Iodine Carrier Research Articles

Molecular characteristics of natural organic matter in the groundwater system with geogenic iodine contamination in the Datong Basin, Northern China

Natural organic matter (NOM) plays an important role in the iodine mobilization in the groundwater system. In this study, the groundwater and sediments from iodine affected aquifers in the Datong Basin were collected to perform chemistry analysis and molecular characteristics of NOM by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR-MS). Total iodine concentrations in groundwater and sediments ranged from 1.97 to 926.1 μg/L and 0.001–2.86 μg/g, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between DOC/NOM and groundwater/sediment iodine. FT-ICR-MS results showed that the DOM in the high-iodine groundwater system is characterized by less aliphatic and more aromatic compounds with higher NOSC, indicating the features of more unsaturated larger molecule structures and more bioavailability. Aromatic compounds could be the main carriers of sediment iodine and were easily absorbed on amorphous iron oxides to form the NOM-Fe-I complex. More aliphatic compounds, especially those containing N/S, experienced a higher degree of biodegradation, which further mediated the reductive dissolution of amorphous iron oxides and the transformation of iodine species, thereby causing the release of iodine into groundwater. The findings of this study provide some new insights into the mechanisms of high-iodine groundwater.

Backgrounds and blanks in Iodine-129 measurements at the Australian National University

The molecular hydride negative ions of mass 129 amu, 127IH2−, 127ID− and 128TeH−, have been studied in order better to understand potential backgrounds in AMS measurements of 129I. All three of these ions appear to be stable or, if metastable, to have lifetimes that are sufficiently long to allow at least some of them to reach the high voltage terminal of the accelerator. It is found, however, that these make only a minor contribution to the combined rate of 127I7+ and 128Te7+ ions that pass around the analysing magnet when it is set for 129I7+ detection. The principal contribution comes instead from the injection of 127I− ions into the accelerator along with the 129I− ions, despite the use of a low Cs sputtering energy in the ion source that was intended to eliminate them. This contribution is, however, small and is effectively removed by a Wien filter. In addition, a sample of Woodward iodine, obtained from the University of Arizona, was found to have an 129I/127I ratio of (13.3 ± 0.9) × 10−15. This is the lowest ratio so far reported. In contrast, the batch of Woodward iodine that was being used as an iodine carrier in our laboratory was found to have a much higher ratio of (78.2 ± 2.4) × 10−15. A search for a lower ratio blank failed to find a suitable material.

The Selection of the Optimal Impregnation Conditions of Vegetable Matrices with Iodine.

This study aimed to determine the use of selected vegetables (pumpkin, cauliflower, broccoli, carrot) as carriers of potassium iodide (KI) and potassium iodate (KIO3) by determining changes in iodine content under various conditions of impregnation as the degree of hydration, impregnated sample temperature, and impregnation time. The influence of these conditions on iodine contents in vegetables after their fortification and storage (21 °C/230 days) was analyzed. The results showed that all selected vegetables could be efficient iodine carriers. However, the conditions of the impregnation process are crucial for fortification efficiency, particularly the degree of hydration and the temperature of the impregnated samples before drying. The results showed that the lowest iodine content was in samples fortified at 4 °C and 1:4 hydration. On the other hand, the highest reproducibility of iodine was for the following fortification conditions: temperature of −76 °C and hydration of 1:1. The studies confirmed the higher stability of iodine in KIO3 form compared to KI. To increase recovery of the introduced iodine in the product after drying, using the conditioning step at 4 °C is not recommended. We recommend freezing vegetables immediately after the impregnation process

Research of the content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and iodine in chocolate using non-traditional raw materials

A study to determine the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and mass fraction of iodine in chocolate using non-traditional raw materials has been conducted. The object of the study was chocolate products, containing stevioside, erythrol, germinated soy flour, enriched with iodine.
 Carrying out this set of studies is important because it will determine the content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and iodine in the developed chocolate. Based on the obtained patterns, it is possible to determine the percentage of satisfaction of the recommended daily requirement and to set the recommended amount of consumption of the developed product per day.
 As a result of research, it has been found, that the total content of phenolic compounds in the control type of chocolate per 198 mg of GA / 100 g of the initial raw material is less compared to the sample of chocolate, where non-traditional raw materials were used. The results of the study correlate with the results of determining the total content of flavonoids. The developed types of chocolate exceed control samples by 229 mg of C / 100 g of the initial raw material. That satisfies 88.6% of the recommended daily amount. It has been found, that the developed type of chocolate is a carrier of iodine in the amount of 63 μg / 100 g. In the control sample of chocolate there were found only traces of mass fraction of iodine. It has been determined, that the use of germinated soy flour, enriched with iodine in the amount of 10%, due to the reduction of cocoa mass satisfies 42% of the recommended daily amount of iodine for a woman aged 30… 40 years of average labor intensity.
 The obtained results are useful and important because they will allow to develop recommendations for the consumption of chocolate using non-traditional raw materials. What will affect the solution of an important social problem - maintaining high efficiency, confrontation with environmental factors under the pandemic due to the influx of test substances

Spatial distribution and biogeochemical cycling of methyl iodide in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during summer.

Methyl iodide (CH3I) released from ocean is an important carrier of iodine, which plays an important role in ozone depletion in the atmosphere. Depletion of ozone has increased the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches the earth's surface and recent global warming has caused oceanic acidification as well as dust events, but how these environmental changes will affect CH3I concentration in the ocean is unclear. In this study, the spatial distributions and sources of CH3I in the atmosphere, seawater, and sediment porewater were measured in the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea (ECS) between June and July 2018. Higher concentrations in the atmosphere, seawater, and sediment were found in the YS than in the ECS, and surface seawater emissions were discovered to be the major contributors of atmospheric CH3I concentrations. Anthropogenic pollutants could explain significant spatial variation in the distribution of CH3I. High concentrations of CH3I in sediment porewater increased diffusion into bottom waters, with diffusive fluxes of 0.2-6.5nmolm-2 d-1. Preliminary results during the in situ seawater incubation experiments showed that the photochemical production rate of CH3I ranged from 0.008 to 0.214pmolL-1 h-1 under ultraviolet light, and an enhancement emission of CH3I from phytoplankton occurred with the addition of dust, while a reduction of CH3I appeared under lower pH conditions.

Wheat dietary fibre and soy protein as new carriers of iodine compounds for food fortification – The effect of storage conditions on the stability of potassium iodide and potassium iodate

The aim of the study was to investigate the use of dietary wheat fibre (short and long fibre) and soy protein (concentrate and isolate) as carriers of potassium iodide (KI) and potassium iodate (KIO3) by determining changes in the iodine content under different storage conditions. The iodised carriers and table salt were stored in closed glass jars at the following temperatures and relative humidity: 25 °C/60%, 25 °C/90% and 40 °C/90%, and two layers: 2 cm and 10 cm.The study showed that during storage the iodine stability in all the carriers (wheat dietary fibres and soy protein preparations) was at least as high as in table salt and in most cases it was significantly higher. Long wheat dietary fibre (LWF) seemed to be the best of the iodine carriers under study because it improved iodine stability the most and made it less dependent on storage conditions such as elevated temperature and humidity. Soy protein isolate (SPI) is also an interesting carrier, but it is important to ensure optimal storage conditions for iodised SPI, especially humidity. Both carriers could be used as alternatives to the traditional carrier (table salt) in the production of iodine-fortified food.

The effect of sprouted legume flour on the quality of fermented milk product during storage

The article presents the results of a study of the effect of germinated legume flour enriched with iodine and selenium on the quality of fermented milk product during storage. The relevance of the research is due to the lack of fermented milk products for people suffering from endocrine disorders, the market void of which reaches about 23 % of total production. As a result of research it is inserted that appearance and a consistence of the sour-milk product made according to a new compounding is jelly-like with equal edges, a uniform clot, milk-beige color. The product has a pure sour milk smell and a pleasant sour milk taste. The complex organoleptic index of the developed product is 0,1 point higher compared to the control. It was found that the mass fraction of fat in the test sample decreases by 1.7%, and the mass fraction of protein by 0,28% increases compared to the control. The use of germinated legume flour affects the change in titratable acidity and fermentation time. The acidity increases by 0,5 ° T, and the fermentation time decreases by 1 hour. According to the studied quality indicators, which are regulated by the normative and technical documentation, the product, where germinated bean flour was used, meets the established norms. Regularities of change of indicators of quality of sour-milk product with use of flour of the germinated bean during storage are defined. It was found that there is a change in acidity, which increases with increasing storage time. Against the background of increasing acidity, there is an increase in the number of lactic acid bacteria. The recommended terms of consumption which make 9 days are established. At this time of consumption, the developed products will have the usual organoleptic characteristics, acidity – 95 ° T. The content of lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria and acidophilic bacteria –≤ 10×107. The developed fermented milk product is a carrier of organic iodine and selenium in the amount of 25,2 (n ± 0,2) and 14 (n ± 0,3) μg. Which provides 16,8 and 24,5% coverage of the daily requirement of iodine and selenium for adults and adults and 28 and 46,6 % (respectively) for school-age children.

Модификация метода профилактической обработки икры нерки йодинолом от вируса инфекционного некроза гемопоэтической ткани на ЛРЗ Камчатки

In world practice, at salmon hatcheries, eggs are disinfected with iodophor after fertilization, because the substance - the carrier of iodine is pyrrolidone, which has toxic properties for embryos and is capable of destroying biological membranes. In Russia, eggs are also disinfected after fertilization, but using iodinol. In this disinfectant, active iodine is in the form of an iodine- starch complex, which is safe for biological membranes, and can be used (concentration of active iodine 100 mg/l, pH within 7) instead of water during fertilization of eggs. On the example of long-term data of Malkinskii Hatchery (MH), it was shown that the mortality of egg and juveniles does not increase from the egg disinfection directly with iodinol during fertilization. The experimental studies of 2017 did not show any significant differences in the mortality of egg and juveniles at the MH after egg fertilization in water and in iodinol under other similar conditions of rearing. The disinfectant has no toxic effect on biological membranes and can be recommended for the disinfection of salmon egg directly in the process of fertilization for the prevention of fish viral and bacterial diseases. Iodinol is a promising drug for the fight against diseases with vertical transmission of the pathogen inside the egg. The proposed modification of the method of egg treatment can significantly reduce the consumption of the disinfectant and manipulations with eggs.

Design of new food for diet purposes according to consumer preferences

The article studies the design of a new meat product of dietary use in accordance with consumer preferences. The object of research is potential consumers of meat products. 210 people who participated in the experiment were practically healthy, 390 people had certain diseases. Namely: 109 people with iodine deficiency states, 154 people with celiac disease, 127 people with type 2 diabetes. The subject of research is their consumer preferences. Analyzing the survey data, it is found that consumers' conscious requirements for a new meat product of dietary use are dietary properties and usual organoleptic characteristics, long shelf life and low price of the finished product. Not aware of the requirements is a natural composition that is balanced depending on dietary purpose, the presence of safe functional ingredients and the absence of negative effects on the body. It has been established that when producing meat products for patients with celiac disease, wheat flour should be completely excluded from the formulations of meat products, replacing it with gluten-free flours, soybean chickpeas, which will enrich meat products with essential amino acids. Such a replacement is also appropriate for people with diabetes, where the amount of easily digestible carbohydrates should be limited. As for the consumer preferences of people with iodine deficiency, the representatives of this segment want to consume meat products that are carriers of organic iodine and selenium with reduced salt content. The application of the QFD methodology will minimize the discrepancy between the meat product manufacturer and the consumer's requirements for the product after its launch. And will ensure high value and at the same time relatively low cost of the product by minimizing the cost of correcting the discrepancy.

Facile fabrication of cellulose membrane containing polyiodides and its antibacterial properties

Iodine exhibits a broad antibacterial spectrum, low toxicity, high efficiency and no drug resistance. However, free iodine is unstable and has strong irritation on wounds if applied directly. Hence, a carrier improving the stability of iodine is required. In this study, a branched polyethylenimine (PEI) was employed as an iodine carrier. It was firstly fixed to dialdehyde cellulose membrane (DCM) via Schiff-base reaction. Then the PEI-DCM was immersed in an I2-KI aqueous solution to prepare a novel antibacterial cellulose membrane containing polyiodides (I-PEI-DCM). Its structure and properties were characterized by SEM, EDX, XPS, Raman, ATR-FTIR, XRD and antibacterial activity. Results demonstrated that the iodine loaded on the I-PEI-DCM was the mixture of I3− and I5−, whose distribution on the membrane was uniform. During the iodination treatment, the amino groups of PEI molecular chains participated in the complex reaction with polyiodide ions. The microbiological tests showed that the I-PEI-DCM had excellent antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus. It can completely inactivate all of two bacteria within 0.5 min even after 30-day storage. Meanwhile, the antibacterial membrane exhibited good stability and reusability. Based on the characteristic features, the I-PEI-DCM can be regarded as a promising wound dressing.

Zalecenia dietetyczne dotyczące spożywania jodu — w poszukiwaniu konsensusu między kardiologami a endokrynologami

Iodine is one of the essential bioactive components of a diet and which has an influence on the thyroid hormones synthesis, and these hormones affect the proper development and functioning of the organism. In the situation when the iodides consumption is less than 50 μ g/day, it is unable to maintain the thyroid hormones synthesis at a normal level by the thyroid gland. The 1992/1993 Polish Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders study results were a direct reason for the compulsory resumption of table salt iodination. Table salt is a, commonly used, iodine carrier. According to the World Health Organization recommendations, the daily salt intake should not exceed 5 g NaCl (2 g Na) per person. Verification of Na content in the diet is a method for cardiovascular diseases prevention. Actions aimed at increasing of the other natural iodine carriers (milk, mineral water) intake are taken. Alternative sources of iodine in the diet are include: codfish, pollock, salmon, eggs, wheat bran, broccoli, dried pea seeds and hazelnuts. Iodination of mineral water and milk, as well as biofortification of the selected vegetables and feeding flock and cattle by food rich in iodine should be concerned according to salt restriction diet.

The effect of intake of sausages fortified with β-CD-I2 complex on iodine status and thyroid function: A preliminary study

The present study evaluated influence of boiled sausages consumption fortified with β-CD-I2 on the urinary iodine excretion (UIE) level of volunteers. Median urinary UIE level was increased from 58.02 (24.0–175.4) μg/L to 110.6 (20.5–231.6) μg/L during 10 days. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were determined by radio immunoassay analysis. As it was expected, intake of sausages fortified with β-CD-I2 resulted in rise of FT4 level from 1.1 (0.95–1.25) to 1.23 (1.07–1.63) ng/dL, whereas TSH level decreased from 1.53 (0.47–3.37) mIU/L to 1.1 (0.51–3.17) mIU/L. A dynamic gastrointestinal model in vitro was used in order to determine possibility of 3,5-diiodotyrosine (DIT) formation during consumption of the fortified sausages. The DIT concentration was determined by HPLC–MS method and was found to be 0.38 ng/mL in sausage dialyzate. These findings indicate that β-CD-I2 introduction as an iodine carrier in boiled sausages may help to improve iodine status and to control organic iodine species concentration.

Iodine Prophylaxis in the Lights of the Last Recommendation of WHO on Reduction of Daily Salt Intake.

In 1994, International Organizations: WHO, UNICEF and ICCIDD indicat ed salt Natrium Chloride as the main carrier of iodine in the prophilaxis systems in the iodine deficient areas over the world. Following this recommendation, 24 European countries introduced the model of iodine p rop hylaxis based on the salt iodization. However in 7 European countries only - among tchem in Poland - salt iodization is mandatory as the most effective mode lon the population level. Presenting the method for the reduction of the consumption of iodized salt and supplement ation of iodine by other iodine carriers. Concentration of iodine in the salt has been calculated according to the daily salt consumption and WHO recommendation on the daily dose of iodine that should be supplied in different groups of age and in pregnant and breast feeding women. No relevant recent patents were available for this WHO report. Consumption of salt in European countries is from 8 to 11g/day/person. In Poland, it is very high 11.5g/day/person. WHO in 1996 introduced recommendation on reducing daily salt intake to 5g/day/person as Natrium is a risk factor of hypertension and some neoplastic processes. When iodized salt is the main carrier of iodine in the prophylaxis systems, additional carriers of iodine should be introduced in the food market for instant -iodized mineral water. A very important factor is the proper information and education on the population level. This action is under control of the Polish Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders [PCCIDD] established in 1991 following the example of the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders [ICCIDD].

Preparation, property of the complex of carboxymethyl chitosan grafted copolymer with iodine and application of it in cervical antibacterial biomembrane

Cervical erosion is one of the common diseases of women. The loop electrosurgical excisional procedure (LEEP) has been used widely in the treatment of the cervical diseases. However, there are no effective wound dressings for the postoperative care to protect the wound area from further infection, leading to increased secretion and longer healing time. Iodine is a widely used inorganic antibacterial agent with many advantages. However, the carrier for stable iodine complex antibacterial agents is lack. In the present study, a novel iodine carrier, Carboxymethyl chitosan-g-(poly(sodium acrylate)-co-polyvinylpyrrolidone) (CMCTS-g-(PAANa-co-PVP), was prepared by graft copolymerization of sodium acrylate (AANa) and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) to a carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS) skeleton. The obtained structure could combine prominent property of poly(sodium acrylate) (PAANa) anionic polyelectrolyte segment and good complex property of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) segment to iodine. The bioactivity of CMCTS could also be kept. The properties of the complex, CMCTS-g-(PAANa-co-PVP)-I2, were studied. The in vitro experiment shows that it has broad-spectrum bactericidal effects to virus, fungus, gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. A CMCTS-g-(PAANa-co-PVP)-I2 complex contained cervical antibacterial biomembrane (CABM) was prepared. The iodine release from the CABM is pH-dependent. The clinic trial results indicate that CABM has better treatment effectiveness than the conventional treatment in the postoperative care of the LEEP operation.

Primary Prevention of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has exceeded 22million people in Europe and according to WHO, it will increase from 135 million in 1935 to 300 million in 2025. In 1989 Saint Vincent Declaration, elaborated by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) called all the European countries to take action aimed at reducing the prevalence of type 2diabetes mellitus and its complications on the population level. Poland has signed the Declaration within the “Polish Multicenter Study in Diabetes Epidemiology (PMSD) program (implemented in the cities of Krakow, AA¯Â?½odAo, and Lublin), financed by the Ministry of Health, and developed within the years of 1998– 2000. The program was coordinated by the Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum in Krakow. It revealed over 2 million diabetics in Poland, half of which represented the so-called unknown diabetes, diagnosed for the first time in the course of investigation. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is still growing up owing to the increasing prevalence of its main risk factors: overweight and obesity, mainly the visceral type. The basic method of preventing of the type 2 diabetes mellitus within the PMSD is body weight reduction with an increase in physical activity and an appropriate educational program. The second basic goal of the program in the highest risk group of type 2 diabetes mellitus is to decrease blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Hypertension management is based on salt intake reduction, however, salt is the main carrier of iodine in the iodine prophylactic system in Poland so iodine must be additionally supplemented with additional carriers, such as milk or iodized mineral water: “Ustronianka” “Jodavit” or “Wysowianka”. The results of the program point out that the process of type 2 diabetes mellitus formation is reversible, but under the condition of early intervention. Additional parts of the program are economic burden evaluation and resort management. The resort of “Wysowa S.A.” has already been prepared to implement prevention and management in patients with overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. On July 4-5, 2013, the International Ministerial Conference in Vienna took place. It was the first conference in the context of the “Global Plan of WHO Action in Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases 2013-2020” (Health 2020) program, approved of by the 66th World Health Assembly and the 8th Global WHO Conference on Health Promotion in Helsinki. The conference also resulted in issuing the Vienna Declaration, which points at continuing the Ministerial Conference on Counteracting Obesity that took place in Istanbul in 2006. The documents raised the problems of healthy food and preventing food-related non-communicable diseases, as well as lead the way to renew the WHO “Action Plan for Food and Nutrition Policy” program, which expired in 2012.

The effects of iodised salt licks and teat dipping on the iodine content of cow's milk and blood plasma.

Milk has been identified as the ideal carrier of iodine in the human diet. The iodine concentration in cow's milk depends on the iodine intake in the animal's daily rations. The first experiment, which lasted for 90 days, investigated the effectiveness of salt licks containing 0 (control group), 150, and 300 mg I/kg (experimental groups) and the effect on the iodine content of cow's milk and blood plasma. The second experiment determined the effect of udder disinfection and iodine teat dipping with iodine disinfectant (experimental group) compared to chlorine dip (control group) on the iodine content of milk and blood plasma. Milk iodine and blood plasma concentrations were meas- ured using the Sandell-Kolthoff method modified by the Bobek and Kołczak procedure. Salt licks containing 150 and 300 mg I/kg increased iodine intake by 7.5 and 15.0 mg I/day, respectively. Average iodine intake in the control group was 6.23 mg I/day, and 13.68 and 21.10 mg I/day in the experimental groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in the average cows' milk yield, which averaged 21.0 ± 1.1 kg/day. Average milk iodine content was 53.8 μg/1000 mL (control group), 65.0 and 84.7 μg/1000 mL (experimental groups). Average plasma iodine content tended to increase in the experimental groups, but the differences between the groups were not significant. In the second experiment iodine udder disinfection and teat dipping increased average milk iodine content from 44.0 ± 1.6 to 59.3 ± 2.3 μg/1000 mL. Average plasma iodine content increased only slightly, with a non- significant difference between the control and experimental groups. The iodine content of salt licks at 150 and 300 mg I/kg makes it possible to obtain from 65 to 85 μg I/1000 mL of cow's milk. Pre-milking udder hygiene and post-milking iodine teat dipping additionally increase the iodine content of milk by around 15 μg I/1000 mL milk, i.e. an increase of 35% in relation to cows from the control group.

Determination of 129I in cement-solidified radwastes using neutron activation

The purpose of this study is to develop a neutron activation method to determine trace amounts of 129I in cement-solidified radwastes. The radwaste samples were alkaline fused using KOH and then 129I and iodine carrier were chemically separated by solvent extraction before and after neutron irradiation. Both stable iodine (127I) and 129I can be activated by neutrons through 127I (n, 2n) 126I and 129I (n, γ) 130I reactions; their activated radionuclides were counted together with a high-purity germanium detector. The chemical recovery yields ranged from 30 to 60 %, and it was found that more than 99.9 % of interfering radionuclides can be removed using solvent extraction after neutron irradiation. The minimum detectable amounts can be lowered to less than 1 mBq g−1, which is superior to low energy γ-ray spectrometry by a factor of >102, on average. The established technique can be applied to re-evaluation of 129I content in radwastes that can be re-classified to lower classes, and the cost for designing a final disposal facility can be significantly reduced.

The risk of iodine deficiency in the current model of iodine prophylaxis in Poland

Poland is an iodine deficient area. Polish Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (PCCIDD) as a multicenter group of experts in the field, was set up in 1991 at the Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum in Krakow. PCCIDD organized in 1992/1993 epidemiologic survey which confirmed iodine deficiency and endemic goiter on the population level and applied to the Ministry of Health for introducing an obligatory model of iodine prophylaxis based on the household salt iodization. In 1996 the Ministry of Health issued such disposition with 20-40 mg KJ per 1 kg of household salt. The council detailed also other elements of iodine prophylaxis, including to the model an iodization of newborn formula (0.10-0.15 mg KJ/l) for children not being breastfed, and formulated recommendation for additional iodine supplementation in pregnant and breast-feeding women with 100-150 µg of KI/day in tablets. In 5-10 years after implementation of this model, the prevalence of goiter in children aged 6-12 years fell from 24.5% to 4.7% - below endemic levels, in pregnant women from 80% to 19%, and frequency of TSH, over 20 µUI/ml in blood of neonates fell from 2.0% to 0.14%. Sufficient dose of iodine on the population level, became an important protective factor in the case of nuclear accident. However, the Technical Consultation WHO in Paris (2006) and in Luxembourg (2007) introduced the need to restrict daily salt consumption, being a risk factor for hypertension and atherosclerosis, to 5.0 grams per person. Hypertension currently affects in Poland approximately nine million persons. Complications associated with hypertension are currently the leading causes of death among those aged 60 years and over. Actual salt consumption in Poland is highest in Europe (15.0 g/day/person) and should be reduced - at least - by 50%. It may create a real risk of iodine deficiency on the population level again, and it is necessary to introduce additional standardized carriers of iodine. Actually we have two such products available on the market: iodized mineral water “Ustronianka z Jodem” (150 µg of iodine/l) and “Wysowianka” (200 µg/ iodine/l), and cow's milk (140-160 µg/ iodine/l) – especially important for schoolchildren and pregnant and breast-feeding women. The control of effectiveness of this model is developed within the National Program for Elimination of Iodine Deficiency financed by the Ministry of Health. This program is multicenter (Warszawa, Łodź, Katowice) and coordination of this multicenter action is performed in the Department of Endocrinology UJCM in Krakow.

Performance of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry for 129I using AgI–AgCl carrier-free coprecipitation

129I has been successfully applied as tracer in environmental, geological, and oceanographic research. For samples with low stable iodine concentration and ultra low level 129I, the sample preparation technique to separate iodine prior to AMS measurement has been a bottleneck, limiting the applicability of 129I. We have reported a carrier-free method, using coprecipitation, to avoid the potential introduction of 129I through the use of stable iodine carrier iodine. In this work, the detection limit and the analytical uncertainty of this method are investigated and minimum sample amount required to obtain reliable analytical results are estimated. The method is validated with a series of samples in ranges of known iodine concentrations and 129I/127I ratios. The results confirm our previous conclusion that an AMS target containing 5.0μg iodine can be used for analyzing samples with 129I/127I>10−12, and that for samples with 129I/127I<10−13 more than 25μg iodine is necessary.

Iodine (129I and 127I) in aerosols from northern Europe

Abstract Huge amount of 129I has been emitted to the environment during the last decades from a variety of anthropogenic nuclear activities. Aerosols represent a carrier of iodine in the atmosphere in addition to gaseous forms for which data are lacking in Sweden. In this study the first time series of iodine isotopes (129I and 127I) in aerosols covering the period of 1983 to 2008 from two sites in Sweden are presented. The results show that both 129I and 127I concentrations are considerably higher in southern compared to northern Sweden. Furthermore there is a significant difference in the relative concentrations between the sites being ∼6 times higher for 129I compared to ∼3 times for 127I. The portion of the 129I related to dry deposition, based on aerosol data, represents only a minor amount of the total fallout which is dominated by wet deposition.