Inverse Effect Research Articles

Box–Behnken design for the development of fluconazole-loaded classical ethosomes

Introduction: Ethosomes are soft and flexible vesicles mainly composed of phospholipids, ethanol and water. The presence of a high amount of ethanol ensure deeper drug penetration; however, an optimal formulation is necessary. This study aims to develop and characterize Fluconazole loaded classical ethosomes using Box-Behken design, in order to achieve to an optimal formulation having a minimal vesicle size, low polydispersity index, high zeta potential and good entrapment efficiency (% EE). Methods: Fluconazole ethosomes were prepared using cold method and tested for vesicle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and EE%. Box-Behken design was created using Design Expert® Software, where the impact of sonication time and amount of ethanol and soybean lecithin on resulting formulation were investigated. Results: It was determined that increasing the concentration of ethanol up to an optimized limit reduces vesicle size and improves % EE. It was also observed that soybean lecithin concentrations affected positively vesicle size but negatively % EE. Whereas sonication time had an inverse effect both on, vesicle size and EE%. All prepared formulations showed a low polydispersity index and a good zeta potential indicating homogeneity and high stability. Therefore, the optimal formulation had % EE of 80.05±0.306 % and vesicular size of 226.501±5.34 nm with polydispersity index of 0.487±0.0078. Conclusion: In summary, using Box-Behnken design can enhance the understanding of the correlations between the variables involved in ethosome formation and their effects on vesicle size, polydispersity index and % EE. The optimal formulation obtained can be incorporated into drug delivery systems to enhance skin permeation and antifungal activity.

Inverse and conventional dual magnetocaloric effects in Ni substituted Y-type Sr2Zn2-xNixFe12O22 hexaferrites

The effects of Ni substitution on magnetic and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) are investigated in polycrystalline Y-type hexaferrites of Sr2Zn2-xNixFe12O22 (x = 0.0, 0.8, and 2.0). With the increasing of temperature, the M-T curves indicate successive magnetic structure transitions exist in Sr2Zn2-xNixFe12O22 (x = 0.0, 0.8, and 2.0), which play significant roles in MCE behaviors. As the Ni2+ doping ratio increases, the shape of −ΔSM−T curves near room temperature evolves gradually from a table-like to a peak-like form. Particularly, a significant contrast between CMCE and IMCE is observed below 100 K, whose behavior can be inherently exploited for heat sink in magnetic refrigeration applications. Among the samples in this series, Sr2Zn1.2Ni0.8Fe12O22 plays the best CMCE and IMCE performances, with the maximum magnetic entropy change (−ΔSMmax) values of 0.78 J/kg K at 354 K and −0.56 J/kg K at 16 K for ΔH=50kOe , respectively. Our work demonstrates that Sr2Zn2-xNixFe12O22 hexaferrites have great potential to be tailored for magnetic refrigeration with special needs such as different operating temperature zones, Ericsson cycle or heat sink at refrigeration.

Effects of acute stress on biological motion perception.

Biological motion perception is an essential part of the cognitive process. Stress can affect the cognitive process. The present study explored the intrinsic ERP features of the effects of acute psychological stress on biological motion perception. The results contributed scientific evidence for the adaptive behavior changes under acute stress. After a mental arithmetic task was used to induce stress, the paradigm of point-light displays was used to evaluate biological motion perception. Longer reaction time and lower accuracy were found in the inverted walking condition than in the upright walking condition, which was called the "inversion effect". The P2 peak amplitude and the LPP mean amplitude were significantly higher in the local inverted perception than in the local upright walking condition. Compared to the control condition, the stress condition induced lower RT, shorter P1 peak latency of biological motion perception, lower P2 peak amplitude and LPP mean amplitude, and higher N330 peak amplitude. There was an "inversion effect" in biological motion perception. This effect was related to the structural characteristics of biological motion perception but unrelated to the state of acute psychological stress. Acute psychological stress accelerated the reaction time and enhanced attention control of biological motion perception. Attention resources were used earlier, and less attentional investment was made in the early stage of biological motion perception processing. In the late stage, a continuous weakening of inhibition was shown in the parieto-occipital area.

Structural priming facilitates L2 learning of the dative alternation in Mandarin

Abstract This study investigated whether structural priming, as a reflection of error-driven learning mechanisms, could facilitate second language (L2) learning of the dative alternation in Mandarin. We sought evidence of learning from both priming and acceptability judgment data. Participants were 25 native speakers and 41 classroom learners (CLs). After a priming session in which participants predicted and then saw what a virtual partner had written to describe pictures (prime trials, with only acceptable verb-dative pairings), CLs showed increased production of these acceptable pairings and increased acceptability ratings for them. The observation of such longer-term priming effects beyond the priming phase, together with an inverse frequency effect of priming observed among the CLs, aligns well with error-driven learning accounts. However, we did not find evidence for statistical preemption, in that participants did not decrease ratings for unacceptable pairings as a result of exposure to their competing alternatives.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Orthopedic Patients’ Emotional Distress: Moderated Effects of Family and Friends’ Support

Abstract Background: Research indicates that the psychological well-being of orthopedic patients can benefit from a robust social support system that offers emotional assistance both before and after surgery. However, the impact of social networks on mental health outcomes remains inconclusive due to variations in availability. Objectives: This study investigated the influence of support from family and friends in the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and emotional distress among orthopedic patients in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study employed a hospital-based research design, using the 17-item PTSD self-report measure (PCL-C) and depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21) to assess psychological distress and dimensions of social support from friends and family, involving 542 orthopedic patients from the National Orthopedic Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. Results: The findings revealed a significant association between PTSD and emotional distress (β = 0.866; t = 9.245; P < 0.001). Family support was found to exacerbate emotional distress among orthopedic patients (β = 0.448; t = 4.176; P < 0.001), while support from friends showed an inverse effect on emotional distress (β = −0.310; t = −2.880; P < 0.01). Moreover, moderation analysis indicated that high family support reduces the effect of PTSD on emotional distress for orthopedic patients (β = −0.035; t = −3.539; [CI: −0.055, −0.016], P < 0.01). Conclusion: The study recommends prompt intervention for orthopedic patients to enhance their well-being by leveraging the available support from family and friends to alleviate the emotional distress associated with PTSD. Additionally, it underscores the importance of educating families and friends of orthopedic patients on their role in supporting the patient’s recovery journey.

Orbital magnetism through inverse Faraday effect in metal clusters

Abstract In view of the recent increased interest in light-induced manipulation of magnetism in nanometric length scales this work presents metal clusters as promising elementary units for generating all-optical ultrafast magnetization. We perform a theoretical study of the opto-magnetic properties of metal clusters through ab-initio real-time (RT) simulations in real-space using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). Through ab-initio calculations of plasmon excitation with circularly polarized laser pulse in atomically precise clusters of simple and noble metals, we discuss the generation of orbital magnetic moments due to the transfer of angular momentum from light field through optical absorption at resonance energies. Notably, in the near-field analysis we observe self-sustained circular motion of the induced electron density corroborating the presence of nanometric current loops which give rise to orbital magnetic moments due to the inverse Faraday effect (IFE) in the clusters. The results provide valuable insights into the quantum many-body effects that influence the IFE-mediated light-induced orbital magnetism in metal clusters depending on its geometry and chemical composition. At the same time, they explicitly demonstrate the possibility for harnessing magnetization in metal clusters, offering potential applications in the field of all-optical manipulation of magnetism.

Features of the structure and resistive switching of titanium oxide films on Y-cut piezoelectric substrate of a LiNbO3 crystal

The difference in the structure of titanium oxide thin films deposited on fused silica substrates and the Y-cut of a lithium niobate crystal is demonstrated. In both cases, the film is amorphous; however, an insignificant amount of rutile crystallites is observed in the film formed on the Y-cut of the lithium niobate crystal. It is shown that the electrical characteristics of the films depend not only on the material of the substrate, but, in the case of the lithium niobate substrate, also on the direction of an electric field. This is caused by the deformation of the substrate due to the inverse piezoelectric effect.

Rice Yield Estimation Using Machine Learning and Feature Selection in Hilly and Mountainous Chongqing, China

To investigate effective techniques for estimating rice production in hilly and mountainous areas, in this study, we collected yield data at the field level, agro-meteorological data, and Sentinel-2/MSI remote sensing data in Chongqing, China, between 2020 and 2023. The integral values of vegetation indicators from the rice greening up to heading–filling stages were determined using the Newton–trapezoidal integration method. Using correlation analysis and importance analysis of permutation features, the effects of agro-meteorological variables and vegetation index integrals on rice yield were assessed. The chosen characteristics were then combined with three machine learning techniques—random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and partial least squares regression (PLSR)—to create six rice yield estimate models. The results showed that combined vegetation indices were more effective than indices used in separate development phases. Specifically, the correlation coefficients between the integral values of eight vegetation indices from rice greening up to heading–filling stages and rice yield were all above 0.65. By introducing agro-meteorological factors as new independent variables and combining them with vegetation indices as input parameters, the predictive capability of the model was evaluated. The results showed that the performance of PLSR remained stable, while the prediction accuracies of SVM and RF improved by 13% to 21.5%. After feature selection, the inversion performance of all three machine learning models improved, with the RF model coupled with variables selected during permutation feature importance analysis achieving the optimal inversion effect, which was characterized by a coefficient of determination of 0.85, a root mean square error of 529.1 kg/hm2, and a mean relative error of 5.63%. This study provides technical support for improving the accuracy of remote sensing-based crop yield estimation in hilly and mountainous regions, facilitating precise agricultural management and informing agrarian decision making.

Investigating the relationship between spermogram parameters and sexual desire in infertile men: a cross-sectional study from a tertiary centre in Iran

BackgroundMale factor infertility can affect spermatogenesis, sexual desire, and thus the quality of life of couples. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between spermogram parameters, and the...

Numerical study of fluid flow and entropy optimization subject to second order slip condition across a permeable curved surface

The entropy generation analysis has great significance in the industrial sectors with heat transmission and fluid flows, for evaluating the irreversibility aspect of a system in heat transfer operations. The numerical simulation of entropy generation and the nanofluid flow across a permeable curved surface subject to cross-diffusion and irregular heat source/sink is reported in the current investigation. The thermodynamics 2nd law is used to simulate the entropy optimization. The flow phenomena are mathematically described by partial differential equations (PDEs), which are derived in a curvilinear coordinate system. The system of ODEs (ordinary differential equations) is derived by using the similarity conversion, which is further numerically calculated through the parametric continuation method (PCM) using MATLAB software. The results reveal that the velocity slip and curvature parameters improve the velocity profile whereas the inverse effect is observed against the surface permeability parameter. It can also be noticed that the entropy optimization enhances with the variation in Brinkman number and temperature ratio parameter. The impact of Schmidt number and chemical reaction decline the mass transmission ratio.

Unusual inverse spin Hall effect in Pt/Co/Pt multilayers on single-crystalline YIG

The inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE) is a significant phenomenon that enables the conversion of spin current into charge current, offering promising applications in novel spintronic devices. In conventional ISHE measurements, it is widely recognized that the spin polarization, spin current, and generated charge current are mutually perpendicular. This study systematically investigates the ISHE in Pt/Co/Pt multilayers grown on a single-crystalline yttrium iron garnet (YIG) layer. A non-zero ISHE voltage was obtained along the direction parallel to the external magnetic field within the YIG coercive field range, deviating from the classical ISHE behavior. Our investigation revealed that the in-plane magnetic anisotropy of single-crystalline YIG plays a crucial role, as the easy axis of YIG and the external magnetic field collaboratively determine the polarization direction of the spin current, especially when the external magnetic field is smaller than the YIG coercive force. Furthermore, by tuning the small in-plane magnetization component of the Pt/Co/Pt multilayers, which couples with the YIG magnetization, we were able to control the shape and reversal path of the ISHE voltage loop. These findings deepen our understanding of how magnetic order affects charge current flow in ISHE measurements. The variety of ISHE voltage loop shapes and reversal paths observed suggest potential applications for this device as a magnetic field sensor.

Bibliometric articles in business and management: Factors affecting production and scholarly impact

Based on different theoretical and publishing approaches, this study reveals that the publication of bibliometric articles in business and management follows a logistic diffusion pattern. Fist, the analysis of citation concentration −using the Gini index, concludes that a minority of articles capture most scholarly interest, there is a moderate concentration of articles in some outlets, and a large and diverse group of authors, forming a long tail distribution. Second, a set of hypotheses are tested by alternative regression models (OLS, semi-logarithmic, and negative binomial models). Results support the importance of specific characteristics such as the synthesis of previous contributions, the methodological sophistication, or the cosmopolitanism of the collaboration of the authors. In addition, there is an inverse effect of bibliometric expansibility on the impact of each article. The authors built a database from a content analysis of 835 bibliometric articles in WoS (1981–2022). The results raise several implications and recommendations.

Nutrition Knowledge, English Adequacy, Women's Education, and Food Insecurity Among Syrian Refugees in Florida.

Objectives The objective of the study was to measure food security among Syrian refugees residing in urban and rural areas in Florida. Women's education, English proficiency, and nutrition knowledge were assessed to indicate their effects on food security in this population. Methods One-on-one interview questionnaires were administered to Syrian refugee households residing in Florida (n=80: n=43 in rural areas and n=37 in urban areas). The main outcomes were food insecurity, nutrition knowledge, English adequacy, and women's education. Results The main outcome of this study was the food security status among Syrian refugees residing in Florida. Among the total households, 80% were food insecure, and food insecurity was greater in rural areas (60.9%) than in urban areas (39.1%). The majority (57.5%) of participants scored fair nutrition knowledge. One-way frequency analysis showed that 75% of households had inadequate English. Around 23.7% of Syrian refugee women had a high school diploma or higher. Among these women, 68.4% were residing in urban areas. The chi-squared test showed significant differences in women's education in rural and urban areas (p=0.03). Nutrition knowledge was higher in urban areas compared to rural areas. The chi-squared test showed a significant difference in nutrition knowledge in urban and rural areas (p=0.04). The result of the multivariate logistic regression model indicated that the typeof residence, rural vs urban areas,had an inverse significant effect on food security after controlling for our variables. Syrian refugees in rural areas had 79.9 greater odds of being food insecure compared with urban areas (odds ratio: 0.201, 95% CI: 0.053-0.758, p=0.01). Conclusions Nutrition knowledge, English adequacy, and women's education may be less important than types of residence. The typeof residence is a contributing factor to food insecurity in Syrian refugees residing in Florida. A larger sample size would allow a clearer understanding of the relation of our variables with food insecurity.

Association of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and hemodialysis access failure in patients with end stage renal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with an elevated risk of vascular access failure in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing hemodialysis. A comprehensive database search of MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, and Cochrane Central was performed. Studies reporting the values of NLR in both functional and non-functional AVF groups in ESRD patients were selected. Quality assessment was performed using the Modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies. Meta-analysis was performed using an inverse variance random effects model. Seven observational studies met the inclusion criteria, including 1313 participants with 554 cases and 759 controls. Pooled results showed significantly high NLR levels in patients with non-functional arteriovenous fistula (AVF) compared to functional AVF (SMD = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.74-1.65, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis confirmed the consistency of the association between NLR and AVF failure across study design (SMD = 1.76, 95% CI = 0.78-2.73, p = 0.0004 in prospective vs SMD = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.42-1.32, p = 0.0001 in retrospective studies), etiology (SMD = 1.63, 95% CI = 0.75-2.52, p = 0.0003 in stenosis or thrombosis; and SMD = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.27-1.34, p = 0.003 in failure to mature of AVF), and NLR measurement timing (SMD = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.42-1.54, p = 0.0006 in preoperative vs SMD = 1.58, 95% CI = 0.47-2.69, p = 0.005 in postoperative NLR). The pooled odds ratio revealed high NLR values as a significant predictor of AVF failure in ESRD patients (OR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.91-7.98, p = 0.0002). The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 89.72% (95% CI = 77.51%-95.67%) and 72.95% (95% CI = 63.82%-80.47%), respectively. The high NLR is a useful and predictive marker for AVF failure in hemodialysis patients. Future studies should prioritize larger cohort studies to validate and reinforce these observations.

Determination of optimal directions of the wave vector of the phase holographic grating in cubic photorefractive crystal

The dependence of the change in the components of the inverse permittivity tensor of a cubic photorefractive Bi12SiO20 crystal on the direction of the wave vector of holographic grating in the crystal coordinate system has been studied. It is shown that, when recording a phase hologram, the largest change in the refractive index of Bi12SiO20 crystal is attained when the holographic grating wave vector is oriented along symmetrically equivalent 111 directions. The maximum possible modulation amplitude of the refractive index of a holographic grating with the wave vector oriented along the 110 directions is found to exceed that in the case of orientation along the 100 directions. The components of the inverse permittivity tensor of Bi12SiO20 crystal were calculated taking into account that a phase hologram is recorded under linear electro-optic, photoelastic, and inverse piezoelectric effects.

Light-induced orbital magnetism in metals via inverse Faraday effect

We present a microscopic calculation of the inverse Faraday effect in metals. We derive a static local magnetic moment induced on the application of high-frequency light, using the Eilenberger formulation of quasiclassical theory. We include the effect of disorder and formulate a theory applicable across the entire temperature range, in the absence of external applied fields. For light-induced electric fields of amplitude ∼100kV/cm, the induced fields are large ∼0.1T for metallic Nb. The predictions of our theory agree with recent experimental and theoretical results [O. H.-C. Cheng , and J. Hurst , ]. An extension of this approach to superconductors would open a new route of inducing orbital magnetic field and potentially vortices in superconductors. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Inverse Isotope Effect for Aldehyde Hydrosilylation Catalyzed by a Hydrido–Silyl–Iridium(III) Complex

Inverse Isotope Effect for Aldehyde Hydrosilylation Catalyzed by a Hydrido–Silyl–Iridium(III) Complex

PNN Enhanced Seismic Inversion for Porosity Modeling and Delineating the Potential Heterogeneous Gas Sands via Comparative Inversion Analysis in the Lower Indus Basin

Seismic inversion has been in use for the last two decades to measure inverted impedances using an integrated data set approach. This research focuses on the application of multi-attribute seismic inversion and the geostatistical probabilistic neural network (PNN) approach for determining rock properties and litho-fluid classification in the Mehar-Mazarani Field of the Lower Indus Basin (LIB), Pakistan. The study compares five different inversion techniques, including model-based inversion (MBI), colored inversion (CI), linear sparse spike inversion (LSSI), band-limited inversion (BLI), and maximum likelihood sparse spike inversion (MLSSI). The inverted outputs, such as acoustic P-impedance (Zp), density (ρ), porosity (φ), and shale volume (Vsh), were analyzed in Paleocene and Cretaceous geological complex reservoirs to identify gas-bearing zones. The results indicated the existence of gas between 1630 and 1700 ms (ms) and corresponding depth ranges from approximately 3200 m up to 4200 m with varying thickness. Amongst the inversion techniques, MBI demonstrated greater accuracy, with inverted density volumes showing a strong correlation coefficient of 0.98 and the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and relative error of 0.10 m/s * g/cc. A geostatistical PNN approach was employed to estimate variations in Vsh and φ within the sand reservoir. MBI again yielded more reliable results, with a strong correlation between the measured and inverted attributes. High φ and low Vsh were observed in predetermined low-impedance zones. Overall, MBI is proven to be the most accurate and reliable technique, providing clear identification of the gas occurrence. This research highlights the effectiveness of seismic inversion, particularly the application of MBI, in determining rock properties and identifying gas-bearing zones within the Mehar-Mazarani gas field.

Antibiotics pollutants in agricultural soil: Kinetic, sorption, and thermodynamic of ciprofloxacin

The entry of antibiotics, as pollutants, into the environment has created great concerns. Environmental dynamics of antibiotics based on soil chemical properties need to be a better understanding of their chemical behavior. This research is focused on studying the adsorption behavior and kinetic mechanisms of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in an agricultural soil. For this purpose, a batch experiment was conducted at different times (5 min–24 h), and using initial concentrations of CIP (0–1 mmol L−1) in the soil. The adsorption processes as affected by pH and ionic strength were assessed based on the modeling with response surface methodology (RSM). According to the results, the sorption equilibrium was found within 240 min, and the pseudo second-order model was the best for describing the data. Increasing the initial CIP concentration increased CIP adsorption, but increases in ionic strength and pH had an inverse effect. Based on RSM modeling, the CIP adsorption was 7.31 and 7.03 (mg g−1) in the presence of NaCl and CaCl2 electrolytes, respectively, in the optimized conditions (pH 6.5 and ionic strength 0.01 mol L−1). The spontaneous nature of CIP adsorption was determined based on thermodynamic calculations (ΔG° = −10.8 to −12.4 kJ mol−1). The interaction of pH and ionic strength was described with the quadratic model. The obtained results contribute to understanding the CIP fate in the soil environment and facilitate decisions regarding entry and controlling soil contamination due to this antibiotic.

Effects of multilayer MoS2 coating on the mechanical properties of metals: A competition between external force and interfacial adhesion

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a two-dimensional material that exhibits unique interfacial interactions with metals, making it potential coating material for improving material properties of metals. In this work, the effects of multilayer MoS2 coating on the mechanical properties and deformation behaviours of copper (Cu) and gold (Au) substrates are investigated by nanoindentation experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Specifically, our experimental results indicate that the MoS2 coating greatly increases the Young's modulus and hardness of Au substrate throughout the indentation process. In the MoS2/Cu system, however, the MoS2 coating exhibits inverse effects at diffident indentation depths, which, specifically, has the weakening and enhancing effects at the early and late stages of the indentation process, respectively. MD simulations indicate that the different effects of the MoS2 coating on the mechanical properties of Au and Cu substrates are attributed to the different interfacial adhesion properties between the MoS2/Cu and MoS2/Au systems, as the binding energy of the MoS2/Au system is much larger than that of its MoS2/Cu counterpart. Moreover, it is also revealed in MD simulations that the load-bearing area of metal substrates can be significantly enlarged by the MoS2 coating, which leads to the dense dislocations distributed in metal substrates and thus the strain-hardening in MoS2/metal composites.