Surfactant Research Articles

Carbon quantum dots as fluorescent probes in the measurement of the critical micelle concentration of surfactants

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) is one main parameter of surfactants, so an accurate, rapid, and convenient method for CMC determination is of great significance for surfactant applications. In this paper, three samples of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with different fluorescence properties were developed as fluorescent probes for the CMC determination of CTAB, SDS, Triton X-100, perfluoro OBS and Pluronics® P-123. The fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of a constant amount of the CQDs in different concentrations of the surfactant solution were recorded, and then the CMC values of the surfactant were deduced from the fluorescence intensity change and the Stokes shift variation. The obtained CMC data using three samples of the CQDs agree well with those in the published literature. It is also demonstrated that in the micellization process the interaction between the CQDs and the surfactant molecules is complicated, because the fluorescence properties of the CQDs are found to be related to the characteristics of the CQDs, the head group type of ionic surfactants, the chemical structure between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic segment, and the chemical nature of the hydrophobic chains of the surfactants. So, the CQDs are demonstrated to be located at the palisade layer in the surfactant micelles due to the surface-attached polar groups on the CQDs although the CQDs are mainly hydrophobic as fluorescent probes. The fluorescent CQDs are considered to be new choices of the fluorescent probes in the facile CMC measurement of the surfactants.

Flexible structural regulation of montmorillonite through intercalation by zwitterionic surfactants for effective removal of methylene blue

Herein, the structural evolution of organo-montmorillonite (organo-Mt) after the intercalation of zwitterionic surfactants with different alkyl chains was investigated and linked the adsorption behavior of cationic dye (methylene blue, MB). The zeta potential of Mt before and after intercalation showed very small change. While the modification had a significant effect on hydrophilicity of Mt owing to introducing the alkyl chains. The interlayer spacing of Mt was determined by X-ray diffraction, which was used to analyze the arrangement patterns of zwitterionic surfactants in the interlayer according to the molecules size. The relationship between the structural characteristic of organo-Mt and adsorption changes indicated that the paraffin-type arrangement of zwitterionic surfactants and overlong alkyl chain were unfavorable to adsorption. The introduction of appropriate hydrophobic structure endowed high dye adsorption capacity, evidencing the importance of structure regulation of Mt in adsorption. The adsorption of MB by organo-Mt was a spontaneous exothermic process, in which MB molecules were covered on organo-Mt in a monolayer. Compared with Na-Mt, the adsorption capacity of 0.6CEC BS-10/Mt (lateral monolayer arrangement of BS-10 in the interlayer of Mt) could be increased by about 20%. Overall, this work provided valuable guidance for the modification (more types of modifiers) and utilization (adsorbents, nanomaterials, etc.) of Mt in different fields.

Synergism in mixtures of nano benzimidazolium Gemini ionic liquid and sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactants in tuning interfacial properties of crude oil−water system

The high price of newly explored surfactants is a concern in applications, but their mixture with conventional surfactants can bring about desired outcomes. Gemini surface active ionic liquids (GSAILs) have emerged as unique materials in tuning interface properties. Surfactants like sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), on the other hand, are known effective and commercially available. This study investigates the simultaneous effects of a benzimidazolium cationic GSAIL, [C4benzim-C6-benzimC4][Br2], and SDS surfactants on the interfacial tension (IFT), emulsification, and wettability alteration of the crude oil−water system. The results demonstrate amazing synergies up to 97.6 % in the IFT reduction. An ultra-low IFT of 0.16 mN·m−1 was achieved with an optimum GSAIL mole fraction of 0.4, attributed to the attractive interaction between the cationic GSAIL and the anionic SDS. Mixtures also give 54.3 and 72.8 % synergies in emulsification and wettability alteration, respectively. The adsorption of individual and mixture of surfactants were theoretically analyzed using the Frumkin adsorption isotherm and the non-ideal interactions of the binary mixtures (NIBM) theory. The corresponding determined parameters were consistent. To have a more comprehensive analysis, the results were compared with those obtained with an analogous structure imidazolium GSAIL.

Experimental investigation of combined carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), ionic liquid (I.L), and low salinity water to enhance oil recovery (EOR) at Iraq's southern oil fields

By 2030, global energy demand is expected to increase by 50% with respect to 2020. However, supplies of natural gas and oil are steadily depleting. Therefore, implementing innovative enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology in producing reservoirs is essential to meeting the growing energy demand.EOR is a technique that has currently been in use to increase the rate of oil production. This research demonstrates the novel opportunities of combining carbon nanoparticles, ionic liquid surfactant (dodecyl pyridinium chloride), and low-salinity water to improve oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs. A series of experimental works, comprising sedimentation technique, zeta potential analysis, contact angle measurements, and surface tension tests, were conducted to study the stability and choose the optimal nanofluid for application in EOR.It was discovered that by adding various concentrations of an ionic liquid to a 50 ppm nanocarbon solution, the density of the nanofluid formulations could be slightly reduced, the surface tension could be changed, and the wettability of carbonate rocks could be altered from an oil-wet to a water-wet system. Core-flooding tests were carried out for optimum nanofluid formulation (50 ppm of nanocarbon with 250 ppm of ionic liquid) at different flow rates. Additional oil recoveries of 8.46 % and 20.5 % of the original oil in place were achieved at flow rates of 0.667 cm3/min and 0.334 cm3/min, respectively. This study is one of the first to be conducted in Iraq's oil fields to investigate the potential for EOR using carbon nanoparticles, ionic liquid, and low-salinity water. The results of this research highlight the potential of hybrid nanofluids as a new type of injection fluid for EOR.

Pore-scale investigation on the flow behavior and oil displacement of ultralow IFT surfactant flooding based on CFD simulation

In order to investigate the flow behavior and oil displacement of ultralow interfacial tension (IFT) surfactant flooding, the experimentally validated computational fluid dynamics simulation model is constructed by coupling the Navier-Stokes equations and the Cahn-Hilliard equation. The mixed surfactant solution is prepared using the ionic liquid surfactant and the nonionic surfactant, and the fluid parameters are measured experimentally. Due to the reduced oil-water IFT, the low pressure drop in porous medium and the decreased oil viscosity, ultralow IFT surfactant contributes to increasing the mobility ability of the fluid front in pores, and its optimal injection velocity is 0.01 m/s. In addition, the sweep area of surfactant flooding in oil-wet porous medium is significantly larger than that of brine flooding because of wettability alteration. Finally, for different porosity models, the residual oil content and the pressure drop of surfactant flooding show a 66.7% and 71.4% decrease than those of brine flooding, respectively, proving its better displacement performance.

Effect of different counterions on the self-assembly structures and properties of imidazole based ionic liquids surfactant: A molecular dynamics study

Self-assembly of ionic liquids (ILs) in solution has attracted wide attention due to their potential applications in various fields. The nature of counterions, especially aromatic counterions, will significantly affect the aggregation and morphological properties of ILs surfactants. In this paper, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are applied to study the influence of three organic and inorganic counterions (phenolate (PO−), benzoate (BZ−), and Cl−) on the micellar structure of imidazolium (C14mim+) based ILs surfactant in aqueous solutions. Three micelles all possess prolate shape. The PO−, BZ−, and Cl− ions hardly affect the orientation and length of hydrophobic chains in micellar interior. Hydration numbers and average radial density distributions analyses show that interactions between micelles and water molecules are different in studied micelles. Surrounding water molecules penetrate into the deepest region in [C14mim][Cl] micelle. However, adsorbed Cl− ions are mainly located on micellar surface, not penetrating into micellar interior. Due to the intrinsic hydrophobicity of organic ions, both PO− and BZ− ions enter into deeper positions in micelles. Unlike Cl− ions, there exist π-interactions between adsorbed PO− and BZ− ions themselves. One interesting finding is that adsorbed PO− and BZ− ions can make micelle radius (Rg) increase but make solvent accessible surface area (SASA) decrease. Conversely, adsorbed Cl− ions make both Rg and SASA increase. Three MD models for different C14mim+ based micelles are proposed.

Social engineering

The realm of cybersecurity is replete with challenges, not least among them being the art of social engineering. This form of attack leverages human tendencies such as trust, leading to potential breaches. Though more covert than brute force or technical hacks, social engineering can be insidiously effective. Within this exposition, we probe various manifestations of social engineering: from phishing to pretexting, baiting to tailgating, and the subtle act of shoulder surfing, concluding with mitigation strategies.

Synergistic performance of a Gemini nano ionic liquid and sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactants at the crude oil–water interface

Gemini surface active ionic liquids (GSAILs) are known as effective and environmentally friendly materials. Conventional anionic surfactants like sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), on the other hand, can establish desired properties in solutions. This study reports investigation on the influence of the mixtures of an imidazolium cationic GSAIL, [C4im-C6-C4im][Br]2, and the SDS anionic surfactant on the interfacial tension (IFT), emulsification, and wettability alteration of the crude oil–water system. Results demonstrate amazing synergistic effects, resulting in 97.1 % more IFT reductions compared to what could be achieved with the linear contribution of surfactants. Under the GSAIL mole fraction of 0.4 and the mixture concentration of 0.25 molˑdm−3 in aqueous phase, a low IFT of 0.18 mNˑm−1 was attained. This is attributed to the attractive interaction between the involved surfactants. Synergisms of 52.0 and 59.8 % were also achieved in emulsification and wettability alteration with the mixture of surfactants under the optimum GSAIL mole fraction of 0.4. The obtained data for the individual and the mixture of surfactants were analyzed based on, respectively, Frumkin adsorption isotherm and the “non-ideal interactions in binary mixtures” theory. Corresponding consistent parameters were determined and discussed.

The complex formed between Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) – sulfonated polystyrene (PSS) via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions

ABSTRACT This work produced a polyelectrolyte, sulfonated polystyrene (PSS) from polystyrene waste. The resulting PSS was characterized by FTIR spectrometry, which shows the bands of the sulfur trioxide group. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirms the material’s high stability compared to the starting material. The interactions between oppositely charged polyelectrolyte (PSS) and the surfactant cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) in an aqueous solution of three different pH values were also studied at 25°C, using conductimetry and viscometry techniques. The CMC of the surfactant is above the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and well below the C2 (saturation concentration). PSS interacts strongly with the zwitterionic surfactant CAPB. At pH 2.5, the polymer is a strong polyanion, and binding is dominated by electrostatic charge neutralization with the cationic surfactant at this pH. At pH 5.2 and 9, the electrostatic attraction between CAPB and PSS weakens, and the hydrophobic interaction strengthens. The effect of salt concentration on the interaction between CAPB and PSS depends on the competition between increasing interaction and filtering interaction. The ionic strength is essential to these interactions after salt and acid injection. CAC and C2 are affected by the charge of the electrolyte and the medium due to the synergistic effects of alkali on the surfactant compared to the polymer system without alkali-surfactant and probably also due to the increase in the formed bond between the polyelectrolyte and the surfactant in the presence of salt.

Effect of pH on the structure and properties of pesticide intercalated into montmorillonite modified by zwitterionic surfactant

DCB (OA, DSB, SB)-MMT complexes were prepared by incorporating zwitterionic surfactants dodecyl dimethyl carboxylbetaine (DCB), N,N-dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide (OA), dodecyl dimethyl sulfobetaine (DSB) and 3-sulphonyl hexadecyldimethylamine (SB) into montmorillonite (MMT). The complexes were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TGA/DTA and SEM, TEM. Results indicated that the interlayer distances of OA (DSB)-MMT depended on surfactant content and pH value, while those of DCB (SB)-MMT were only related to the surfactant content. The different thermal decomposition processes of complexes were closely related with pH values. Then the pesticide (lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) or beta-cypermethrin (BCT)) - DCB(SB) micelles were incorporated into the galleries of LCT/DCB-MMT and BCT/SB-MMT hybrids. The basal spaces of LCT/DCB-MMT and BCT/SB-MMT were 4.03 and 4.64 nm, which were larger than those of DCB-MMT and SB-MMT, respectively. The pesticide intercalation was further confirmed by FTIR and TGA/DTA. Furthermore, the release behaviors of BCT (LCT) from the hybrids were compared and analyzed. The pesticide hybrids have the slow release property due to the strong interaction between DCB(SB) and MMT. The pseudo second-order and parabolic diffusion models can be well used to fit the release data. The present study is conducive to the application of MMT as good carriers of pesticide delivery system.

Synthesis of Fluorous Ferrofluids and Effects of the Nanoparticle Coatings on Field- and Temperature-Dependent Magnetizations.

Ferrofluids have been extensively employed in industrial, environmental, and biomedical areas. Among them, fluorous ferrofluids are of particular interest because of the biorthogonal nature of perfluorocarbons (PFCs). However, the noninteracting nature of PFCs as well as challenges in functionalization of nanoparticle surfaces with fluorous ligands has limited their applications, especially in biomedicine. In particular, commercially available fluorous ferrofluids are stabilized using ionic surfactants with charged groups that physically interact with a wide range of charged biological molecules. In this paper, we developed a unique two-phase ligand attachment strategy to render stable fluorous ferrofluids using nonionic surfactants. The superparamagnetic Fe3O4 or MnFe2O4 core of the magnetic nanoparticles, the magnetic component of the ferrofluid, was coated with a silica shell containing abundant surface hydroxyl groups, thereby enabling the installation of fluorous ligands through stable covalent, neutral, siloxane bonds. We explored chemistry-material relationships between different ligands and PFC solvents and found that low-molecular-weight ligands can assist with the installation of high-molecular-weight ligands (4000-8000 g/mol), allowing us to systematically control the size and thickness of ligand functionalization on the nanoparticle surface. By zero-field-cooled magnetization measurements, we studied how the ligands affect magnetic dipole orientation forces and observed a curve flattening that is only associated with the ferrofluids. This work provided insight into ferrofluids' dependence on interparticle interactions and contributed a methodology to synthesize fluorous ferrofluids with nonionic surfactants that exhibit both magnetic and chemical stability. We believe that the doped MnFe2O4 fluorous ferrofluid has the highest combination of stability and magnetization reported to date.

Simulation Study on Molecular Behavior of Rhamnolipids and Biobased Zwitterionic Surfactants at the Oil/Water Interface: Effect of Rhamnose Moiety Structures.

Molecular behavior of rhamnolipid mixed with a biobased zwitterionic surfactant at an n-hexadecane/water interface has been studied, and the effects of a rhamnose moiety and composition are evaluated. Results showed that rhamnolipid abundantly interacts with biobased surfactant EAB by means of hydrophobic interactions between aliphatic tails and electrostatic interactions between headgroups, including the attractive interaction between COO- of rhamnolipids and N+ of biobased surfactants and the repulsive interaction between COO- of both surfactants. Dirhamnolipid has a larger number of bound Na+ and a more stable bound structure of COO- ∼ Na+, which screens the repulsive interaction between two kinds of surfactants and shows a more homogeneous distribution with biobased surfactants. The interfacial tension between n-hexadecane and water has been synergistically reduced by dirhamnolipids mixed with biobased surfactants at a higher molar ratio of biobased surfactants. Monorhamnolipids show a strengthened interaction with N+ of biobased surfactants and a more stable hydrogen bond with water relative to that of dirhamnolipids, and there is no synergistic effect in lowering the interfacial tension for the mixture of monorhamnolipids and biobased surfactants. The present work provides details of the molecular behavior of biosurfactant rhamnolipids mixed with biobased surfactants and obtains the key factor in affecting the interfacial properties of the binary system.

Effect of Ionic Surfactants on the Electrokinetic Control of Viscous Fingering

Effect of Ionic Surfactants on the Electrokinetic Control of Viscous Fingering

Effects of Charged Surfactants on Interfacial Water Structure and Macroscopic Properties of the Air-Water Interface.

Surfactants are used to control the macroscopic properties of air-water interfaces. However, the link between the molecular structure of surfactant adsorption and macroscopic properties is poorly understood. Using sum-frequency generation spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation, we show that two ionic surfactants (dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl sulphate) with the same carbon chain lengths and head group charge magnitude (but different signs) can interact and reorient interfacial water molecules differently. DTAB forms a thicker but sparser interfacial layer than SDS. It is due to the deep penetration into the adsorption zone of Br- counterions compared to smaller Na+ ones, and also due to the flip-flop orientation of water molecules. SDS alters two distinctive interfacial water layers into a layer where H+ points to the air, forming strong hydrogen bonding with the sulphate headgroup. In contrast, only weaker dipole-dipole interactions with the DTAB headgroup are formed as they reorient water molecules with H+ point down to water. Hence, with more molecules adsorbed at the interface, SDS builds up a higher interfacial pressure than DTAB, producing lower surface tension and higher foam stability at a similar bulk concentration. Our findings offer improved knowledge for understanding various processes in the industry and nature.

Wetting behaviour of ionic surfactants on the aluminium foil

Abstract Aluminium foil is a versatile material used in various industries, but its inherent low wettability limits its application. Surfactant can be used as effective agents for enhancing the wettability, enabling improved surface interactions and performance. In this study, we investigated the wettability of anionic (SDS and AOT) and cationic (CTAB) surfactants prepared in water as well as in isopropanol-water solvents with the four different volume fractions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) on aluminium foil surfaces by measuring the contact angle. As the volume fraction of isopropanol on aluminium foil increases, the contact angle of SDS, CTAB, and AOT increases whereas the surface free energy decreases, indicating the hydrophobic nature of the surface. This trend is observed with the increasing concentrations of various solvents used. The adhesion work exhibits a linear increase with alcohol surface tension. A curvilinear variation is observed in the plots between cos θ $\theta $ and 1/ γ SL $\sqrt{{\gamma }_{\text{SL}}}$ . The plots of adhesion work versus contact angles show non-linear variation. Additionally, the plot of cos θ $\theta $ against the surface tension of alcohol and adhesion work against log C exhibit curvilinear variation. With these results, the article aims to provide valuable insights into the application of surfactants for improving the wettability of aluminium foil.

Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (IRRAS) of Water-Soluble Surfactants: Is it Surface-Specific?

Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) is commonly used to study the structure and chemistry of molecules residing at surfaces, including water surfaces, which has far-reaching applications including atmospheric chemistry and food science. However, there is some debate regarding the surface-specificity of IRRAS when examining soluble surfactants on aqueous solutions, and there is some evidence that the surface-specificity may differ between IRRAS of ionic surfactants and soluble organic acids. This paper presents infrared reflection absorption (IRRA) spectra of soluble organic acids underneath monolayers of insoluble surfactants, where the contributions from the insoluble surfactants are subtracted from the spectra to capture "subsurface effects". These "subsurface" spectra demonstrate that IRRA spectra of soluble organic acids are surface specific, and this observation is supported by a simplified model for reflections from "subsurface" layers. Finally, the observations presented here are compared to literature observations regarding the surface-specificity of IRRAS when studying ionic surfactants. Overall, this work demonstrates the utility of IRRAS for studying the structures and chemistry of soluble organic acids at aqueous surfaces.

Dual-protected zinc anodes for long-life aqueous zinc ion battery with bifunctional interface constructed by zwitterionic surfactants

The dendrite growth on the surface of zinc anodes and formation of inactive by-products of Zn4(OH)6SO4.xH2O (ZHS), mainly attributed to the “tip effect” of an uneven surface and water corrosion of zinc anode, have seriously shrunk the anode life and hindered the commercialization of aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs). Herein, we describe a bifunctional interface constructed by zwitterionic surfactant of N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (Z10), which can form a polarized layer with a build-in electric field at the same time as the self-assembled hydrophobic layer on the zinc electrode surface. Two other zwitterionic surfactants including of N-octyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (Z8) and N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (Z14) are also selected, due to the different alkyl chain lengths affect the strength of the built-in electric field and the formation of hydrophobic interfaces. A combined results of experimental data with simulated calculations calculations confirm that the strength of the electric field obtained with Z10 attenuates the “tip effect” on the zinc anode surface, while accelerating the transfer of zinc ions and promoting rapid and uniform zinc plating/stripping processes. And benefited from the hydrophobic layer, the free water molecules are blocked outside the inner Helmholtz plane, lead to the suppressed ZHS formation. With the dual protection, in case of Z10, the cycle stability of the AZIBs is considerably improved to yield a long cycle lifetime of 2000 h with a coulombic efficiency of 99.4 %.

From emulsion to gel: Self-assembly behavior of ionic liquid surfactants in the water–oil interface

Oleic acid (OA), behenic acid (BA) and N, N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA) are used to synthesize two ionic liquid surfactants (ILSs, D-OA and D-BA) by acid-base reaction. ILSs greatly reduce the surface tension of water, and the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) are 5.86 × 10-4 mol/L and 2.57 × 10-6 mol/L, respectively. Different concentrations of D-OA can form a stable emulsion between water and oil, and the droplet size of emulsion with 3 wt% D-OA is mainly concentrated in 3 ∼ 6 μm, while D-BA is difficult to form a stable emulsion. ILSs with concentration greater than 4 wt% can form interfacial gels at the interface of water and oil, and the interfacial gel is analyzed by Polarizing Microscope (POM), Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), confirming it as a layered liquid crystal, and the interlayer spacing is 120.83 Å, indicating that the interlayer contains a large amount of water and oil. Rheological behavior verifies its layered structure with low stability. The interfacial gel can support water for 2,000 times of ILSs weight for about 20 days, verifying its static loading capacity can reach 3.98 × 104 Pa/m2. The interfacial gel also has a certain temperature response with losing the adhesion and stability at high temperature and recovering the illiquidity at low temperature. Salt makes the interfacial gel compressed and its stability reduced. The ILSs realize the transformation from emulsion to gel by self-assembly behavior, that is, the low-concentration ILSs in water are as a single ion or low-dispersed micelle and oil is dissolved into water to form an emulsion, while the high-concentration ILSs are formed wormlike micelles through self-assembly, with oil and water being dissolved to form an interfacial gel to be used as oil–water partitions or channels.

Study on synthesis and properties of novel bisphenyl sulphonate Gemini surfactant based on lignin for enhanced oil recovery

In this study, we successfully synthesized a new bisphenyl sulphonate Gemini surfactant (BPSG) from lignin using a simple method. And a comprehensive evaluation of the physicochemical properties of this BPSG surfactant was conducted, including surface activity, emulsification stability, salinity tolerance, static adsorption, and oil/water interfacial activity. Comparing the BPSG surfactant with commonly used single-chain surfactants like dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and lignin sulphobetaine zwitterionic surfactant (LSBA), our results demonstrated that the BPSG surfactant exhibited higher surface activity and superior emulsification stability. Even at a NaCl concentration of 5.0 wt%, the oil-water emulsion prepared by BPSG surfactant remained stable. Furthermore, the BPSG surfactant displayed remarkable interfacial activities and resistance to salt. It effectively reduced the interfacial tension (IFT) between Huabei crude oil and brine to an ultra-low level of 10−3 mN/m without any additional additives. And the BPSG surfactant showed enhanced alkali synergy compared to common surfactants and maintained the ultra-low oil/water IFT across a wide range of salinity levels. The static adsorption experiments revealed that BPSG had significantly lower adsorption amount on the quartz sand compared to ordinary surfactants, allowing for the sustained achievement of ultra-low IFT during the adsorption process for up to four consecutive days.

Influences of alcohols, urea and polyethylene glycol on the cloudy formation nature and physico-chemical parameters of the mixture of triton X-100 and ceftriaxone sodium salt

The phase separation of a nonionic surfactant (SFT), Triton X-100 (TX-100) and ceftriaxone sodium trihydrate (CTS) drug mixture was examined in the appearance of several alcohols (ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol) and hydrotropes (HDTs) (urea and polyethylene glycol (PEG)). The influences of changing composition and chain length of alcohols on the cloud points of aqueous TX-100 + CTS mixture were also assessed. The detected CP values were found to undergo an upsurge with the increased concentration of alcohols and HDTs. The computed ∆Gc0 values are acquired be positive in nature, demonstrating that the clouding of employed system was non-spontaneous in origin and the positive ∆Gc0 values were reduced with the growth of the contents of alcohols/HDTs. The obtained values of enthalpy (∆Hc0) and entropy (∆Sc0) were positive in magnitudes for most of the employed solvents with a few exceptions. The values of ∆Hc0 and ∆Sc0 were achieved as negative at lower contents of 2-butanol and highest content of urea/PEG. The enthalpy-entropy compensation variables (∆Hc0,*and Tc) associated with the clouding process of TX-100 + CTS mixture in aq. additive solutions were also calculated and interpreted in detailed way.