Iodine Alcohol Research Articles

Évaluation de l'activité bactéricide des antiseptiques sur la flore cutanée de la souris Hairless holoxénique

Summary Holoxenic Hairless mice were used in an experimental model to studythe in vivo bactericidal activity of several antiseptics. In these experiments skin was sampled by biopsy; after contact between antiseptic and skin, bactericidal activity was neutralized. The results obtained with several products (polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine, alcoholic iodine, ethanol, chlorhexidin, benzalkonium chloride, mercurothiolic acid, trichlorocarbanilid and hexachlorophen) were quite similar to those obtained on human skin. The differences must be related to the composition of the Hairless mouse skin flora which contains Staphylococcus xylosus, Micrococcus sp. and Streptococcus faecalis , but does not contain Corynebacterium sp. or Propionibacterium sp.

Utilization of two antisseptic techniques and two differents solutions of iodine alcohol in the skin preparation for abdominal surgery

A comparative study of two antisseptic techniques used in the preparation of the skin for abdominal surgery , utilizing' two different solutions of iodine alcohol.

A new staining method of astrocytes for paraffin section.

A new method of staining astrocytes in formation-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections was devised: (1) fix them in 5% mercuric chloride solution for 30 min to 1 h at 56 degrees C, (2) then place in 0.5% iodine alcohol for 5 min followed by placing in 0.5% sodium thiosulfate for 5 min, (3) immerse in 0.25% potassium permanganate for 3 min, (4) place in 2% oxalic acid for 2 min. (5) mordant in 2% iron alum for 45 s, and (6) place in 2% silver nitrate solution for 30 min. The next step is impregnation in ammoniacal silver solution for 10 -- 15 min at 56 degrees C, followed by reduction in neutral formalin and 2% iron alum, toning in 0.2% gold chloride, and fixing in 5% sodium thiosulfate. Pathological astrocytes of fibrillary and protoplasmic types were distincly demonstrated, although nerve cells and nuclei of oligodendrocytes and microglial cells were also faintly stained. Thus, the staining for paraffin sections is fairly selective for astrocytes in pathological states.

Evaluation of Virucidal Compounds for Inactivation of Rhinovirus on Hands

Antimicrobial liquids and foams were applied to the hands to determine their virucidal activity against rhinoviruses. Dilute solutions (1%) of iodine in ethyl alcohol or in water were most effective in causing inactivation of rhinovirus when applied immediately after viral contamination. Iodine also had a residual virucidal activity which persisted on the hands for up to 1 h. Less effective inactivation of rhinovirus was observed with foams containing 0.23% hexachlorophene and 58% ethyl alcohol and another containing 0.2% benzalkonium chloride and 50% ethyl alcohol. Ethyl alcohol alone or in a mixture with benzyl alcohol was the least effective preparation tested.

Goitre and hypothyroidism in the newborn after cutaneous absorption of iodine.

Iodine goitre and hypothyroidism in 5 newborn infants in an intensive care unit were induced by cutaneous absorption of iodine, after numerous skin applications of iodine alcohol. The infant's skin permeability allows severe iodine overloading of the thyroid, resulting in goitre and hypothyroidism. Ioduria should always be sought in a newborn infant showing hypothyroidism. Iodine should not be used as a skin disinfectant in young infants.

Chronic superficial keratitis in the dog--II. Results of a combined non-surgical treatment.

ABSTRACTThe results obtained in the treatment of chronic superficial keratitis in the dog by means of local cauterization with alcoholic iodine solution, subconjunctival application of prednisolone and intravenous ascorbic acid injections are described.During the period 1970‐75, 29 dogs were treated of which 17 recovered without relapse after one full treatment, while 6 recovered after two–to–four full treatments. Two dogs were treated with eye ointment on relapse, and four others were put down after having relapsed according to the owners.The method of treatment described is simple and requires little special equipment. To ensure a favourable outcome early treatment is essential.

The use of betadine antiseptic paint in the treatment of Herpes simplex and Herpes Zoster.

Twenty-two patients with Herpes Simplex were treated with Betadine (povidone iodine) Antiseptic paint and seven with 5% idoxuridine in dimethyl sulphoxide, also one patient with bilateral lesions was treated with the two solutions, one on each side. The povidone iodine alcohol solution appeared to be at least as effective as the idoxuridine with minimal side-effects (some stinging in two patients). Good results were also obtained with this solution in twelve patients with Herpes Zoster.

Synthesis of 2,3,4,5-tetradehydrobiotin esters

1. The alkaline hydrolysis of the ethyl ester of N,N′-diacetyl-α-keto-α′-mercaptodehydrodesthiobiotin gives α-keto-α′-mercaptodehydrodesthiobiotin, which when heated with alkyl iodides or iodine in alcohol is esterified with a retention of the free mercapto group. 2. Esters of 2,3,4,5-tetradehydrobiotin are obtained when the esters of α-keto-α′-mercaptodehydrodesthiobiotin are heated or when the ethyl ester of N,N′-diacetyl-α-keto-α′-mercaptodehydrodesthiobiotin is treated with boron trifluoride etherate.

Studies in gram staining.

Gram-negative bacteria stained with crystal violet are decolorized by 95% alcohol within 2 min, whereas Gram-positive bacteria require at least 3 min treatment. Aqueous solutions of safranin, neutral red, and fuschsin replace crystal violet from stained Gram-positive bacteria more quickly than alcohol alone, and alcoholic solutions of these counterstains are in most cases still more effective. Treatment of crystal violet-stained organisms with alcoholic safranin (0.25%) for 15 sec will distinguish Gram-positive bacteria (violet) from Gram-negative bacteria (pink). Alcohol containing very low concentrations of iodine generally decolorizes crystal violet-stained Gram-positive bacteria more quickly than alcohol alone. Increasing concentrations of iodine in alcohol reduce the rate of decolorization of stained bacteria, but stained Gram-negative bacteria are still readily decolorized. The addition of 0.1% iodine to alcohol increases the rate of extraction of crystal violet by alcohol from Gram-negative organisms, but delays extraction of dye from Gram-positive organisms, and this applies when counterstain is also present. A two-solution modification of Gram staining is described in which crystal violet-stained bacteria are treated with an alcoholic solution of safranin, fuchsin, and iodine.

N-iodoamides. Cyclisation of biphenyl-2-carboxamides

The reaction of biphenyl-2-carboxamide and its N-methyl and N-phenyl derivatives with t-butyl hypochlorite–iodine in t-butyl alcohol containing potassium t-butoxide gave phenanthridones, as well as the corresponding 4′-t-butoxy- and 4′-oxoisoindoline-1-spirocyclohexa-2′,5′-dien-3-ones. Both potassium t-butoxide and t-butyl alcohol suppress the iodination of aromatic substrates by iodine monochloride. The role of potassium t-butoxide and t-butyl alcohol in the formation of the isoindoline-1-spirocyclohexa-2′,5′-dien-3-ones and the mechanism of formation of the 4′-ketone from the 4′-t-butoxyisoindoline-1-spirocyclohexa-2′,5′-dien-3-ones are discussed.

Reaction of MTBO with Alcohols

A new phosphorylating agent, 2-methylthio-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide (MTBO), prepared from its thiono isomer, 2-methoxy-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-sulfide (MOBS), by means of the Pistschimuka reaction, reacted with several aliphatic alcohols in the presence of cyclohexylamine to give the corresponding O-alkyl S-methyl phosphorothiolates in 60 to 45% yield.The phosphorothiolates could be converted to phosphate diesters as well as monoesters by the action of an oxidizing agent such as isoamyl nitrite or iodine in dry alcohol or in water.

Reactions of Potassium Iron Carbonylate with Olefins and Alkyl Halides

Abstract Potassium iron carbonylate, KHFe(CO)4, reacted with ethyl acrylate, crotonate, 3-butenoate, styrene, and α-olefins at 40–70°C under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide. Methylmalonate was selectively obtained from the acrylate by treatment of the reaction mixture with an alcoholic iodine and hydrogen chloride solutions. Dipotassium iron carbonylate, K2Fe(CO)4, reacted with β-bromopropionate to give mainly methylmalonate. Isomerization of β-ethoxycarbonylpropionyliron carbonylate to the α-isomer occurred readily in contrast to isomerization of acylcobalt carbonyl. Both crotonate and 3-butenoate gave ethylmalonate as a major product and methylsuccinate and glutarate as minor ones. The results suggest that α-ethoxycarbonylbutyliron carbonylate is more predominant than the corresponding β- and γ-isomers in equilibrium state. This is in striking contrast to the case of acylcobalt carbonyl. Styrene yielded two isomeric aldehydes, α- and β-phenylpropionaldehydes. Ethyl caproate and enanthate were obtained from 1-pentene and 1-hexene, respectively in poor yield.

Relapse of urinary tract infection in the presence of urinary tract calculi: the role of bacteria within the calculi.

Summary Bacteria inside urinary bladder calculi were shown to survive after exposure of the calculi to a 3 per cent. solution of iodine in alcohol, or a concentration of an antibiotic far in excess of that required to inhibit the growth of the isolated organism. Calculi were shown to be able to infect fluid culture media in which they were incubated, even if they had first been exposed to antimicrobial agents. The findings may help to explain the persistence of infection and the ineffectiveness of therapy of urinary tract infection in the presence of urinary tract calculi. This work was supported by a grant from the Commonwealth Fund (Bahia-Cornell Program).

Studies of the Organic Reactions of Metal Carbonyls. XI. The Reaction of Potassium Iron Carbonylates with Olefin Oxides

Abstract The reaction between potassium iron carbonylates (KHFe(CO)4, K2Fe(CO)4, K2Fe2(CO)8, and K2Fe3(CO)11) and olefin oxides has been studied. Propylene oxide reacts readily with these carbonylates and carbon monoxide at atmospheric pressure at room temperature. As the reaction product, β-hydroxy-n-butyrate is obtained by the treatment of the reaction mixture with an iodine and hydrogen chloride solution in alcohol, indicating that a complex with a type of β-hydroxy-n-butyryliron carbonyl is formed in the reaction. Ethylene oxide also reacts with the carbonylate to give β-hydroxypropionate.

Acceleration of Mallory's phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin staining for skeletal muscle fixed in formalin.

The staining time for mammalian skeletal muscle fixed in neutral phosphate-buffered formalin was shortened from 12-24 hr to 10-30 min. The permanganate-oxalate sequence was omitted although oxidation by periodic acid or with iodine was found to be necessary. The material was embedded in paraffin and cut 6 μ or less. Deparaffinized sections were treated with 1% alcoholic iodine for 10 rain followed by 5% Na2S2O3 for 2 min and placed in an oven at 60 C for 10-30 min to stain in a preheated mixture of 50 ml of ripened Mallory's phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin and 1 ml of 2% phosphomolybdic acid. Experiments with fixation showed that the staining procedure followed Zenker's fluid successfully but not Bouin's fluid. Oxidation by KMnO4 was effective only after Zenker fixation; oxidation by CrO3 was unsuccessful.

METHODS FOR DISINFECTION OF HANDS AND OPERATION SITES.

In previous studies we compared the relative value of alternative methods for disinfecting the hands of nurses and surgeons and the skin of operation sites, but a number of relevant questions were not considered. For disinfection of the operation site alcoholic solutions of chlorhexidine (0.5%) and iodine (1%) were found to be equally effective and superior to a number of other agents (Lowbury, Lilly, and Bull, 1960), but we did not include laurolinium acetate, which was later reported by Verd?n (1961) to be more effective than nine other antiseptic prepara tions, including 1 % iodine in alcohol ; nor did we examine the removal of spore-bearing organisms. In studies on the disinfection of hands we confirmed the cumulative effect of

A NEW TECHNIQUE TO OBSERVE AND RECORD SWEATING.

A new method using a starch and castor oil suspension to visualize eccrine sweating may be employed on all subjects regardless of skin color. Prints taken on paper toweling are subsequently developed by exposure to iodine vapors. The procedure completely avoids the use of any alcoholic iodine solution on the skin; therefore, it can be used in the presence of serum exudation. Moreover, it does not promote anhidrosis.

An Iodophor for Preoperative Skin Preparation

The recently introduced iodophor compounds are reported to retain the germicidal effects of iodine but lack the undesirable properties of alcoholic iodine solutions. Miller10and Mannix and Dineen9reported effective antibacterial action without allergic reactions, irritating effects, or prolonged staining after skin preparation with an iodophor, Ioprep.* Ioprep consists of a complex compound of iodine and two nonionic surface active agents. The solution contains a 1% concentration of free or available iodine for antibacterial activity. The present study was designed to evaluate Ioprep clinically and compare its effects with a skin preparation of ether followed by tincture of thimerosal (Merthiolate). In the course of the study, observations were made concerning the general incidence of wound infection and the effects of various factors including type of operative procedure and the influence of prophylactic antibiotics. Clinical Study Four hundred patients subjected to surgical procedures on the Louisiana State University Surgical

The effect of stereoregularity on the polyvinyl alcohol–iodine reaction

AbstractThe color reaction of PVA solution with iodine depends upon the conditions under which the parent polyvinyl acetate was prepared, especially on the polymerization temperature. The higher the degree of polymerization of PVA and the lower the polymerization temperature of the original polyvinyl acetate, the more intense is the blue color. When compared with samples of the same degree of polymerization, samples of PVA from polyvinyl acetate prepared at lower temperatures give the more intense blue color. The result may be explained by differences in stereoregularity.

Evaluation of disinfection techniques for, and their effects on, rectal thermocouple catheters.

The antibacterial activities of an iodophor (Wescodyne G), a quaternary ammonium compound (Roccal), and an iodine tincture as agents for the cold disinfection of rectal catheters contaminated in vitro were determined. Following thorough cleaning with an alcoholic solution of soft soap, each of the three disinfectants tested showed satisfactory results (100% kill) in 5 min against the enteric test bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhosa) as well as a test species of the genus Pseudomonas, among the bacteria most resistant to surface-active agents. An aqueous solution of Wescodyne G containing 75 ppm available iodine was used both as a wiping solution and for subsequent disinfection of rectal catheters contaminated in vivo. Total bacterial destruction was found to follow a 60-min soak preceded by the wiping procedure. Rectal catheters subjected to prolonged immersion in each of the test disinfectants were found to be essentially unaffected, retaining their initial calibrations within a permissible tolerance. Neither Roccal nor Wescodyne G solutions were found to measurably attack bare thermocouples. Alcoholic iodine 0.5% did, however, exert a deteriorating effect on bare thermocouples in a short time, as measured by change in resistance characteristics. The results of this study have led to the recommendation that Wescodyne G containing 75 ppm available iodine be used in standing operating procedures for the initial cleaning and subsequent disinfection of rectal thermocouple catheters.