Invitro Study Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Kedo- ‘S’square Files with Manual Instrumentation in Primary Molars: An Invitro Study

The pulpectomy procedure includes the complete removal of the pulpal tissue, debridement, and preparation of the canal space, followed by obturation. The standard method of cleaning and shaping the canals in primary teeth uses hand files, which can lead to iatrogenic errors. Kedo S files are exclusive pediatric rotary file systems of which the Kedo S Square file system (IV generation) have various advantages. The study aims to evaluate and compare the cleaning efficacy of Kedo S Square files and manual K files in root canals of primary teeth: An In-vitro comparative study was conducted, which included 56 root canals from 25 primary molars. 2-3ml of India ink dye was injected into canals and were randomly divided into two groups in which instrumentation was done using Kedo S Square files and Manual K files, respectively. The teeth were subjected to decalcification and dehydration and observed under a stereomicroscope for traces of Indian ink in the canals. Results were recorded and statistically analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Kedo S Square files had statistically better cleaning efficacy compared to the K file in the coronal(P=0.001), middle(P=0.000), and apical third(P=0.001) of the root canal. The cleaning efficacy of both Kedo S Square and K files varied in different thirds of the canals, but it was not statistically significant. Pediatric rotary Kedo S Square files were effective compared to Manual K Files concerning cleaning efficacy.

Comparison of bond strength of fiber posts in root canal treated teeth obturated with two different sealers (An Invitro study)

Comparison of bond strength of fiber posts in root canal treated teeth obturated with two different sealers (An Invitro study)

Fracture resistance of CAD CAM endocrowns bonded to teeth with different number of remaining walls :An In-Vitro Study.

Fracture resistance of CAD CAM endocrowns bonded to teeth with different number of remaining walls :An In-Vitro Study.

An invitro study on antidiabetic and antiradical activities of flavonoid rich fraction of rubia cordifolia

An invitro study on antidiabetic and antiradical activities of flavonoid rich fraction of rubia cordifolia

Ca-EDTA restores the activity of ceftazidime-avibactam or aztreonam against carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infections

Developing an effective therapy to overcome carbapenemase-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKp) is an important therapeutic challenge that must be addressed urgently. Here, we explored a Ca-EDTA combination with aztreonam or ceftazidime-avibactam invitro and invivo against diverse CPKp clinical isolates. The synergy testing of this study demonstrated that novel aztreonam-Ca-EDTA or ceftazidime-avibactam-Ca-EDTA combination was significantly effective in eliminating planktonic and mature biofilms invitro, as well as eradicating CPKp infections invivo. Both combinations revealed significant therapeutic efficacies in reducing bacterial load in internal organs and protecting treated mice from mortality. Conclusively, this is the first invitro and invivo study to demonstrate that novel aztreonam-Ca-EDTA or ceftazidime-avibactam-Ca-EDTA combinations provide favorable efficacy and safety for successful eradication of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae planktonic and biofilm infections.

Comparison of Flexural Strength and Elastic Modulus of Two Different Provisional Restorative Materials used in Fixed Prosthodontics: An in-Vitro Study

Comparison of Flexural Strength and Elastic Modulus of Two Different Provisional Restorative Materials used in Fixed Prosthodontics: An in-Vitro Study

The effect of aging on the mechanical properties of 3-dimensional printed biocompatible resin materials used in dental applications: An in vitro study

The mechanical properties of biocompatible printable resin materials in an intraoral environment is still being investigated. This study aimed to assess the effect of the aging process on the mechanical properties of resin samples produced by stereolithography appearance (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) 3-dimensional printer systems. The cylindrical sample (4.00 × 20.00 mm) was designed by software, and the data were transformed into digital format. A DLP printer (n= 40) and an SLA printer (n= 40) carried out the printing process. The aging procedure was applied to 20 samples from each group using a thermocycling device. After the aging procedure, the samples were placed in the universal testing device for the 3-point bending test. This study showed that the aging procedure decreased maximum load, bending stress, and Young's modulus values and increased maximum deflection values of the DLP group (P<0.01). However, no statistical difference was detected in the parameters compared with the SLA group except for the maximum deflection values. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found between maximum deflection and Young's module values of SLA and DLP control and study groups (P<0.05). This invitro study revealed that the biocompatible printable resin materials produced by DLP and SLA printers had the mechanical strength to resist the values resembling the physiological occlusal forces even after the aging procedure and could produce intraoral appliances.

5‑aminiolevulinic acid induces a radiodynamic effect with enhanced delayed reactive oxygen species production under hypoxic conditions in lymphoma cells: An invitro study.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare and aggressive type of intracranial tumor. However, PCNSL is radiosensitive; thus, whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is often selected as an alternative consolidation therapy. WBRT-related delayed neurotoxicity can affect the quality of life of the elderly. 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a natural precursor of heme and has been widely used as a live molecular fluorescence marker in brain tumor surgery. Experimental studies have demonstrated that combination therapy with 5-ALA and ionizing irradiation (IR), denoted radiodynamic therapy (RDT), resulted in tumor suppression in cancer, including glioma, melanoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer and lung cancer; however, to the best of our knowledge, this method has not been investigated in lymphoma. The present study aimed to investigate the radiodynamic effect of 5-ALA on lymphoma cells in vitro. The synthesis of 5-ALA-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was assessed under normal and hypoxic conditions in lymphoma cells (Raji, HKBML and TK). Subsequently, the radiodynamic effect of 5-ALA was evaluated using a colony formation assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after RDT was examined using flow cytometry. Finally, the mitochondrial density in the lymphoma cells was evaluated. Lymphoma cells exhibited a high accumulation of 5-ALA-induced PpIX in the flow cytometric analysis, and a decrease in the surviving fraction under IR in cells with 5-ALA treatment compared with cells not treated with 5-ALA in the colony formation assay under normal and hypoxic conditions. Although ROS production 12 h after IR was increased compared with that immediately after IR (0 h), pretreatment with 5-ALA enhanced the delayed ROS production in each lymphoma cell line under normoxic conditions. Raji and TK cells exhibited an increase in ROS production 12 h after IR compared with that at 0 h in the 5-ALA-untreated cells under hypoxic conditions. Raji, HKBML and TK cells exhibited an increase in ROS production 12 h after IR compared with that at 0 h in the 5-ALA-treated cells, while TK cells exhibited enhancement of ROS production 12 h after IR in 5-ALA-treated cells compared with 5-ALA-untreated cells under hypoxic conditions. Other studies have demonstrated that impaired mitochondria damaged by IR produce ROS via the metabolic process, then damage the rest of the surrounding normal mitochondria, consequently propagating oxidative stress within tumor cells and leading to cell death. Thus, we hypothesized that the propagating oxidative stress after IR was associated with mitochondrial density in tumor cells. Namely, high accumulation of 5-ALA-indcued PpIX may promote ROS production in mitochondria of tumor cells after IR, and suppress the cell surviving fraction via the propagation of oxidative stress. In the colony formation assay, Raji cell colony formation was suppressed by RDT with 5-ALA. Simultaneously, the mitochondrial density in the Raji cells was higher than that in other cell lines. Pretreatment with 5-ALA enhanced delayed ROS production after IR in lymphoma cells under normoxic conditions. Under hypoxic conditions, only TK cells exhibited enhancement of ROS production 12 h after IR in the 5-ALA-treated group compared with the 5-ALA-untreated group. Although further studies evaluating the effect of hypoxic conditions in lymphoma cells are needed, the results suggested that RDT with 5-ALA could suppress colony formation under normal and hypoxic conditions in lymphoma cells. Therefore, RDT with 5-ALA is a potential treatment option for PCNSL.

Evaluation of Marginal Accuracy of PEEK Vs. Lithium Disilicate Single Crowns Constructed By Two Fabrication Techniques: CAD/CAM And Heat Press (In-Vitro Study)

Evaluation of Marginal Accuracy of PEEK Vs. Lithium Disilicate Single Crowns Constructed By Two Fabrication Techniques: CAD/CAM And Heat Press (In-Vitro Study)

Effect of Low-Level Laser of 650nm on Viability of Porphyromonas Gingivalis with and with Out Photosensitizers: An Invitro Study

Effect of Low-Level Laser of 650nm on Viability of Porphyromonas Gingivalis with and with Out Photosensitizers: An Invitro Study

Biocompatibility, Surface Morphology, and Bacterial Load of Dental Implant Abutments following Decontamination Protocols: An In-Vitro Study.

The long-term success of dental implant rehabilitation depends significantly on proper peri-implant soft tissue integration. Therefore, decontamination of abutments prior to their connection to the implant is beneficial to enhance soft tissue attachment and to aid in maintaining marginal bone around the implant. Consequently, different implant abutment decontamination protocols were evaluated regarding biocompatibility, surface morphology, and bacterial load. The protocols evaluated were autoclave sterilization, ultrasonic washing, steam cleaning, chlorhexidine chemical decontamination, and sodium hypochlorite chemical decontamination. The control groups included: (1) implant abutments prepared and polished in a dental lab without decontamination and (2) unprepared implant abutments obtained directly from the company. Surface analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biocompatibility was evaluated using XTT cell viability and proliferation assays. Biofilm biomass and viable counts (CFU/mL) (n = 5 for each test) were used for surface bacterial load evaluation. Surface analysis revealed areas of debris and accumulation of materials, such as iron, cobalt, chromium, and other metals, in all abutments prepared by the lab and with all decontamination protocols. Steam cleaning was the most efficient method for reducing contamination. Chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite left residual materials on the abutments. XTT results showed that the chlorhexidine group (M = 0.7005, SD = 0.2995) had the lowest values (p < 0.001) (autoclave: M = 3.6354, SD = 0.1510; ultrasonic: M = 3.4077, SD = 0.3730; steam: M = 3.2903, SD = 0.2172; NaOCl: M = 3.5377, SD = 0.0927; prep non-decont.: M = 3.4815, SD = 0.2326; factory: M = 3.6173, SD = 0.0392). Bacterial growth (CFU/mL) was high in the abutments treated with steam cleaning and ultrasonic bath: 2.93 × 109, SD = 1.68 × 1012 and 1.83 × 109, SD = 3.95 × 1010, respectively. Abutments treated with chlorhexidine showed higher toxicity to cells, while all other samples showed similar effects to the control. In conclusion, steam cleaning seemed to be the most efficient method for reducing debris and metallic contamination. Bacterial load can be reduced using autoclaving, chlorhexidine, and NaOCl.

Bonding durability and remineralizing efficiency of orthodontic adhesive containing titanium tetrafluoride: an invitro study

BackgroundTitanium tetrafluoride has been shown to protect tooth enamel from demineralization. This study investigated the effect of incorporating different concentrations of TiF4 (1, 2 and 3 Wt.%) into an orthodontic primer on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets and the enamel microhardness after cariogenic challenges.MethodsThree different TiF4 concentrations (1, 2 and 3 Wt.%) were prepared and added to the etch and rinse orthodontic primer. Ninety freshly extracted premolars were randomly divided into five groups according to the experimental primers and ageing conditions: TF0, TF0C, TF1C, TF2C, and TF3C. The TF0C group had no TiF4 in the primer, while TF1C, TF2C, and TF3C had 1, 2 and 3 Wt.% TiF4 in the primer, respectively. In the TF0 group, specimens were immersed in deionized water for 24 h as a control group, while all other groups were immersed in a demineralizing solution for 28 days. Each of the five groups was divided into two subgroups: The first group was subjected to shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index testing (N = 50 teeth, 10/group), while the second group was subjected to enamel surface microhardness testing (N = 25 teeth, 50 tooth halves, 10 tooth halves/group). Fifteen teeth (N = 15 teeth, n = 3/group) representing the five groups were subjected to SEM and microelemental analysis (EDX). SBS, ARI, microhardness, and Ca/P ratio were measured, and the data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's tests.ResultsThe TF2C group had the highest SBS value (9.93 ± 1.23), while the TF0C (5.24 ± 0.65) and TF3C (5.13 ± 0.55) had the lowest SBS values. The enamel microhardness in the TF0C group was significantly reduced (p < .001). Enamel microhardness values were significantly (p < .001) higher in groups TF1C, TF2C, and TF3C than in TF0C. The highest Ca/P ratio was significantly recorded for the TF2C group (2.65 ± 0.02).ConclusionsIncorporation of 1 and 2 Wt.% TiF4 into the orthodontic primers showed adequate bond strength and better remineralization effect. However, 1 Wt.% TiF4 showed lower ARI values than 2 Wt.% TiF4.

Comparative Evaluation of the Solubilizing Efficacy of Orange Oil, Eugenol and Tween 80 on Gutta Percha: An In-Vitro Study

Background: The root canal along with its complex anatomic difficulties poses a challenge to the endodontist while approaching to remove the old obturating material held within its confines during re-treatment procedures. An ideal root canal solvent hastens this process of dissolution of Gutta Percha without causing procedural errors in the process. Aim &amp; Objective: To compare and evaluate the solubilizing efficacy of Orange Oil, Eugenol and Tween 80 on Gutta Percha. Materials and Methods: A total of seventy-five conventional gutta percha cones having ISO size 30 and 4% taper were selected for the study. The Gutta Percha cones were then divided into three groups at random: Group I: Orange Oil; Group II: Eugenol; Group III: Tween 80. The cones were pre weighted using an electronic weighing balance and noted as the Pre immersion weight (M1). Following this they were immersed for 15min in clear glass vials containing 2ml of the solvents in each of them. The cones were then post weighted and noted (M2). The difference in weights of the gutta percha cones was evaluated. Results: Orange oil showed the highest efficacy in solubilizing Gutta Percha. This was followed by Tween 80 which was a novel solvent used for dissolution. Eugenol proved to be least efficacious in dissolving. Conclusion: Orange oil showed superior solubilizing efficacy when compared to Tween 80 and Eugenol.prone to develop CTS. Larger research is needed to understand how physical exercise causes CTS. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.22 (Special Issue) 2023 p.167-171

Laser – fluorescence based evaluation of remineralization in artificial enamel lesions using three commercially available re-mineralizing agents – An invitro study

The objective of this in-vitro study is evaluation of remineralization potential of three remineralization agents- Tricalcium phosphate flouride(TCP-F), Calcium sucrose phosphate(CaSP), Casein phosphopeptide- amorphous calcium phosphate(CPP-ACP) in artificial enamel lesion using laser fluorescence based DIAGNOdent(KaVo). 30 single rooted premolars were selected. Samples were randomly divided into 3 groups with 10 samples each. Baseline values were recorded before any intervention. A 4mmx4mm window was prepared on the buccal surface which was then subjected to demineralization for 96 hr at 37°C. DIAGNOdent values were recorded after demineralization. Remineralization was done using Group I TCP-F, Group II CaSP, Group III CPP-ACP remineralizing agents. The samples were subjected to DIAGNOdent analysis after 72hrs, 7days, 14 days. The data was analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test. All three groups showed significant difference in DIAGNOdent values at baseline, post demineralization and post remineralization. TCP-F group showed maximum remineralization followed by CaSP and CPP-ACP groups. DIAGNOdent is a reliable non-invasive caries detecting device to measure early demineralization. TCP-F, CaSP, CPP-ACP are proven to possess remineralization properties.

In Vitro Radiological Evaluation of Different Types of Chimney Stents Using a Silicon Flow Model with Adjustable Physiological Simulating Conditions

To evaluate invitro the performance of invivo published covered or bare metal chimney stents (ChSs) in combination with the Endurant II abdominal endograft (Medtronic) as the only CE approved main graft (MG) in the treatment of juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms with the chimney endovascular aneurysm repair (chEVAR) technique. Bench top experimental study. A silicon flow model with adjustable physiological simulating conditions and patient based anatomy was used to test nine different MG-ChS combinations: Advanta V12 (Getinge); BeGraft+ (Bentley); VBX (Gore & Associates Inc.); LifeStream (Bard Medical); Dynamic (Biotronik); Absolute Pro (Abbott); double Absolute Pro; Viabahn (Gore) lined with Dynamic; and Viabahn lined with EverFlex (Medtronic). Angiotomography was performed after each implantation. DICOM data were analysed blindly twice per observer by three independent experienced observers. Each blinded evaluation was performed at one month intervals. The main analysed parameters were the area of gutters, MG and ChS maximum compression, and the presence of infolding. Bland-Altman analysis confirmed adequate results correlation (p < .05). Each employed ChS showed significantly different performance favouring the balloon expandable covered stent (BECS). The smallest gutter area was seen in the combination with Advanta V12 (0.26 cm2). MG infolding was observed in all tests. The lowest ChS compression was observed in the combination with BeGraft+ (compression 4.91%, D ratio 0.95). In our model, BECSs showed higher angulations than bare metal stents (BMSs) (p < .001). This invitro study shows the variability of performance with each theoretically possible ChS and explains the divergent ChS outcomes in the published literature. BECS in combination with the Endurant abdominal device confirms their superiority vs. BMS. The presence of MG infolding in each test underlines the need for prolonged kissing ballooning. Angulation evaluation and comparison with other invitro and invivo publications demands the need for further investigation in transversely or upwardly oriented target vessels.

Scanning electron microscopy evaluation of enamel surfaces using different air-polishing powders in the orthodontic setting: an invitro study.

The aim of this invitro study was to quantify and compare changes of the enamel surface caused by periodical use of different air-polishing powders during multibracket therapy. Bovine high-gloss polished enamel specimens were air-polished using an AIR-FLOW® Master Piezon with maximum powder and water settings. Each specimen was blasted with sodium bicarbonate (AIR-FLOW® Powder Classic, Electro Medical Systems, Munich, Germany) and erythritol (AIR-FLOW® Powder Plus, Electro Medical Systems). Blasting duration was adapted to the powders' cleaning efficacy and corresponded to 25air-polishing treatments in apatient with braces. Aspindle apparatus ensured uniform guidance at adistance of 4 mm and a90° angle. Qualitative and quantitative assessments were performed with the use of low vacuum scanning electron microscopy. Following external filtering and image processing, arithmetical square height (Sa) and root mean square height (Sq) were determined. Both prophy powders caused asignificant increase in enamel roughness. Surfaces blasted with sodium bicarbonate (Sa = 64.35 ± 36.65 nm; Sq = 80.14 ± 44.80 nm) showed significantly (p < 0.001) higher roughness than samples treated with erythritol (Sa = 24.40 ± 7.42 nm; Sq = 30.86 ± 9.30 nm). The observed defects in enamel structure caused by sodium bicarbonate extended across prism boundaries. Prism structure remained intact after air-polishing with erythritol. Both applied air-polishing powders led to surface alterations. Despite shorter treatment times, sodium bicarbonate was significantly more abrasive than erythritol. Clinicians must compromise between saving time and abrasively removing healthy enamel.

A Comparative Study on the Marginal Fit of Fixed Prosthesis Made by Over Refractory Technique, Conventional Technique and CAD-CAM - An Invitro Study

A Comparative Study on the Marginal Fit of Fixed Prosthesis Made by Over Refractory Technique, Conventional Technique and CAD-CAM - An Invitro Study

The Effect of Whitening Mouthrinses on the Color Stability of a BIS-GMA Free Composite Resin: An Invitro Study

Purpose: Recently, many whitening mouthrinses have appeared on the market with different ingredients due to their ease of use and low costs. Whether these mouthrinses change the color of composite resins has been a matter of curiosity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of whitening mouthrinses with different chemical structures on the color stability of a Bis-GMA free resin composite. Materials&amp;amp;methods: Seventy disc-shaped specimens (8 mm x 2 mm) were prepared from a Bis-GMA free composite resin and randomly divided into seven groups, according to the mouthrinses (n=10): Listerine Advanced White, Colgate Optic White, Perfect White Black, Crest 3D White, Pasta Del Capitano, Oral B 3D White Luxe. The control group used in the study was distilled water. After the baseline color measurement values were recorded with a spectrophotometer (Vita Easy Shade V, Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany). At the end of the keeping period, color measurements were repeated and changes in color values were calculated (ΔEab) using the CIE L*a*b* color system. Statistical analysis of the values obtained was made according to Kruskal Wallis test (p &amp;lt;0.05). Results: All samples demonstrated color changes within clinically acceptable limits in whitening mouthrinses after immersion (ΔEab = 1.005 - 2.062). There was no statistically significant difference among the whitening mouthrinses (p &amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: It may be concluded that the whitening mouthrinses used in this study did not cause a significant color change during our holding time in Bis-GMA free composite resin.

Formulation and Evaluation of Coleus amboinicus gel

Medicinal flora plays an important function in the treatment of many ailments and in the path of the developing globe since they include various bioactive thoughts that have the potential to generate beneficial and/or negative effects. Coleus amboinicusbelongs to Lamiaceae-family which is a semi-succulent perennial plant. The major use of the plant is for Anti-bacterial activity and where it is also used for Analgesic activity and Anti-inflammatory and Anthelmenthitis etc.The aim of this study is to carry out the formulation and evaluation of Coleus amboinicus gel for Anti-inflammatory activity. The dried coarse leaves of Coleus amboinicus were extracted with Ethanol and Distilled water for phytoconstituents and screened for the presence of Alkaloids, Saponins,Terpenoids, Flavonoids and Tannins. Ethanolic extract was taken for the further process of gel formulation since it contains abundant phytoconstituents. Along with specified quantity of Ethanolic extract of Coleus amboinicus, Carbopol 940 and HPMC were added in different ratio to formulate the gel. Allthe prepared Coleus amboinicus gel is evaluated for the physical examinations likes Homogeneity, Consistency and greasiness, grittiness and nature of gel and its characteristics like pH, Viscosity, Spreadability, drug content, extrudability and Invitro Study of Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Among the formulations, the F5 Formulation containing 2.5g of Ethanolic extract of Coleus amboinicus and 0.5g of Carbopol 940 was found to be more promising as it shows betterphysicochemical characteristics and higher Anti-inflammatory activity.

Effect of Carbodiimide (EDC) on the Bond Strength Longevity of Epoxy Resin-based Endodontic Sealer to Root Dentin: An In-Vitro Study.

EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride) can increase dentin bonding longevity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of final irrigation of the root canal with EDC on the bond strength (BS) longevity of an epoxy resin-based root-canal sealer. Twenty maxillary canines were sectioned and standardized for root length at 17 mm. Roots were instrumented and distributed into 2 groups according to the final irrigation protocol: EDTA 17%+NaOCl 2.5% (C) and EDTA 17%+NaOCl 2.5%+EDC 0.5M (EDC). The canals were dried and filled with AH Plus (Dentsply Sirona). Three slices were obtained per third, and the first slice from each third was used for the immediate push-out test (i) followed by analysis of the failure pattern (n = 10); the second slice from each third was used for the push-out test after 6-month aging (A) followed by analysis of the failure pattern (n = 10); the third slice from each third was used to examine the adhesive interface under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) (n = 10). Data were analyzed with ANOVA, Fisher's exact and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Higher BSs were found for EDC-A (5.6 ± 1.9) than for EDC-I (3.3 ± 0.7), C-i (2.5 ± 1.0) and C-i (2.6 ± 1.0) (p = 0.0001), while C-A values were in some cases similar to C-i and in others similar to EDC-i. No statistically significant difference was observed between the thirds (p > 0.05), except for EDC-i, which showed lower BS for the cervical (2.79 ± 0.46) compared to the apical third (3.8 ± 0.5), while the middle third in some cases had values similar to those of the apical and in others to the cervical third (3.2 ± 0.7) (p = 0.032). More mixed adhesive failures were found in the cervical third, and more adhesive failures to the sealer occurred in the middle and apical thirds (p = 0.014). A significant difference was observed between treatments in terms of adaptation of the adhesive interface, with a higher percentage of good adaptation using EDC (66.7%) than using C (40%), and a lower percentage of poor adaptation with EDC (10%) compared to C (20%) (p < 0.05). Root canal irrigation with EDC increased the longevity of the adhesive interface of an epoxy resin-based root-canal sealer.