1960. As tea is a consumable commodity, the effect of residue of pesticides in made tea is harmful to human health. In this context, biopesticides are being considered as environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable, economical and renewable alternatives for use in IPM programmes. Biopesticides are natural plant products and may be grown by the planters with minimum cost and extracted by indigenous methods. Biopesticides are secondary metabolites, which include alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and minor secondary chemicals. It is estimated that as many as 2121 plant species have been reported to posses’ pest control properties. Botanicals like neem, ghora-neem, mahogoni, karanja, adathoda, sweet flag, tobacco, derris, annona, smart weed, bar weed, datura, calotropis, bidens, lantana, chrysanthemum, artemisia, marigold, clerodendrum, wild sunflower and many others may be grown by planters with minimum expense and extracted by indigenous methods. These botanical materials can be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides. These botanical extracts will help in controlling major pests of tea such as Helopeltis, red spider mite, aphids, thrips, jassid, flushworm, termites, nematodes etc. The present note reviews the information of most widely available indigenous plants that may be used for the control of insect pests of tea as a component of IPM. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13924 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. &amp; Tech. 1 (1&amp;2): 16-23, December, 2011

Efficacy of the African weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the control of Helopeltis spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) and Pseudotheraptus wayi (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in cashew crop in Tanzania

Cashew, Anacardium occidentale, is an economically important cash crop for more than 300 000 rural households in Tanzania. Its production is, however, severely constrained by infestation by sap-sucking insects such as Helopeltis anacardii, H. schoutedeni and Pseudotheraptus wayi. The African weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda, is an effective biocontrol agent of hemipteran pests in coconuts in Tanzania, but its efficacy in the control of Helopeltis spp. and P. wayi in Tanzanian cashew has not been investigated so far. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the efficacy of O. longinoda in the management of these insect pests in the cashew crop at different sites of the Coast region of Tanzania. Colonisation levels of O. longinoda, expressed as weaver ant trails, varied from 57.1 to 60.6% and from 58.3 to 67.5% in 2010 and 2011 respectively. The mean number of leaf nests per tree varied from five to eight nests in 2010 and from five to nine nests in 2011. There was a negative correlation between numbers of nests and pest damage. Oecophylla longinoda-colonised cashew trees had the lowest shoot damage by Helopeltis spp. of 4.8 and 7.5% in 2010 and 2011, respectively, as opposed to uncolonised cashew trees with 36 and 30% in 2010 and 2011 respectively. Similarly, nut damage by P. wayi was lowest in O. longinoda-colonised trees, with only 2.4 and 6.2% in 2010 and 2011 as opposed to uncolonised trees with 26 and 21%. Oecophylla longinoda is an effective biocontrol agent of the sap-sucking pests of cashew in the Coast region of Tanzania and should be considered as an important component of IPM.

Susceptibility of the Fall Armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), at Santa Isabel, Puerto Rico, to Different Insecticides

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a polyphagous migratory pest, which is endemic to the Western Hemisphere attacking more than 80 plant species including maize, sorghum, cotton, rice, millet, peanut, alfalfa, and other cultivated and wild plant species (Knipling 1980; Pashley 1986; Vickery 1929). Presence of multiple generations and the ability to migrate and feed on a wide range of host plants makes FAW one of the most severe economic pests throughout the Western Hemisphere. In corn, yield losses due to FAW damage can reach up to 32% in the United States (Wiseman & Isenhour 1993) and 45-60% in Nicaragua (Hruska & Glandstone 1988). Insecticides are used as major components of IPM to control the pest, because its ability to migrate long distances and feed on a broad host range make other control options less efficient. Although chemical insecticides can provide effective control of crop pests including FAW (Young 1979), control of FAW has been fully dependent on insecticides, and, as a result, the pest has developed resistance to major classes of insecticides in several locations (Yu 1992; Berta et al. 2000; Pitre 1988). In Puerto Rico where many seed companies produce seed corn throughout the year, FAW is the number one pest, which makes it very difficult to get any yield without insecticide application. Insecticides are sprayed 3 times a wk during the peak season and up to 25 sprays have been made in one crop cycle, which places heavy selection pressure on the pest for development of insecticide resistance. The objective of the present study was to assess the susceptibility of Puerto Rico a FAW population to insecticides. A laboratory insecticide bioassay experiment was conducted at Dow AgroSciences (DAS) Research Station, Santa Isabel, Puerto Rico in Jun 2010. Third instar larvae derived from a field population of FAW collected from the central farm of the station on corn plants were used in a petri dish experiment. A total of 10 insecticides (Table 1) were evaluated each at the commercial (manufacturer’s) recommended rate. The insecticides were applied using small (200 mL) plastic hand sprayers. Two “shots” of fine droplets of the spray mixture were applied to each petri dish, which provided adequate coverage of the filter paper to mimic the field spray coverage. The untreated control larvae were sprayed with an equal amount of water to avoid the effect of moisture differences in the petri dishes. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a completely randomized design. Four insecticides i.e. spinosad, Spinetoram, acephate, and thiodicarb, which showed highest 16 h mortality of FAW in the first bioassay experiment, were selected and used in an additional study to evaluate dose response. Each of these insecticide was tested at 2 ×, 1 ×, 3⁄4 × and 1⁄2 × the recommended rate. The experimental set up and protocols were the same as in the first experiment. At 16 h after application, spinetoram, acephate, and thiodicarb caused significantly higher (≥60%) FAW mortality compared to other

INTEGRATED CONTROL USING DIFFERENT METHODS AGAINST TWO LAND SNAIL SPECIES Theba pisana ( Muller) AND Helicella vestalis ( Pfeiffer) INFESTING Citrus nobilis TREES AT SHARKIA GOVERNORATE

Number of field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of certain safe and non- safe control methods as components of integrated pest management which help in reducing the population density of two land snail species, Theba pisana and Helicella vestalis infesting mandarin ( Citrus nobilis ) trees in orchards at newly salhyia, Sharkia Governorate during 2010- 2011. The safe methods were agricultural control ( Tillage or plowing process and plant traps ) and mechanical control (hand picking) for six weeks. The non-safe methods were chemical control by some toxicants (glyphosate: Herbicide, carbofuran: Insecticide and nematicide, chlorpyrifos-methyl: Insecticide, methamidophos: Insecticide, paraquate: Herbicide) and biological control by Xentari : Bacillus thuringiensis ( B .T. ) : Biocide and Insecticide.These toxicants were prepared as wheat bran baits for three weeks. The tested IPM components reduced the snail population of both species depending on their efficiency and the time of performance. Tillage, plant traps, toxicants and hand picking were useful to control land snails during December and January 2010, February and March 2011, April, June and July successively. Results revealed that glyphosate was the most effective toxicant giving highest average values of reduction percentage (58.02% and 61.4%) followed by tillage process (53% and 45.5%), plant traps (44.7% and 52.7%) and hand picking (37.9% and 45.2%) for Theba pisana and Helicella vestalis respectively, at the end of experiments. The biocide xentari (Bacillus thuringiensis) was the least effective one (31.9% and 32.02%). Moreover, the descending order of the tested toxicants was, glyphosate, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos-methyl, methamidophos, paraquate and Xentari.