Involvement Of Non-governmental Organizations Research Articles

Analisis Keterlibatan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dalam Program Hutan Kemasyarakatan di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat

This paper aims to analyze the involvement of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) of forestry policy frame with focus on the Community Forestry program in West Nusa Tenggara. The method in this study is using literature studies. The Data sources uses secondary data such as documents, legislation, articles and books containing the participation of NGOs in forestry programs. In the implementation of the HKm’s program is to realize democratization that is very strategic. It is because NGOs as a representation the needs and aspirations of people in forest areas. In the realm of policy, Forestry NGOs in NTB region synergized with all stakeholders that involved in the Community Forest program, ranging from formulation to evaluation. The involvement of NGOs in the community of HKm area is manifested by the assistance and business development of the community in the management of Non-Timber Forest Products (HHBK). Monitoring and evaluation efforts as a basis for government policy advocacy to fit the community context is a form of NGO participation in forestry policy. However, as an independent organization, NGOs rely on the availability of fund in handling the empowerment program.

Keeping Camouflage Out of the Classroom: The Safe Schools Declaration and the Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use During Armed Conflict

Abstract This article discusses the ‘Safe Schools Declaration’ and the ‘Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military use during Armed Conflict’. The latter are set of non-binding guidelines that aim to improve the protection of schools and universities during armed conflict. The former is a political declaration through which States can endorse the Guidelines. The article looks at the drafting process of the two documents, which involved non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international organizations and States. The article argues that the involvement of NGOs can be seen as reflective of a trend in which NGOs are increasingly involved in normative International Humanitarian Law (IHL) development. The role of international organizations was less pronounced, but nevertheless notable because international organizations traditionally do not have an active role in the field of IHL. The article contains an analysis of the Declaration and Guidelines, against the background of the applicable legal framework to the protection of schools and universities during armed conflict. It concludes that the principal focus of the Guidelines is the prevention of the use of schools and universities by armed forces in support of the military effort. IHL does not contain a rule prohibiting such use, but it can have far-reaching negative consequences for education. Other guidelines relate to, inter alia (limitations to), destroying or attacking schools and universities. These guidelines, while sometimes using phraseology from provisions of IHL treaty law, also largely go beyond existing obligations under IHL.

Environmental Public Interest Litigation in China: A Critical Examination

AbstractEnvironmental public interest litigation (EPIL) by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) emerged in China over the last decade amidst the growing focus on environmental issues and the increasing political need to bring greater public participation to the area. This article examines the current practice of EPIL by NGOs in order to understand the potential flaws and deficiencies of NGO participation in this relatively new field of environmental litigation. The article sets out by exploring EPIL as a legal pathway for the public to become involved in China's environmental governance. It then analyzes the legal provision of environmental litigation in China before critically examining several instances of EPIL initiated by NGOs between 2015 and 2019. The article finds that NGOs show weaknesses in their current EPIL practice, including in case selection and litigation risk assessment, but are willing to test and potentially expand the scope of EPIL into new areas of environmental protection such as noise pollution and renewable energy. It concludes that these weaknesses and strengths of NGO involvement in EPIL reflect the constantly evolving landscape of environmental governance and environmental litigation in China.

Detection of citizens’ communications on the Internet that require a response as a new form of administrative activity

This article examines the legal regulation of detection of citizens’ communications on the Internet s that require a response from the government authorities. The relevance is substantiated by the increase in the number of publications on Internet that require a response, as well as by the fact that the corresponding legal relations are not regulated by the Federal Law “On the Procedure for Considering Appeals of the Citizens of the Russian Federation". Since such form of administrative activity obtained a wide circulation in 2020 and needs further research, analysis is conducted on the practice of legal regulation of the indicated questions. The author concludes that the legal acts of all constituent entities of the Russian Federation on this question are similar: they determine the procedure for detection of information that requires a response, its processing, and posting the results of consideration. Analysis is performed on the structure of the subjects engaged in this administrative activity; emphasis is placed on the involvement of nongovernmental organizations in this process. In the conditions of digitalization of administrative activity, many regions utilize the automated Incident Management System to facilitate coordination of all citizens’ communications that require a response. It is noted that the Regional Management Centers have been established for improving the process of detection of citizens’ communications that require a response. Analysis of the system of such relations between the government and the citizens allows continuing research on the problematic issues of working with the Internet resources – falsity of information, anonymous publications, need for immediate response, etc.

NGO influence in global governance: achieving transitional justice in Uganda and beyond

This paper looks at the interface between non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and international criminal justice, within the broader context of transitional justice (TJ). The unique case of Northern Uganda is used as an example to illustrate the role of NGOs in global governance. Due to the growing demand for criminal accountability as a form of TJ, the paper makes a qualitative assessment of NGO relationships at domestic and global levels. It illustrates how NGOs contribute to the legitimisation of global norms and criminal accountability for international crimes. It reveals an organisational articulation of international criminal justice using victims’ rights discourses and interventions. It is shown that international NGOs assert a form of sociological legitimacy in support of the International Criminal Court. The paper concludes that there is still a compelling case to be made for the involvement of NGOs in global governance. The impact of this research serves to invite further reflection on the work of NGOs, uncovering their critical role in the domestic implementation of global norms within the context of TJ.

Civil Law Constructions in Social Service Legislation

The article analyzes the problems of legal regulation of social services that arise in connection with the use of private law principles in the legislation on social services (contractual structures, the involvement of non-state providers of social services, the introduction of competitive principles, etc.). On January 1, 2015, the Federal Law of December 28, 2013 No. 442-FZ “On the Basics of Social Services for Citizens in the Russian Federation” entered into force, which made significant changes to the system of social services. In this regulatory legal act, a complex of legislative novelties was implemented, aimed at overcoming the crisis situation in social services. It was assumed that ensuring a competitive environment, including through the provision of social services on a contractual basis, would improve their quality, and the involvement of non-governmental organizations would solve the problem of the availability of social services. However, an analysis of the provisions of the current federal legislation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation revealed certain problems of legal regulation that impede the achievement of the goals set (violation of the continuity of legislation, the use of certain private law elements of legal regulation in the regulation of public law relations, etc.). Based on the results of the study, the Author concludes that the goals set for the legislator have not been fully achieved. The involvement of non-state providers of social services did not solve the problem of accessibility of social services. At the same time, at the federal and regional levels, a legal space has been created for “delegating” certain state functions to private organizations, the effectiveness of which raises objective doubts. The use of some private law elements of legal regulation (for example, the legal structure “contract”) does not serve the purpose of ensuring the guarantee of social services, but entails further “commercialization” of relations in the field of social services. The article also examines the experience of using so-called hospital-replacing technologies in certain constituent entities of the Russian Federation (creation of foster families for disabled people and citizens living alone). The Author comes to the conclusion that hospitalreplacing technologies can hardly be considered a really effective means of solving the problem of the availability of social services due to the low level of fees received for caring for single citizens and (or) disabled people.

Community health worker models in South Africa: a qualitative study on policy implementation of the 2018/19 revised framework.

South Africa has a long history of community health workers (CHWs). It has been a journey that has required balancing constrained resources and competing priorities. CHWs form a bridge between communities and healthcare service provision within health facilities and act as the cornerstone of South Africa’s Ward-Based Primary Healthcare Outreach Teams. This study aimed to document the CHW policy implementation landscape across six provinces in South Africa and explore the reasons for local adaptation of CHW models and to identify potential barriers and facilitators to implementation of the revised framework to help guide and inform future planning. We conducted a qualitative study among a sample of Department of Health Managers at the National, Provincial and District level, healthcare providers, implementing partners [including non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who worked with CHWs] and CHWs themselves. Data were collected between April 2018 and December 2018. We conducted 65 in-depth interviews (IDIs) with healthcare providers, managers and experts familiar with CHW work and nine focus group discussions (FGDs) with 101 CHWs. We present (i) current models of CHW policy implementation across South Africa, (ii) facilitators, (iii) barriers to CHW programme implementation and (iv) respondents’ recommendations on how the CHW programme can be improved. We chronicled the differences in NGO involvement, the common facilitators of purpose and passion in the CHWs’ work and the multitude of barriers and resource limitations CHWs must work under. We found that models of implementation vary greatly and that adaptability is an important aspect of successful implementation under resource constraints. Our findings largely aligned to existing research but included an evaluation of districts/provinces that had not previously been explored together. CHWs continue to promote health and link their communities to healthcare facilities, in spite of lack of permanent employment, limited resources, such as uniforms, and low wages.

Analysis of the Participation of NGOs and Cities of Mashhad in the Field of Social and Cultural Practices

Background: The Iranian society should appreciate health and well-being, food security, and social security in 2026. It is strongly related to the tasks of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), concerning its extent. Therefore, this research aimed to identify fundamental factors in the active involvement of NGOs and the Mashhad municipality, in sociocultural programs. Methods: This research used a qualitative approach. Also, the statistical population included the NGOs that have at least once cooperated with the municipality. The study sample recruited using a purposeful sampling technique. The collected data were generated through the design of triangulation. Subsequently, 159 concepts, 40 subcategories, and 18 items were obtained. Results: The results indicated that the maximum mutual participation is the only interaction type that could fully satisfy both the municipality and NGOs. Conclusion: A misleading, slogan-based, result-oriented participation exists between these organizations, because the principles of involvement are not observed.

MODELS OF STATE THREAT RESPONSE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STABILITY IN UKRAINE

MODELS OF STATE THREAT RESPONSE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STABILITY IN UKRAINE

Стратегічні напрями фінансування соціальних послуг в умовах децентралізації

The article considers the strategic directions of financing the social sphere. It is determined that the effectiveness of the provision and financing of social services depends on the effectiveness of regional and local authorities and their ability to fulfill certain powers and responsibilities in a decentralized environment. At the same time, the processes of social policy reform are carried out in parallel with the process of strategic choice of the most effective model of development of the social protection system, which leads to losses and reduced efficiency of the system. The research of directions of budgetary financing of social sphere at the state level is carried out. The financial mechanism of realization of social protection which provides formation of the sources of the financial resources directed on performance of the corresponding programs and actions, and also the substantiated choice of methods, forms and levers of their use is investigated. The development of social services in the united territorial communities of Ukraine as of October 10, 2019 is analyzed. Expenditures on social protection and social security in the expenditures of the consolidated budget and GDP in Ukraine in the analyzed period are studied. Analysis of the state of filling local budgets in the context of decentralization in recent years has shown an increase in local budget revenues, which has created additional conditions for increasing funding for the social sphere from local budgets. It is determined that the main strategic directions of improving the mechanism of financial support of the social sphere in the conditions of decentralization should be: strengthening the responsibility for misuse of funds; optimal delimitation of spending powers between authorities at all levels; involvement of non-governmental organizations in the provision of social services in order to improve their quality, etc.

The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Community Economic Development: Using a System Dynamic Approach

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are essential institutional players in mobilizing regional economic growth and development, community growth and development, motivating people, and implementing social welfare program(s) to support government effort(s) at the grassroots level. This paper explores the impact of NGOs on rural community development while referencing the case study of the community of Lugbe, in the city Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria. This paper utilizes the NGO-Donation-system dynamics model ( , to explore, visualize, and analyze the following dilemmas of NGOs donations responsiveness to Nigeria's per capita income, returns on foreign capital, and the returns on local capital. It analyzes two sensitivity scenarios from the base (see Figure 1). The findings show how NGOs activities result in fostering economic growth and development in the community. Our results show that if Local Returns on Capital ( are greater than Foreign Returns on Capital ( , there will be a higher inflow of Foreign Direct Investment ( into the nation and vice versa. Hence, if the later statement holds to be true, the cost-effectiveness for individuals and businesses to donate or invest in the country will decrease (see Figure 3). But, if the former statement is true, there will be zero donations into NGOs as long as individual per capita income is below the Income Threshold to Donate ( and companies make zero economic profits in their businesses. The is between $0 - $ 13,000. But, when the individual per capita income or a business net economic profit is between $ 14,000 - $ 80,000, which is above , donations and investments will increase until the point when it peaks and starts to decrease (see Figure 4). Further result(s) show that the involvement of NGOs in societies where citizens are underserved by the financial, educational, entrepreneurial, political, and health industries have a normal distribution relationship shaped curve for the labor force per capita income threshold, an inverse relationship on returns on and a positive returns on . The participation of NGOs in communities, ceteris paribus , has had a significant positive effect on the Nigerian economy, but the research does not overlook mistakes made by these NGOs in trying to solve wicked problems in an economy. Keywords: community, development, NGOs, Local Returns on Capital ( , Foreign Returns on Capital ( , Foreign, Direct Investment ( , and Income threshold to donate ( ). DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-20-01 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

NGOs and West European Migration Governance (1860s until Present): Introduction to a Special Issue

Social and political scientists are involved in an extensive but inconclusive debate about the role of international nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) in European migration governance. The European Union (EU) and NGOs work under the assumption that NGOs are crucial to migration governance and yet the role of NGOs is not clear. The EU has invested time and money in its attempts to involve NGOs more actively in migration governance, but it does so without much knowledge of how ngos in the past have influenced migration governance, and thus with no idea if the current investments are worthwhile. In this article, which is the introduction to the special issue on this subject, we take a closer look at the NGOs involved in West European migration in the period from the 1860s until the present day in order to understand the changing role of NGOs in migration governance in Europe. Providing moral, logistical and expert authority in a purportedly impartial way, NGOs have added a dimension to migration governance that states cannot replicate. As a result, the number of NGOs has gradually increased and at times their influence has become significant. However, in providing a chronology of the involvement of NGOs in migration governance, we show that their influence on migration governance policies and practices has not been linear. During some windows of opportunity (e.g. in the immediate years following the First and Second World Wars and the Cold War), NGOs became more prominent and effective, while at other times (e.g. the 1930s), their importance waned. The presence and capacity of NGOs to contribute to migration governance depended on whether states, and increasingly after 1945, intergovernmental organisations such as the UN, needed them to further their own interests or to fulfil a role that they could not play.

Features Of “Non-Governmental Organizations” In The Sphere Of Counter Of Crime

Taking into account global trend that fight against crime and crime prevention can be successful only if we consolidate public authority’ and society’ efforts all together, the need of study of non-governmental organizations involvement in process of combating crime is necessary. Recent developments of civil society in Ukraine shows us the rise of role of non-governmental organizations in state affairs, and sphere of combating of crime is not an exception. At the same time, the term “non-governmental organizations” seems to be quite new for Ukraine’ criminological science, as well as for legal science of Ukraine in a whole. That is why the study of legal nature of non-governmental organizations give us the chance to conduct deeper research about their impact into decision-making proses and formation of different kinds of state policies, including policy in the field of combating crime in Ukraine.
 Therefore, the article is devoted to highlighting the characteristic features of nongovernmental organizations. Seems reasonable to start conduct such a research via study based on a logical and meaningful analysis of the regulatory documents of the Council of Europe. Where features of the concept of “non-governmental organization” are disclosed. Later on the right disclosure of features of non-governmental organizations, makes it possible to distinguish them from other similar legal forms (civil society organization, non-profit organization, voluntary citizens’ group etc.). Taking into account the global trends and the development of criminological science, the importance of further research on non-governmental organizations in the field of counter of crime is noted. A vital part in further research belongs to formation of a separate definition of “non-governmental organization” in the theory of Ukrainian’ legal science.

THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE IN TURKEY

Expanded involvement of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the environmental governance has become further visible in the past few decades. To this end, this study is aimed to examine the role and influenceof NGOs on environmental governance in Turkey through distinct scientific explanatory framework including politicization, public attitudes, policy process, institutional structure, and output-bases.Consensus in policy making and scientific circle indicate that environmental protection is increasingly institutionalized and managed with growing participatory approaches in developing countries. Though some green NGOs continue to maintain hierarchical organization, and to provide their members with limited democratic rights, some have an increasing impact on policy process and environmental protection practices, especially through regular dialogue with policymakers, greater. Therefore, descriptive analysis in the study was conducted based on data provided from comprehensive reports, declaration, white paper and green policy statement of NGOs on their websites. Major findings of the study are that there has been adequate institutionalization capacity and manifold functions of NGOs in environmental governance, not a significant and powerful linkage of environmental NGOs with government and other environmental groups in Turkey.

A review of HIV testing strategies among MSM (2005–2015): Changes and continuities due to the biomedicalization of responses to AIDS

ABSTRACTGlobal AIDS policy points to a new prevention rationale centred on the identification and treatment of people infected with HIV, particularly among the so-called key populations. This study analyses the continuities and changes in HIV testing strategies based on a meta-narrative review of academic output (2005–2015) focusing on men who have sex with men. We reviewed 65 articles based on their prevention approaches, testing strategies and the involvement of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and community-based organisations. The analysis found continuities in HIV testing strategies in addition to changes. A new focus is reflected in the expansion and diversification of testing offered, the reduced importance of counselling, an emphasis on condom use associated with test results and on the absence of active participation of NGOs in implementing social responses to AIDS. Our findings indicate a systematic lack of problematising the potential ethical, political and cultural issues surrounding HIV testing as a strategy to control the epidemic. The findings of our study reinforce criticisms of the biomedicalization of current HIV-related policies, and reiterate the importance of combining progress achieved in increasing access to diagnosis and treatment with the historical achievements of social responses to AIDS.

Democratisation of local government planning in Bangladesh

This article explores the participatory planning and participatory budgeting processes of Bangladesh. These processes, seen as ‘social accountability measures’, were introduced by the Local Government (Union Parishad) Act, 2009. This study used a qualitative case-study methodology, backed by secondary documentary analysis, to assess how the processes were working in six union parishads (the lowest tier of government in Bangladesh). On the basis of both primary and secondary data, the study found that involvement of non-governmental organisations was an effective method of enhancing the capacity of union parishad functionaries to implement participatory planning and participatory budgeting. Positive outcomes observed included increased people’s participation, identification of socio-economic concerns, increased trust in elected representatives, increased transparency, changes in patterns of service delivery and improved viability of direct fund transfers to local government institutions. However, challenges to local planning and budgeting were also identified: failure to link policy, planning and budgeting due to a lack of capacity among local elected and government officers, structural mismatches between local planning and budgeting and corresponding processes at regional and national level, resource constraints, and local political interference.

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AS A BASIS FOR PUBLIC TRUST IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN LATVIA

Nowadays, many public administrations are facing the low level of public trust in state authorities. It is largely due to public dissatisfaction with the activities of public administration and beliefs that public administration does not serve to the public interest. Participation in decision-making processes is one of the ways to reduce public dissatisfaction and mistrust in public administration. In order to understand the importance of public participation in public administration processes, the aim of the paper is to study trends in the transformation of public administration and society at different stages of the development of the state reform in Latvia and its impact on public trust in public administration. The following methods have been used in the research study: analysis of normative documents, an expert survey with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government representatives, as well as analysis of statistics on the implementation of the Memorandum of Cooperation between the government and NGOs. An analysis of the normative documents adopted by the Latvian government shows that the legal framework provides for wide opportunities for NGO involvement in public administration. The statistical data and opinions of NGOs and public administration experts show that there are a variety of mechanisms for increasing NGOs participation. However, the opportunities for developed participation are not conducive to public trust in the public administration, since in most cases information about the opportunities and results of participation is not reachable to the general public. Thus, it is vitally important to create an optimal model of NGOs and public administration relations for the activation of Latvian society in order to reduce the low participation and public trust in public administration.

Constraints encountered by nursery operators in establishing agroforestry tree nurseries in Burundi

A nursery operator survey was conducted to identify major constraints encountered by nursery operators for tree nursery establishment in Burundi. The survey covered two main contrasting agro-ecological zones of the country in Muruta commune and Bugesera region in Bugabira and Busoni communes. It was found that most planting materials used by nursery operators were collected from sources of unknown genetic quality. It was also noted that few tree species were raised in nurseries of Muruta and Bugesera areas. The growing medium used in individual and group nurseries was of low quality. The lack of capital and nursery material inputs was another impediment to small-scale nursery sustainability. Most nursery operators lacked sufficient technical knowledge on nursery establishment techniques and had limited skills on vegetative propagation techniques. The low involvement of non-governmental organizations and government agencies impedes the sustainability of nursery operations in the two areas of study. Finally, the low demand and price for tree seedlings do not motivate nursery operators to produce seedlings for income generation. The government intervention may develop a well-structured nursery management system to support sustainable production of high-quality seedlings. It is then necessary to organize trainings of nursery operators on source and collection techniques of germplasm or planting material. The establishment of seed orchards and seed production areas of a large number of tree species is also of great importance. The support of nursery operators in financial and material inputs may promote tree species diversity and increase seedling production. The link of tree operators to good market may improve the sustainability of tree nursery operations.

Youth unemployment, the brain drain and education policy in Croatia: A call for joining forces and for new visions

Since the economic recession and European Union accession, Croatia has seen a drastic increase in the emigration of tertiary-educated young people seeking further qualification and employment abroad. The brain drain has caused grave concern among political parties across the political spectrum and society as a whole. Recently, however, the tone of discourse has turned from accusations of national ‘disloyalty’ to engagement with how to mitigate the push factors for emigration on the one hand, and how to attract educated and successful migrants back to the country on the other. Changes to the education system are seen by experts and the public alike as one of the key factors in reducing the mismatch of prevailing education and training programmes with the specialist knowledge requirements of the domestic labour market and in improving youth employability. However, efforts to introduce urgently needed education reforms have recently been stalled by a lack of political consensus on aspects of a proposed reform package and its implementation rooted in the deep ideological rifts of post-socialist transformation. This contribution investigates how the impact of the brain drain, as well a shift towards recognition of the possible benefits of circular migration, have affected recent discourse on education policy and the growing involvement of non-governmental organizations and initiatives in introducing a more practice-based orientation to education on all levels.

Influence of Leader’s Demographic Characteristics and Perspective towards Implementation of NGOs’ Gender Parity Strategies in Secondary School of Kibera Informal Settlement

This study investigated the influence of leader’s demographic characteristics and perspectives towards implementation of gender parity strategies (GPS) in secondary schools of Kibera informal settlement, Kenya. The study was guided by Adams Stacy's equity theory and Herzberg's two-factor theory. The study utilized survey design. It targeted leaders of secondary schools managed by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Purposive sampling was utilized to select the schools, while stratified and simple random sampling was used to select the respondents. Data were collected by use of a questionnaire. Data analysis techniques included Chi-square, regression, and ANOVA. The study established that the demographic characteristics; age, academic qualification and experience influenced the leader's implementation of NGOs' gender parity strategies (p<0.05). Additionally, the perspective of the leaders also influenced positively the leader's implementation of NGOs' gender parity strategies (p<0.05). This study will contribute to the preparedness of the education stakeholders in addressing gender disparities gap in secondary schools, it will intensify the extent of involvement of NGOs and other education stakeholders in supporting the efforts towards attainment of EFA goals and Sustainable Global gender parity educational goals. The study will enlighten education stakeholders on measures and strategies of minimizing gender disparities gap in secondary education in informal settlements of Kenya.