Investment Rate Of Return Research Articles

Subsidy Policies and Economic Analysis of Photovoltaic Energy Storage Integration in China

In the context of China’s new power system, various regions have implemented policies mandating the integration of new energy sources with energy storage, while also introducing subsidies to alleviate project cost pressures. Currently, there is a lack of subsidy analysis for photovoltaic energy storage integration projects. In order to systematically assess the economic viability of photovoltaic energy storage integration projects after considering energy storage subsidies, this paper reviews relevant policies in the Chinese photovoltaic energy storage market. It analyzes the cost and revenue composition of photovoltaic energy storage integration projects, and constructs a system dynamics model for the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of such projects. Taking a specific photovoltaic energy storage project as an example, this paper measures the levelized cost of electricity and the investment return rate under different energy storage scenarios. Combining energy storage allocation ratios and internal rate of return indicators, this paper analyzes the net present value of photovoltaic energy storage integration projects under different subsidy standards. The results indicate that, while the current energy storage subsidy policies positively stimulate photovoltaic energy storage integration projects, they exhibit a limited capacity to cover energy storage investment costs, thereby failing to incentivize capital market participation in the construction of such projects. Rational allocation of energy storage capacity and optimization of corresponding subsidy policies are crucial prerequisites for enhancing the economic viability and widespread adoption of photovoltaic energy storage integration projects. This study not only aids in investment decision making for photovoltaic power stations but also contributes to the formulation of energy storage subsidy policies.

Thermodynamic and economic analyses of a modified adiabatic compressed air energy storage system coupling with thermal power generation

With the proposal of "Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality", Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (A-CAES) has emerged as a significant component within China's energy storage infrastructure. But its thermodynamic efficiency and economical return need yet to be raised. The present paper proposed a modified system coupling with thermal power plant to utilize the excess compression heat. Utilizing advanced transient modeling software, an A-CAES plant is modeled and validated. The operation performance of the coupled system is compared with non-coupled system, which shows that the system efficiency is raised from 54.8 % to 76.7 % and the investment return rate is improved from 9.18 % to 10.43 %.

Research on Performance Evaluation of Full Process Cost Management in Expressway Projects

The research purpose of this article is to optimize the performance evaluation of cost management throughout the entire process of highway projects. Currently, China's highway construction is booming, but cost management is complex and requires the construction of a scientific performance evaluation system to comprehensively supervise and evaluate engineering costs. This article used literature induction method for literature review, followed by expert scoring method to assign scores to indicators, and finally used Analytic Hierarchy Process to determine indicator weights. From the results, this study identified key factors that affect the overall cost management performance of highway projects, and constructed relevant evaluation models and weight hierarchy tables. Therefore, the results of this article are helpful in accurately controlling project costs, evaluating benefits, and optimizing fund management, which is of great significance for improving the level of highway project management and investment return rate.

Vibration transmission model of buildings based on virtual spring model and energy functional variation principle

In recent years, the “metro depot + over-track buildings” development model has witnessed rapid growth in China, driven by its advantages of high land utilization and investment return rate. However, the issue of vibration and noise caused by trains entering and exiting the depot has become a major impediment to its sustainable development. To predict the vibration of over-track buildings induced by trains, this paper presented a vibration transmission model of buildings based on the virtual spring model and the energy functional variation principle. The model was then applied to an actual engineering project at a metro depot in Guangzhou, China, and its accuracy was validated by comparing the results with finite element analysis and field measurements. Additionally, the vibration transmission characteristics of the over-track building were studied. The results indicated that the vibration transmission model of buildings presented in this paper aligns well with the results obtained through finite element analysis and field measurements. This approach eliminates the need to disassemble structural members, and the introduced virtual spring model effectively simulates non-ideal connections and boundary conditions. Consequently, it offers convenient structural connection and boundary condition settings, as well as high computational efficiency. Due to the edge effects on the top floor of the buildings, vibration waves in the higher floors experience a combination of reflected and incident waves, resulting in slow attenuation and, in some cases, amplification of vibrations as they propagate from the middle floors to the top floor. The vibration of the over-track building is closely related to the natural vibration characteristics of the floor and the frequency spectrum characteristics of the vibration source. When the natural frequency of a building's floor aligns with the main frequency of the vibration source, significant vibration amplification occurs due to local resonance.

Phát triển quỹ hưu trí tự nguyện tại các doanh nghiệp Việt Nam

Development of corporate voluntary pension funds at Vietnamese enterprises are contributed to enhancing financial security and the development of the Vietnamese pension system. The research has developed criterias and conducted qualitative and quantitative analysis of available data to evaluating the current status of corporate voluntary pension fund (VPF) development in Vietnam in period 2016- 2022. The research results show that voluntary pension fund assets follow the GDP growth trend but at a higher growth rate; coverage, level of increase in coverage, new participants and new participation fee revenue of the corporate VPF are not significant; the investment portfolio is not yet diverse and the investment return rate of corporate VPF is gradually decreasing each year. From there, limitations have been pointed out, base on, proposing and recommend solutions to develop the corporate VPF system in Vietnam.

Operating characteristics analysis and capacity configuration optimization of wind-solar-hydrogen hybrid multi-energy complementary system

Wind and solar energy are the important renewable energy sources, while their inherent natures of random and intermittent also exert negative effect on the electrical grid connection. As one of multiple energy complementary route by adopting the electrolysis technology, the wind-solar-hydrogen hybrid system contributes to improving green power utilization and reducing its fluctuation. Therefore, the moving average method and the hybrid energy storage module are proposed, which can smooth the wind-solar power generation and enhance the system energy management. Moreover, the optimization of system capacity configuration and the sensitive analysis are implemented by the MATLAB program platform. The results indicate that the 10-min grid-connected volatility is reduced by 38.7% based on the smoothing strategy, and the internal investment return rate can reach 13.67% when the electricity price is 0.04 $/kWh. In addition, the annual coordinated power and cycle proportion of the hybrid energy storage module are 80.5% and 90%, respectively. The developed hybrid energy storage module can well meet the annual coordination requirements, and has lower levelized cost of electricity. This method provides reasonable reference for designing and optimizing the wind-solar-hydrogen complementary system.

Exergy-economic analysis of a hybrid combined supercritical Brayton cycle-organic Rankine cycle using biogas and solar PTC system as energy sources

Environmental negative impacts of the fossil fuels and intermittent feature of the renewable energies have made their hybrid configurations as a potential solution to overcome their both weaknesses. This research focuses on exergetic, and economic evaluation of a novel hybrid combined supercritical Brayton Cycle-Organic Rankine Cycle in which Solar PTC system and Biogas are considered as the energy Sources. The exhaust heat from the Bryton cycle runs the Organic Rankine cycle while either solar energy (during the daylight hours) or biogas energy (overnight hours) supply additional heat into the Brayton cycle. Sensitivity analyses were carried out in order to ascertain the influence that the system's input characteristics. The total exergy destruction of the system as well as its second law efficiency are computed. The process was not complete until exergoeconomics was used, and it was during this stage that the initial investment rate, the exorgoeconomic component, and the investment return rate are figured out. The findings of these analyses are compiled into a result report. It was concluded that combining the PTC system with the source of the biogas could be an effective way to achieve the desired level of heat delivery to the system.

A novel approach to legacy donations with long‐term benefits supported by mathematical analysis

AbstractA novel approach to legacy donations, called the “Master Fund Strategy,” is proposed. Potential long‐term financial benefits for both donor and nonprofit organizations (NPOs) when compared to a “Traditional Fund Strategy” are established through mathematical analysis and computer simulations, providing nonprofit marketing and fundraising professionals an alternative way to lock in bequest funding. In particular, formulas are developed for computing relevant financial quantities associated with the two strategies. Conditions are presented under which the Master Fund Strategy is better than the Traditional Fund Strategy, in the sense that there is a point in time when the net present value of the distributions to the NPO under the Master Fund Strategy exceeds that of a Traditional Fund Strategy and continues to do so beyond that point. These analytical results are obtained under the assumption that the investment rates of return and the fund payouts rates are known constants; however, formulas for relaxing these restrictions are also developed and the consequences are examined with Monte Carlo simulations.

The Economic Order Quantity Model under Compound Interest with Planned Backorders

In the classical EOQ model, the annual inventory holding cost per unit is defined as a fixed percentage of the unit price of the item. A portion of the inventory holding cost is the opportunity cost of capital tied up in the inventory, which is based on the best interest rate or the rate of return for the best alternative investment, and assumed as simple interest. In finance and banking, compound interest is the standard and simple interest is very rare; so it is not realistic to use an opportunity cost based on simple interest. To overcome this problem, a number of net present value (NPV)-based approaches have been proposed in the literature but they all recommend the standard EOQ formula as an approximate optimal solution. In this research, we propose an extension of the basic model that uses compound interest for the opportunity cost and allows planned backorders. A closed-form optimal solution is not possible for this model due to the exponential terms in the total cost function. We develop a reasonable approximate model and derive the optimal solution that is intuitive and different from the standard EOQ solution. We show that our solution is very close to the solution of the exact model.

EFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN AIR BERSIH DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN KEMBALI AIR LIMBAH MEMGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH (IPAL) AEROB - ANAEROB BIOFILTER

The existence of health facilities in the form of hospitals can improve the health standard of the people of Denpasar, as evidenced by the high life expectancy in 2022 equal to 75.3 years. By increasing the level of public health, other sectors will receive a positive influence, especially the economic sector. The high need for health facilities in the city of Denpasar has caused many investors to start pursuing the health business, especially hospitals. Businesses in the Health sector provide considerable profits with a relatively high Initial Rate of Return (IRR) or investment return rate of 50.44% (Arwati, 2016). In addition to providing benefits to the community and businesses, the health business, in the form of hospitals, also has a significant negative impact on the environment. The characteristics of the waste generated by hospital operations are in the form of domestic waste and B3 waste (hazardous toxic materials) such as leftover syringes, leftover laboratory washing water and leftover reagents. The management of the resulting liquid B3 waste can be carried out with the operation of an WWTP (wastewater treatment installation). It is necessary to carry out calculations related to the performance efficiency of the WWTP so as to ensure that the processed water is suitable for reuse and to calculate the clean water savings that can be achieved in order to apply the concept of a sustainable economy. Based on the research results, the level of treatment efficiency which is quite high, which is more than 90%, will produce processed water that can be reused to support operational activities. The use of ground water for operational activities can be reduced by 60% or around 48 m3/day.

Multilevel analysis of women’s education in Ethiopia

BackgroundWomen’s education is the base for faster economic growth, longer life expectancy, lower population growth, improved quality of life, and a high rate of investment return in developing countries. Historically, girls were denied opportunities for schooling in most of the regions and societies of Ethiopia. So this study targeted a multilevel analysis of women’s education in Ethiopia using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data.MethodsSecondary data on women’s data sets were obtained from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. A population-based cross-sectional study design was used for the survey. The sampling technique used for the survey was the two-stage sampling technique, which is stratified in the first stage and equal probability systematic selection technique in the second stage. The multi-level ordinal logistic regression model was fitted to identify the determinants of women’s education in Ethiopia.ResultsAmong the random sample of 17137 women, the majority, 65.6 percent were rural residents. Somali regional state (75.3 percent) and the capital city Addis Ababa (8.6 percent) had the highest and lowest percentages of women illiteracy respectively than the remaining administrative units of Ethiopia. The minimum values for the fit statistics and the indicative value of the intra-class correlation (68.3%) of the multilevel model showed its appropriateness to the data. Among the predictors in the final multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis, women’s age at first marriage, residence, and family’s wealth index were significant predictors of women’s education in Ethiopia. Moreover, the estimates from the random effect result revealed that there is more variation in women’s education between the enumeration areas than within the enumeration areas.ConclusionA multi-level ordinal logistic regression analysis has determined higher-level differences in women's education that could not be addressed by a single-level approach. So, the application of standard models by ignoring this variation ought to embrace spurious results, then for such hierarchical data, multilevel modeling is recommended.

Energy efficiency and cost assessment of a residential site with a combined heat and power system optimized with cryptocurrency mining

AbstractCombined heat and power (CHP) systems, an effective way of meeting high energy demand with high efficiency, were adapted to existing large service buildings in most studies. Because of the large daily and seasonal fluctuations in energy and electricity demands of the buildings, optimization problems have come into view and have been studied. This study propounds a holistic design solution for the CHP systems' inadequacy to meet varying consumer energy demands in residential and the excessive electricity demand created by cryptocurrency mining. In addition, the study defines the possible high efficiency and sustainability for residentials producing and consuming heat and electricity by themselves.An energy‐conservative three‐block residential and a CHP system were projected together by a holistic view balancing the residencies' peak thermal demand to the thermal output capacity of the CHP system. The investment return rate of the CHP system was maximized by optimizing the thermodynamic efficiencies and maximizing the electric generation for cryptocurrency mining. The energetic efficiency increased from 40% to an energy utilization factor of 83%, and exergetic efficiency increased from 39% to 42%. The waste‐exergy ratio decreased from 61% to 58%. The engine's environmental effect factor was 1.56 and reduced to 1.38 with the CHP system. The exergetic sustainability index was improved from 0.64 to 0.72. The benefit–cost ratio was estimated as 1.6, with an internal return rate of 79%. Holistic designs considering common values should be considered to improve sustainability.

Adaptable pathway to net zero carbon: A case study for Techno-Economic & Environmental assessment of Rooftop Solar PV System

Several countries have a critical need to enhance their electricity production to satisfy the tremendously increasing energy demand and to minimize the black outs. Due to scarcity of fossil fuels and degrading environment, rooftop Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) can be a suitable renewable alternative of green and clean energy. In this paper, due to the techno-economic, environmental and social benefits of Solar PV, the modelling and planning of a solar PV plant to fulfil the energy demand of an academic building is carried out. The analysis is done including all the financial and environmental aspects considering recent market prices and future price escalation. A Modified Greedy Search based optimal planning of the SPV to minimize grid dependence considering load variation pattern with its assessment analysis for an academic building is proposed in this research work. The various financial parameters that affect the feasibility of Solar PV plant i.e., energy payback period, grid dependency, rate of investment return, economic payback period, rate of escalation with actual cost of electricity, annual maintenance cost, depreciation and taxation are considered and evaluated. The environmental factors related to the generation from Solar PV i.e., CO2 emission reduction and carbon credit are also included in analysis. The results obtained for the proposed Solar PV plant shows that the energy payback period is 8 years and IRR with depreciation and taxation is 21% (approx.) with net CO2 mitigation of 1199 tCO2 during the useful life span (25 years) of the plant.

Research on the Fluctuations Caused by the Covid-10 on the Food Industry Based on Fama-french Five-factor Model

Since the outbreak of Covid-19, the epidemic has had a very large impact on various industries. This article focuses on the analysis of the food finance industry and discusses the food industry is affected by the pandemic. By analyzing the Fama-French five-factor model, linear regression is performed before and after the emergence of vaccines during the epidemic. Among them, some factor p-values in the food industry have changed in three periods, and the significance of the remaining factor p-values has remained unchanged. After comparing the changes in the significance of each factor, the coefficients corresponding to the factors are compared. The results indicate that the food industry is more affected by the epidemic and more sensitive to the market and it also has a certain aggressiveness At the same time, it was found that small market value stocks have a higher rate of return for investors.

Financial Performance of Infrastructure Companies Before and During the Covid-19

This research looks at what was carried out to decide the difference in the financial performance of infrastructure companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange before and during COVID-19. This observation uses a quantitative approach to comparative studies. Sampling for this study was performed using a targeted sampling technique, resulting in a sample of 31 infrastructure companies. This research used secondary data from annual reports provided by the IDX website. Data were processed using SPSS software version 25, and hypothesis tests were performed using the standard Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. The study measures financial performance by eight criteria: current ratio, short-term ratio, total debt, leverage, total asset turnover, and asset turnover ratio. , net profit margin, and investment rate of return. Complete As a result, and we found a significant difference before and after Covid-19 in current ratios, short-term ratios, total debt, total asset turnover ratio, net profit margin, and rate of return on investment. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in indebtedness and debt turnover before and during Covid-19.

Research on Replacement Rate from Occupational Pension in China and Influencing Factors

Under the background of the pension system reform in government departments and public institutions, occupational pension is an important supplement to basic endowment insurance, and provides retirement income in the form of a complete accumulation mechanism. By constructing an actuarial cash flow balance model, this study calculates the replacement rate from occupational pension for “new people” who begin to work in government departments and public institutions in 2015 onwards, and analyzes its influencing factors such as retirement age, rate of investment return, contribution rate, wage growth rate, etc. The results reveal that delaying retirement, increasing the rate of return and increasing the rate of contribution have significant positive effects on the growth of the replacement rate. Meanwhile, the increase in wage growth rate has a negative impact on replacement rate. When the influencing factors are the same, the replacement rate of men is about 5% higher than that of women. The main reason is that the average life expectancy of women is longer. The policy suggestions are as follows: appropriately delaying retirement to adapt to the changes in demographic structure; optimizing investment operations to ensure investment return; improving rate of individual contribution flexibly to accelerate the accumulation of funds.

Unexpected Risk (M) on the Stock Portfolio

According to individual variance and covariance formula of traditional formula, linear model and the CAPM, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the various components of the investment risk and return rate about their effects on the performance of the stock portfolio. Similarly, relevant variables in the model in order to accurately and prove investment factor caused by the combination of the change of the benefits and risks, this paper will collect TELSA motors and NIO to auto stock data from the Dow Jones stock market (USA) in nearly a year, which could explore the portfolio relationship between the two listed companies and can be able to identify the factors that influence the investment decision. The analysis includes several aspects: the direct influence of accidental risk quantity on variance; the relationship between the amount of unexpected risk M and the rate of stock return; the causes of the overall investment risk; the portfolio benefits and strategy changes represented by coordinate parameter points in CAPM model under different correlated risk variances; the relationship between the portfolio strategy of the two listed companies, the proportion of capital investment and the prediction of the fluctuation tendency between risk and return. The results show that the variation factor of risk return might significantly determine the degree of risk aversion and return of investment while the extreme investment might not be suitable for the portfolio allocation of two companies.

Non-zero-sum reinsurance and investment game with non-trivial curved strategy structure under Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process

ABSTRACT This paper investigates a non-zero-sum stochastic differential game between two competitive CARA insurers, where we adopt the different classes of premium principles (including the expected value premium principle, the variance premium principle and the exponential premium principle) and each insurer aims to maximize the expected exponential utility of his terminal wealth relative to that of his competitor. Moreover, both insurers are allowed to purchase reinsurance treaty to mitigate individual claim risks and can invest in a financial market consisting of a risk-free asset, a risky asset where the instantaneous rate of investment return follows an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process which can reflect the changes of bull market and bear market. The optimal reinsurance strategy has a non-trivial structure which is distinguished from the conventional proportional and excess-of-loss reinsurance strategies. Furthermore, we derive the optimal reinsurance and investment strategies under the variance premium principle and expected value principle. In addition, we give another model which considers the correlation between risk model and financial market under the expected value principle. Finally, numerical analyses are provided to analyze the effects of model parameters on the optimal strategies under different cases.

Research on the Multi-Objective Optimization for Return Rate and Risk of Financial Resource Allocation

Aiming at the problems existing in the optimal allocation of financial resources, this paper establishes an optimization model and calculates the optimal allocation coefficient. With the help of Markowitz's investment theory, two indicators, which are investment risk and return rate, are analyzed quantitatively. First, by analyzing the allocation efficiency and risk of financial resources, the allocation efficiency model is established, and the problem is decomposed into a finite 0-1 programming problem, which is solved by Hungarian Method. Secondly, considering the minimum allocation risk and the expected maximum return, the multi-objective model is solved by progressive optimal algorithm. The model reflects both unsatisfaction and risk avoidance which are the two characteristics of rational investment behavior. The analysis shows that the model has strong applicability and can be expected to improve the allocation efficiency of financial resources and reduce the allocation risk.

Optimal allocation of photovoltaic energy storage on user side and benefit analysis of multiple entities

A bi-level optimization configuration model of user-side photovoltaic energy storage (PVES) is proposed considering of distributed photovoltaic power generation and service life of energy storage. The upper layer takes the user’s lowest annual comprehensive cost as the objective function to optimize the capacity of photovoltaic & energy storage and power of energy storage considering the user’s annual electricity bill, basic electricity bill, and investment, operation and maintenance cost of PVES. The lower level takes the minimum daily operation scheduling cost as the objective function to optimize the charging and discharging control strategy of energy storage. The YALMIP solver is used to solve the optimization model, and the effectiveness of the model is verified through an example, which shows that reasonable configuration of photovoltaic & energy storage can reduce the user’s overall annual cost. In the context of the current national electricity price adjustment policy, by analyzing the impact of different time-of-use (TOU) electricity prices and basic electricity charges on the configuration capacity of user-side PVES to find the break-even point of the user’s PVES investment return rate in order to provide guidance to users for installing PVES systems. By analyzing the impact of different TOU electricity prices and basic electricity rates on the benefits of multiple entities, and taking into account the benefits of users, power grids and society at the same time to provide a theoretical basis for formulating a reasonable electricity price system.