Investigation Of Serious Crimes Research Articles

Tactical Combinations in the Disclosure and Investigation of Serious Crimes (On the Materials of Housing Cooperatives, Pyramid Schemes in the Kyrgyz Republic in 2022)

Due to the lack of adequate legal regulation of the fight against various kinds of fraud in the Kyrgyz Republic, many people are currently becoming victims of the so-called housing cooperatives, shared housing construction, etc. almost every day, deceived shareholders and depositors give press conferences with appeals to the country’s leadership and law enforcement agencies with requests to take action against newly-minted scammers.

The use of big data and data mining in the investigation of criminal offences

The aim of this study was to determine the features and prospects of using Big Data and Data Mining in criminal proceedings. The research involved the methods of a systematic approach, descriptive analysis, systematic sampling, formal legal approach and forecasting. The object of using Big Data and Data Mining are various crimes, the common features of which are the seriousness and complexity of the investigation. The common tools of Big Data and Data Mining in crime investigation and crime forecasting as interrelated tasks were identified. The creation of databases is the result of the processing of data sources by Data Mining methods, each being distinguished by the specifics of use. The main risks of implementing Big Data and Data Mining are violations of human rights and freedoms. Improving the use of Big Data and Data Mining requires standardization of procedures with strict adherence to the fundamental ethical, organizational and procedural rules. The use of Big Data and Data Mining is a forensic innovation in the investigation of serious crimes and the creation of an evidence base for criminal justice. The prospects for widespread use of these methods involve the standardization of procedures based on ethical, organizational and procedural principles. It is appropriate to outline these procedures in framework practical recommendations, emphasizing the responsibility of officials in case of violation of the specified principles. The area of further research is the improvement of innovative technologies and legal regulation of their application.

3D Forensic Crime Scene Reconstruction Involving Immersive Technology: A Systematic Literature Review

Recreation of 3D crime scenes is critical for law enforcement in the investigation of serious crimes for criminal justice responses. This work presents a premier systematic literature review (SLR) that offers a structured, methodical, and rigorous approach to understanding the trend of research in 3D crime scene reconstruction as well as tools, technologies, methods, and techniques employed thereof in the last 17 years. Major credible scholarly database sources, Scopus, and Google Scholar, which index journals and conferences that are promoted by entities such as IEEE, ACM, Elsevier, and SpringerLink were explored as data sources. Of the initial 17, 912 papers that resulted from the first search string, 258 were found to be relevant to our research questions after implementing the inclusion and exclusion criteria. To summarize the existing efforts, we compared and analysed various classical 3D reconstruction approaches. This study presents the first comprehensive review of key milestones in the development of methods for 3D crime scene reconstruction, gaps for improvement and where immersive technology has been used to enhance crime scene findings. This study found that the implementation of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanners and immersive technologies, alongside traditional methods, has been beneficial in the recreation of crime scenes. The SLR is limited to existing applications with peer-reviewed papers published between 2005 and 2021. Results based on the analysed published data indicated that 20.2% of the articles implemented immersive technologies in crime scene reconstruction, of which Augmented Reality (AR) accounted for 15.3%, Virtual Reality (VR) accounted for 75%, Mixed reality (MR) accounted for 5.9% and VR and AR mixture accounted for 3.8%. Finally, we summarize the development trend of design and key technology prospects of crime scene recreation using immersive technology and provide insights into potential future research. To the best of the researchers’ knowledge, this is the first survey that accomplishes such goals.

Specifics of the investigation of serious crimes committed by minors

Specifics of the investigation of serious crimes committed by minors

Problems of interaction of operational-search units of the National police of Ukraine during the investigation of criminal offences

The scientific article is devoted to the coverage of some aspects of the interaction of operational and investigative units of the National Police of Ukraine during the investigation of criminal offenses. The concept, essence and forms of interaction during the pre-trial investigation are considered. It is noted that the interaction of the National Police provides the most effective investigation of socially dangerous acts. After all, thanks to the joint activities of employees of different departments, information of any plan is obtained, as well as possible rapid and rational implementation of various pro-cedural actions. The investigation of serious crimes requires employees to plan their actions quite clearly. Therefore, research and recommendations on the interaction of any units of the National Police is un-doubtedly one of the most progressive areas of achieving the purpose of criminal proceedings and research in general. The author supports the position that cooperation is a form of organization of crime investigation, which consists mainly in law-based cooperation of the investigator with the body of inquiry, agreed on the goals, time and place, carried out in order to fully and quickly detect crimes, comprehensive and com-prehensive. effective investigation of criminal proceedings and search for hiding criminals, stolen valuables and other objects relevant to the case. Among the procedural forms of their interaction in the investigation of serious and especially se-rious crimes are: the implementation of the investigator's instructions to conduct investigative (investigative) actions and covert investigative (investigative) actions; execution by the operative unit of the investigator's instructions on verification by operative-investigative means of information that is important for establishing the presence or absence of grounds for entering information into the URPI on operative materials. Among the organizational forms in the investigation of serious crimes are the following: joint planning of the initial stage of the investigation; coordinated activities as part of the investigative task force; mutual exchange of information between the investigator and employees of operational units; joint use of forensic and operational-technical means.

Use of special knowledge in the detection and investigation of serious crime

The research highlights current aspects of the institute of special knowledge in the detection and investigation of felonies. Based on a thorough analysis of the views of prominent forensic scientists, based on current legislation, the concepts of special knowledge, forms and types of their use. Given the different professional competencies, the concept of special knowledge of an expert and a specialist is considered separately. Among the typical forms of use of special knowledge, attention is focused on those that are essential for the investigation of serious crimes, adhering to their classification into procedural and non-procedural. It is emphasized that one form of use of special knowledge passes into another, in particular, after forensic examinations, an audit is performed. Appointment and conduct of forensic examinations are covered depending on the type of serious crime (mercenary-violent, economic, etc.). Attention is paid to the choice of expert institution, the sequence of appointment and conduct of comprehensive forensic examinations. Some issues of specialist participation in the conduct of investigative (search) actions and measures of criminal proceedings are considered. The need for professional assistance during the inspection, search, investigative experiment, temporary access to things and documents at the preparatory stage, to record the progress of the investigative action, to work with traces and other evidence, during the evaluation of the results of the investigative action. The involvement of a psychologist as a consultant or specialist to compile a search psychological portrait of a criminal is considered. The significant role of departmental inspections in the investigation of serious crimes in the economic and financial spheres has been noted. Attention is paid to the expediency of involving a group or «team» of various specialists to participate in investigative (search) actions, the use of innovative technical developments for forensic purposes. Examples of practical activities and interview data of practical staff are given.

Special Investigative Techniques For Human Trafficking Investigation In Ethiopia

The police have the responsibility to balance public protection from harm by respecting the human rights of suspects during prevention and investigation. However, it is difficult to achieve absolute balance because it is determined based on the police because the process or model of crime control, especially in the case of special investigative techniques, is a confidential investigation of serious crimes based on the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, and adequate protection. The purpose of the doctrinal article evaluates the role of special crime investigation techniques for human trafficking in Ethiopia. Data is collected through document review and interviews with crime investigators, intentionally and in direct contact. Qualitative research and descriptive design. The collected data is analyzed thematically. Research findings that there are some special investigative technical provisions in FDRE criminal justice policies, human trafficking and smuggling of migrant proclamations. However, this legal basis is not as comprehensive as specific types of investigation techniques, who did it and for how long, the requirements for doing this were not answered. Therefore, the House of Representatives must make a law covering all specific investigative techniques for human trafficking in Ethiopia. The Attorney General must also create public awareness about it.

Special Investigate Techniques for Human Trafficking Investigation in Ethiopia

The police have the responsibility to balance public protection from harm by respecting the human rights of suspects during prevention and investigation. However, it is difficult to achieve absolute balance because it is determined based on the police because the process or model of crime control, especially in the case of special investigative techniques, is a confidential investigation of serious crimes based on the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, and adequate protection. The purpose of the doctrinal article evaluates the role of special crime investigation techniques for human trafficking in Ethiopia. Data is collected through document review and interviews with crime investigators, intentionally and in direct contact. Qualitative research and descriptive design. The collected data is analyzed thematically. Research findings that there are some special investigative technical provisions in FDRE criminal justice policies, human trafficking and smuggling of migrant proclamations. However, this legal basis is not as comprehensive as specific types of investigation techniques, who did it and for how long, the requirements for doing this were not answered. Therefore, the House of Representatives must make a law covering all specific investigative techniques for human trafficking in Ethiopia. The Attorney General must also create public awareness about it.

Special Investigative Techniques For Human Trafficking Investigation In Ethiopia

Purpose of the study: The police have the responsibility of balancing the protection of the public from harm with respecting the human right of the suspect during the prevention and investigation of crimes. However; it is difficult to strike absolute balances since it is determined based on government police is due process or crime control model especially the case of special investigation techniques, which are the covert means of investigation of serious crime and criminals based on the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, and adequate safeguard. The purpose of this doctrinal article is to evaluate the role of special crime investigation techniques for drug trafficking in Ethiopia.
 Methodology: Data were collected through document review and interview crime investigators, who were selected purposively since they have a direct relation. This is qualitative research and descriptive design. The collected data were analyzed thematically.
 Findings: The findings of this research revealed that there are some provisions of special investigation techniques in FDRE criminal justice policy, anti-human trafficking, and smuggling of migrant proclamation. However, these legal bases are not comprehensive such as the types of special investigation techniques, who conduct it, and how long the requirements to conduct these were not answered.
 Application: Therefore, the house of people representative should enact all-inclusive law on special investigation techniques for human trafficking in Ethiopia. The general attorney also should create awareness to the public about it.
 Novelty: Human trafficking investigation is challenging ous in Ethiopia, and nobody studied it. Therefore, this study may use as reference material for students’; the government may use it as input for policy and lawmakers.

Enhancing forensic investigation through the use of modern three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies for crime scene reconstruction

Recent advances in the capabilities and accessibility of powerful 3D imaging technologies have seen an increasingly widespread adoption of these systems as a tool for the investigation of serious crime. The need for precise and accurate mapping of crime scenes has led to the adaptation of laser scanning technology from the mining and surveying industries for use in a forensic context. Entire crime scenes are now able to be captured and reconstructed with millimetre detail, and revolutionary new systems are allowing these datasets to be explored by investigators and jurors without complex equipment or expertise. Numerous useful analyses, such as determining bullet trajectories, mapping bloodstain evidence and comparing complex weapons with impressions, are now able to be conducted within this 3D space, revealing new information through the reconstruction of complex crime scenes that may not have been possible through conventional methods. As a relatively recent forensic field, there are several considerations for organizations implementing 3D imaging systems for crime scene reconstruction, to ensure the validity of this material and subsequent acceptance in court. Best practice guidelines and oversight organizations are being developed across international jurisdictions to help guide and facilitate the growth of 3D reconstruction as a forensic tool.

Modern Methods of Criminalistics Identification of Biological Traces in Investigation of Crimes

It is often possible to solve complex problems of forensic identification in the investigation of serious crimes on the basis of detection and investigation of traces of blood, semen, saliva, epithelial traces, particles of internal organs on the murder weapon, etc. The article is devoted to advanced methods of expert research of biological traces based on the analysis of human DNA, characterized by high specificity for each individual, significantly exceeding the individuality and specificity of fingerprints. The author points out that uniqueness and genetic constancy of a living organism, increased resistance of the DNA molecule to environmental influences, its individual structural polymorphism and high impact of the methods of it s research make forensic identification of the object of research possible even in cases when it is impossible to use other research methods. In the author’s opinion, in the recent years the methods of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examination have been also actively developing for the criminalistics purposes. Examination of mitochondrial DNA allows identifying the biological object, even in cases when an expert study provided only separate cells (cells of the epidermis, the samples of buccal epithelium – when scraping with a cotton swab from the inside of the cheeks), and the minimum of the investigated material. In addition, high mutation level of mitochondrial DNA significantly increases identification capabilities of genetic examination.

Features information from young children in the process to investigate criminal cases

AbstractThe article discusses some of the problems devoted to obtaining information from young children in the criminal investigation process. Of course, every specialist, who has previously carried out such interrogations, has some idea of how difficult it is to implement such questioning without special knowledge about child psychology. This article describes the techniques that are still not widely known, though they are evidence-based, and their effectiveness is confirmed by studies conducted in the investigation of serious crimes in the Russian Federation. The article may contribute to the development of professional thinking investigative personnel, the expansion of information about the psychology of communication during interrogation, the possibilities of preserving and changes emerging in this situations. Taking into consideration that the process of obtaining information from an interrogee is based on objective laws of psychology and criminology, it seems that the findings can be used not only in the practice of Russian law enforcement agencies but also in other countries.

The Use of Surveillance Technologies for the Prevention, Investigation and Prosecution of Serious Crime

This Working Paper is based on two research reports that were the outcome of the research carried out by the team of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles within the FP7 project SURVEILLE. Such research focused on the use of surveillance technologies for the prevention, investigation, and prosecution of serious crime. Taken together, the two reports developed a comparative analysis of a number of surveillance technologies and techniques used at different stages of the criminal procedure within selected national jurisdictions. The first project deliverable, finalised in October 2012 and entitled “The use of surveillance technologies for the prevention and investigation of serious crime” (D4.1), addressed the use of the interception of telecommunications and video-surveillance in three countries, namely France, Italy and the United Kingdom. The second deliverable, finalised in April 2013 and entitled “Comparative law paper on data retention regulation on a sample of EU Member States” (D4.3), examined the rules governing the retention of data by telecommunications companies and internet service providers for criminal justice purposes in nine countries (i.e. Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain and the United Kingdom). The two reports test the existence of what the authors call a double shift: the means at the disposal of competent national authorities (intelligence services and law enforcement agencies) in the fight against serious crime are evolving in such a way that the share of tasks and competences is now increasingly blurred. The fundamental rights dimension was the normative background of the legal dimensions of the SURVEILLE project as a whole, and thus also of the present work. The impact of evolving trends in the use of surveillance upon the right to privacy and the right to the protection of personal data are at the core of this research undertaking. The authors wish to highlight that legislation is changing very quickly in this domain both at the national level and at the EU level. In particular, the January 2015 attacks in Paris against Charlie Hebdo, the February 2015 attacks in Copenhagen and the increasing threat resulting from the foreign fighters phenomenon are significantly challenging the effectiveness of means used by States to prevent, investigate, detect and prosecute terrorist offences. Recent legislative developments deepen the blur between the tasks and functions of intelligence services and law enforcement agencies as well as the blur between administrative and criminal law measures. Furthermore, with the ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union on 8 April 2014 in the Digital Rights Ireland case -- partially reaffirmed in Schrems, EU Member States together with EU institutions have to rethink the legal framework concerning the use of surveillance technologies and techniques in order to ensure a coherent relationship between on the one hand safeguarding the right to privacy and the protection of personal data, and on the other hand developing effective means to prevent, investigate, detect and prosecute serious crime. Despite the fact that the two papers were written at least two years ago, the information remains largely up to date. These papers analyse a trend that has been occurring for some years and that is not over yet: a massive use of surveillance technologies and techniques by an increasing number of competent authorities leading to an exponential gathering of information by EU Member States aiming to fight more effectively against serious crime -- often at the expense of fundamental rights.

The Catalysing Effect of Serious Crime on the Use of Surveillance Technologies for Prevention and Investigation Purposes

This article conducts a comparative critical study of the development in the use of surveillance technologies for the prevention and investigation of serious crime within three selected national jurisdictions – France, Italy and the United Kingdom. It tests the existence of a perilous double shift: (a) surveillance technologies introduced in relation to serious crime are increasingly used for the purpose of preventing and investigating ‘minor’ offences; at the same time, surveillance technologies originally used for public order purposes in relation to minor offences are now increasingly affected to the prevention and investigation of serious crime; (b) means at the disposal of each actor (intelligence and law enforcement agencies) for the prevention and investigation of serious crime are evolving so that the share of tasks and competences has become blurred. Two surveillance technologies are selected as case studies: the interception of telecommunications and video-surveillance. The human rights dimension – most importantly, the right to privacy and the principle of proportionality, which are at stake in this context – constitutes the normative background of the present work.

Automated forensic soil mineral analysis; testing the potential of lithotyping

AbstractIn the investigation of serious crimes, soil can be, in some cases, a very valuable class of trace evidence. The complexity of soil is part of the reason why it is useful as trace evidence but is also an inherent problem, as there are many different parameters in a soil sample that could potentially be characterized. The inorganic components of soils are dominated by minerals, along with anthropogenic particulate grains; thus, the analysis of soil mineralogy as the main technique for inorganic forensic soil characterization is recommended. Typical methods that allow the bulk mineralogy to be determined, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), do not allow the texture of the particles to be characterized. However, automated scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides both modal mineralogy and also allows particle textures to be characterized. A recent advance in this technique has been the ability to report the modal mineralogy of a sample as ‘lithotypes’, which are defined on the basis of a combination of mineralogy and other parameters, such as grain size and mineral associations. Defined lithotype groups may include monominerallic grains but also, importantly, allow the automated quantification of rock types and other anthropogenic materials. Based on a simulated forensic scenario, the use of lithotyping is evaluated as an aid in the analysis of soil samples. This technique provides additional discrimination when comparing different soil samples.

UK data retention regulations

The Data Retention (EC Directive) Regulations 2007 are now in force, partially implementing an EU Directive on data retention and requiring network providers to retain certain records of telephone calls for at least a year so that they are available to the police and security services for the investigation of serious crime. This paper considers the scope and effect of the new Regulations.

Fibre mapping--a case study.

Fibre mapping, more commonly known as one-to-one taping, was developed in Germany approximately twenty years ago. The technique facilitates the distribution of fibres on a surface to be recorded. The impact of this technique on the investigation of serious crime has been reported in the European Fibre Group on several occasions. This paper represents a case study of the application of the technique. It is believed to be the first time that this technique has been successfully applied in the United Kingdom.

The Effects of Interjurisdictional Cooperation on Police Performance in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area

In addition to the tests of each of the four hypotheses, a case study of the development and operations of one particular voluntary organization of police departments in the metropolitan area is presented. The Major Case Squad has focused its operations on the investigation of serious crimes committed in the area-crimes requiring levels of effort for their solution that are beyond the capabilities of individual police jurisdictions.