Inventory Method Research Articles

Construction of Carbon Emission Evaluation Methods and Indicators for Low-Carbon Technologies in Buildings

Global climate change is an increasingly prominent issue, with the building stock significantly to carbon emissions (CEs). Evaluating the effectiveness of renewal pathways and technologies is essential for carbon reduction in this domain. This study adopts theoretical research, field investigations, simulation analysis, and mathematical calculations, and innovatively integrates whole life-cycle evaluation with inventory methods. The carbon emissions reduction (CER) evaluation boundary of low carbon technologies (LCTs) is defined as the pre- and post-application operational stages and technology application stage. A novel comprehensive CER efficiency (CERE) indicator is established, combining the CER with embodied carbon payback time (ECPT), in addition to recommendations for the selection of evaluation criteria based on diverse building requirements. Simulations and calculations for four commonly used LCTs in Chongqing revealed that CERE provides a more holistic evaluation of CER effectiveness than traditional indicators, and identified a suite of LCTs suitable for Chongqing, encompassing replacement of energy-efficient lamps, roof photovoltaics and air source heat pumps. The findings provide a scientific basis for guiding the application of LCTs, renewal pathways and decarbonization management policy formulation in the building sector.

Sistem Pengendalian Persediaan Barang pada Toko Mulia Jaya Elektronik Karawang

This research was motivated by a less than optimal inventory control system at the Mulia Jaya Elektronik store, in the process it may also have an impact on the security of stock. Procurement of merchandise at the Mulia Jaya Elektronik store does not yet use standard methods, procurement is still carried out using calculations based on estimates and there is a lack of control over the inventory of goods at the Mulia Jaya Elektronik Store. The purpose of this study is to analyze the appropriate inventory control system implemented at the Mulia Jaya Elektronik store. The inventory control method that researchers will use is the ROP (Reorder Point) method in procuring merchandise and increasing inventory security through inventory management. The work of writing this study article uses a quantitative descriptive method. The results of this research can make a positive contribution to better procurement of inventory goods through the implementation of an effective inventory control system.

Rancangan Aplikasi Kasir Toko Kelontong Berbasis Website Menggunakan Metode Waterfall

Digitalization in the business world has become an urgent need to enhance efficiency andproductivity, particularly for grocery stores that still rely on manual methods for managingtransactions and inventory. Dependence on manual processes often leads to various issues, such asinaccurate record-keeping, difficulties in tracking inventory, and suboptimal customer service. Toaddress these challenges, this study develops a web-based cashier application designed to automatetransactions, inventory management, and sales reporting. The application is expected to facilitatestore owners in managing daily operations while improving data accuracy and customersatisfaction. The development of the application follows the Waterfall method, a structured andlinear software development approach. This method involves stages of requirements analysis,system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The outcome of this study is a webbasedcashier application capable of addressing the challenges faced by grocery stores, withfeatures that support operational efficiency and flexibility in monitoring business activities. Thisapplication also offers long-term benefits in enhancing the competitiveness of grocery stores in thedigital era.

A Novel Autoencoder-Integrated Clustering Methodology for Inventory Classification: A Real Case Study for White Goods Industry

This article presents an inventory classification method that provides more accurate results in the white goods factory, which will contribute to sustainability, sustainability economics, and supply chain management targets. A novel inventory classification application is presented with real-world data. Two different datasets are used, and these datasets are compared to each other. These larger dataset is Stock Keeping Unit (SKU)-based (6.032 SKUs), and the smaller one is product-group-based (270 product groups). In the first phase, Artificial Intelligence (AI) clustering methods that have not been used in the field of inventory classification, to our knowledge, are applied to these datasets; the results are obtained and compared using K-Means, Gaussian mixture, agglomerative clustering, and spectral clustering methods. In the second stage, an autoencoder is separately hybridized with the AI clustering methods to develop a novel approach to inventory classification. Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) is used in the third step to classify inventories. At the end of the study, these nine different methodologies (“K-Means, Gaussian mixture, agglomerative clustering, spectral clustering” with and without the autoencoder and Fuzzy C-Means) are compared using two different datasets. It is shown that the proposed new hybrid method gives much better results than classical AI methods.

Evolution of Reactive Organic Compounds and Their Potential Health Risk in Wildfire Smoke.

Wildfires are an increasing source of emissions into the air, with health effects modulated by the abundance and toxicity of individual species. In this work, we estimate reactive organic compounds (ROC) in western U.S. wildland forest fire smoke using a combination of observations from the 2019 Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) field campaign and predictions from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Standard emission inventory methods capture 40-45% of the estimated ROC mass emitted, with estimates of primary organic aerosol particularly low (5-8×). Downwind, gas-phase species abundances in molar units reflect the production of fragmentation products such as formaldehyde and methanol. Mass-based units emphasize larger compounds, which tend to be unidentified at an individual species level, are less volatile, and are typically not measured in the gas phase. Fire emissions are estimated to total 1250 ± 60 g·C of ROC per kg·C of CO, implying as much carbon is emitted as ROC as is emitted as CO. Particulate ROC has the potential to dominate the cancer and noncancer risk of long-term exposure to inhaled smoke, and better constraining these estimates will require information on the toxicity of particulate ROC from forest fires.

The Role of Managers' Cognitive Styles in Achieving Organizational Ambidexterity

the study aims to ascertain how approaches contribute to the Ministry of Planning's organizational ambidexterity. To complete the conclusions, it also seeks to ascertain the factors and dimensions of the study, get the results, and interpret them. The recommendations illustrate how companies may modify and enhance their behavior while utilizing these factors in the field. The descriptive-analytical technique is used to ensure the maximum level of accuracy possible in the conclusions and suggestions. General managers, several department directors, and division supervisors constituted the research sample. The primary instrument used in the research was a questionnaire distributed to the target sample of 105 respondents. The comprehensive inventory method was also employed, and multiple statistical programs, including PLS SMART V3.6 and 28 SPSS V., were utilized to complete, analyze, and test the research's questions and hypotheses. The research results showed a statistically significant effect. Cognitive styles affect organizational ambidexterity, either directly or through the degree of their dimensions. There is also a positive correlation between the dimensions of cognitive styles, their dimensions (cognitive style, planning style, creative style, collaborative style), and organizational ambidexterity. Paper type: Research paper.

Modeling Civil Aviation Emissions with Actual Flight Trajectories and Enhanced Aircraft Performance Model

Aviation emissions are continuously increasing along with the rapid development of air transportation, and results in the deterioration in regional air quality and the global climate. Accurate emission estimation is of great importance for relevant policies promotion and the sustainable development of the environment. Previous studies focused on the total emissions of a flight and lacked high precision in both spatial and temporal resolutions, especially aviation activities near ground. In this research, we propose an open-sourced emission calculation framework based on actual flight trajectories (TrajEmission), which calculates both the ground and airborne emissions simultaneously according to the configuration parameters, trajectory characteristics, and ambient conditions. We compare the emission results with five emission inventory methods. The results indicate that pollutant (nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons) emissions in the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle might usually be underestimated due to a lack of trajectory-based methods. In addition, in the overall results, the method based on the great circle route leads to an overestimation of 56.8% of pollutant emissions compared to the method based on actual routes. We also investigate the extent to which other factors could influence the emission results. To summarize, the TrajEmission framework can build inventories for the whole process of flight movements with high spatial–temporal resolutions and provide solid data support for environmental science and other related fields.

Methods, Progress and Challenges in Global Monitoring of Carbon Emissions from Biomass Combustion

Global biomass burning represents a significant source of carbon emissions, exerting a substantial influence on the global carbon cycle and climate change. As global carbon emissions become increasingly concerning, accurately quantifying the carbon emissions from biomass burning has emerged as a pivotal and challenging area of scientific research. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the primary monitoring techniques for carbon emissions from biomass burning, encompassing both bottom-up and top-down approaches. It examines the current status and limitations of these techniques in practice. The bottom-up method primarily employs terrestrial ecosystem models, emission inventory methods, and fire radiation power (FRP) techniques, which rely on the integration of fire activity data and emission factors to estimate carbon emissions. The top-down method employs atmospheric observation data and atmospheric chemical transport models to invert carbon emission fluxes. Both methods continue to face significant challenges, such as limited satellite resolution affecting data accuracy, uncertainties in emission factors in regions lacking ground validation, and difficulties in model optimization due to the complexity of atmospheric processes. In light of these considerations, this paper explores the prospective evolution of carbon emission monitoring technology for biomass burning, with a particular emphasis on the significance of high-precision estimation methodologies, technological advancements in satellite remote sensing, and the optimization of global emission inventories. This study aims to provide a forward-looking perspective on the evolution of carbon emission monitoring from biomass burning, offering a valuable reference point for related scientific research and policy formulation.

Closing the geologic carbon cycle

Estimates of sedimentary organic carbon burial fluxes based on inventory and isotope mass balance methods have been divergent. A new calculation of the isotope mass balance using a revised assessment of the inputs to the ocean-atmosphere system resolves the apparent discrepancy. Inputs include weathering of carbonate and old kerogen, geogenic methane oxidation, and volcanic and metamorphic degassing. Volcanic and metamorphic degassing comprise ≈23% of the total C input. Inputs from isotopically light OCpetro and CH4-geo drive the mean δ13C of the input to =-8.0 ± 1.9‰, notably lower than the commonly assumed volcanic degassing value. The isotope mass balance model yields a modern burial flux =15.9 ± 6.6 Tmol y-1. The impact of the mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum isotope anomaly is an integrated excess deposition ≈ 4.3 × 106 Tmol between 18 and 11 Ma, which is both longer and larger than estimates for the total degassing by the Columbia River Basalt eruptions, implying a complex carbon system response to large eruptive events. Monte Carlo evaluation finds that late Cenozoic net growth of the carbonate reservoir is very likely while net growth of the Corg reservoir is less certain but more likely than not. At present, subduction does not appear to keep up with net sedimentation and the overall masses of sedimentary carbonate and organic carbon are likely increasing. Growth in the sedimentary Corg reservoir implies oxidation of the surface environment and likely increases in atmospheric pO2.

Diversity of tree flora in the forest galleries of four ponds in the Comoé National Park (north-east Ivory Coast)

The riparian forest galleries of the ponds in the Comoé National Park (CNP) constitute microhabitats colonised by a specific plant and animal community. These plant formations are of great research interest. These initiatives could lead to efficient management of these biomes in the short, medium and long term. This study is part of an effort to make the most of plant resources in forest galleries. The aim of this study is to assess the diversity of riparian species in the ponds of the CNP. The information was collected using the surface survey method combined with the roving inventory method. The inventory identified 78 species divided into 63 genera and 30 families. The buffalo pond forest gallery has the highest species richness, with 39 species in 33 genera and 19 families. The study also showed that for trees with DBH ≥10 cm, the species Diospyros mespiliformis (25.89%), Mitragyna inermis (17.11%), Khaya senegalensis (12.27%), Piliostigma thonningii (11.65 %), Cola gigantean (11.16 %), Vitellaria paradoxa (10.90 %) and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (10.84%)) are the most abundant in riparian pond formations. The Fabaceae and Rubiaceae families are the most represented in terms of number of species, demonstrating that the flora of the forest galleries in Comoé National Park is of major ecological interest.

Recent Advances and Implications for Aviation Emission Inventory Compilation Methods

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, civil aviation plays an increasingly important role in the transportation industry. However, pollutants and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from civil aviation are becoming an increasingly concerning environmental problem. In order to mitigate the resulting environmental pollution, such as air quality deterioration, regional and global climate warming, and declining human health, more and more efforts have been devoted to reducing both pollutants and GHG emissions. Among these efforts, emissions inventories from civil aviation provide a basis for quantifying pollutants and GHG emissions, establishing evaluation standards of environmental impact, and formulating management policies for both air quality improvement and climate change mitigation. In this paper, we reviewed both compilation approaches and data collection methods for civil aviation emissions inventories, introduced several typical calculation methods for aviation emissions inventories, and analyzed specific cases of actual application based on typical methods of inventory compilation. We also described in detail the activity level and emission index calculation methods of several pollutants and greenhouse gases. Furthermore, based on the above research methods, four typical application cases were investigated, including a specific airport, the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle of a nation, the entire period with the LTO cycle and the climb–cruise–descent (CCD) phase of a country, and global emissions inventories from civil aviation. The results suggest that, in addition to quantifying the emissions of both pollutants and GHG produced by civil aviation, the selection of inventory compilation methods is likely to be important for improving aviation emission inventory accuracy and for further reducing the environmental, economic, and health impacts resulting from aviation emissions. Moreover, this paper can also provide a reference and theoretical basis for the development of aviation emission inventory compilation methods in the future.

Inventory Accounting Practices and Their Role in Financial Performance Evaluation

Inventory is a crucial asset for businesses, directly affecting their financial performance. However, despite its significance, many businesses struggle to implement inventory accounting practices in line with established standards. This study addresses the knowledge gap concerning the application of inventory accounting according to PSAK 14, focusing on Central Development Stores. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, gathering both primary and secondary data through interviews, documentation, and literature study. The findings reveal that the store employs a periodic physical inventory system and utilizes the FIFO (First In First Out) method for inventory valuation. The analysis indicates a partial compliance with PSAK 14, with a checklist percentage of 60%, highlighting areas for improvement. A notable discovery is that the store has not yet prepared financial statements, which could significantly impact its financial management practices. The novelty of this research lies in its practical evaluation of the implementation of PSAK 14 within a real business context, offering insights into common challenges. Implications suggest the necessity for the store to enhance its accounting practices to fully comply with PSAK 14, thus improving financial transparency and performance evaluation. Highlights: Partial Compliance: The store's accounting meets 60% of PSAK 14 requirements. Inventory Method: Uses Periodic system and FIFO for inventory valuation. Financial Reporting Gap: The store has not prepared financial statements yet. Keywords: Inventory, PSAK 14, Financial Performance, Inventory Valuation, Accounting Practices

Determinants of Carbon Inventory and Systematic Innovation Methods to Analyze the Strategies of Carbon Reduction: An Empirical Study of Green Lean Management in Electroplating an Factory

This study explored the relationship between lean management, carbon inventory, and carbon reduction, along with the main factors affecting factory carbon inventory and carbon reduction, and proposed a set of carbon emission reduction strategies based on green value stream mapping. An electroplating factory and its production line in Taiwan was selected. Fourteen carbon inventory records, three work circle meetings, and green value flowcharts were utilized to collect and analyze data. Furthermore, this study applied the DMAIC framework and TRIZ to solve the issue of carbon emissions. The key factor affecting factory carbon inventory and carbon reduction was found to be electricity waste, which could be reduced through energy-saving methods. After analyzing the green value stream mapping, effective carbon emission reduction can be implemented in the manufacturing process. The company was found to gradually progress towards carbon reduction after investigating seven major green wastes. This study confirms that lean management can help organizations achieve their carbon emission reduction goals and is valuable in improving the organization’s environmental performance and competitiveness.

The Impact of Green Finance on Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution: Analysis of the Role of Environmental Regulation and Rural Land Transfer

This study evaluates the impact of green finance on agricultural non-point source pollution control and emission reduction in 30 Chinese provinces from 2005 to 2022. Utilizing the entropy value method and the unit survey inventory method, the research measures the levels of green finance development and agricultural non-point source pollution. It employs a mediation effect model to empirically assess the pollution control efficacy of green finance and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its influence. The findings indicate that green finance development significantly curtails agricultural non-point source pollution emissions. This conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests. The results of mechanism analysis show that environmental regulation and land transfer are important channels for green finance to reduce agricultural non-point source pollution. However, the slowing effect of green finance is stronger in provinces where the economic development level is still in the catch-up zone. Consequently, this study suggests strengthening green finance infrastructure in rural areas, coordinating green finance and environmental regulation policies, optimizing land transfer systems to promote scale management, and developing differentiated green finance policies based on regional economic development levels. These measures aim to augment the role of green finance in pollution treatment and emission reduction, thereby optimizing the green financial system, advancing environmental protection, and fostering sustainable development in China’s agricultural sector.

Mobile laser scanning as reference for estimation of stem attributes from airborne laser scanning

The acquisition of high-quality reference data is essential for effectively modelling forest attributes. Incorporating close-range Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems into the reference data collection stage of remote sensing-based forest inventories can not only increase data collection efficiency but also increase the number of attributes measured with high quality. Therefore, we propose a model-based forest inventory method that uses reference data collected by a car-mounted mobile laser scanning (MLS) system along boreal forest roads. This approach is used for the estimation of diameter at breast height (DBH) and stem volume at the individual tree-level from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. In addition, we compare the estimates obtained using the proposed method with the ones derived from reference data collected by traditional field inventory of 265 field plots systematically distributed over the study area. The accuracy of the estimates remained comparable regardless of the reference dataset used for estimation of DBH and stem volume. When using the field inventory dataset for model training, the root mean square error (RMSE) of DBH estimates were 4.06 cm (18.8 %) for Norway spruce trees, 6.3 cm (29.6 %) for Scots pine and 8.61 cm (55.9 %) for deciduous trees. Similarly, when evaluating predictions based on the MLS dataset as reference, RMSEs were equal to 3.97 cm (18.4 %) for Norway spruce, 6.12 cm (28.8 %) for Scots pine, and 8.98 cm (58.3 %) for deciduous trees. In general, biases were below 1 cm for most species classes, with the exception of deciduous trees. The accuracy of stem volume also had RMSEs varying across different tree species. For the estimates based on traditional field inventory, the RMSEs were 0.176 m3 (38.8 %) for Norway spruce, 0.228 m3 (52.4 %) for Scots pine and 0.246 m3 (158 %) for deciduous trees. When using the MLS dataset as a reference, the RMSEs were equal to 0.176 m3 (38.8 %), 0.228 m3 (52.4 %), and 0.246 m3 (158 %) for Norway spruce, Scots pine, and deciduous trees, respectively. Car-mounted MLS demonstrated its potential as an efficient alternative for collecting reference data in remote sensing-based forest inventories, which could complement traditional methods.

Minimize Mental Workload and Fatigue of Horizontal Directional Drilling Worker Using Rating Scale Mental Effort and Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory Methods.

Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is a drilling technique that does not damage the groundsurface; the HDD process involves a stage that requires high concentration and physical skills and isoften carried out in challenging working conditions, causing mental Workload and fatigue in HDDworkers. HDD workers should be given improvements in their work methods to be safe whenworking due to being too tired or losing focus. HDDs must be monitored in real-time, which requiresworkers to get good results without errors so that workers experience workload pressure andmental fatigue. This study aims to measure and minimize mental Workload and fatigue in HDDworkers and determine improvement proposals based on the why-why diagram. Mental workloadmeasurement using the RSME method and fatigue using SOFI and why diagrams are used to findcause and effect in mental Workload and fatigue experienced by HDD workers. Based on the analysisof RSME, the scale value obtained based on six indicators of WL, WD, WP, WME, WA, and WF is 92.05,which is in the category of enormous business carried out, and the KiK indicator or fatigue gets thehighest scale value of 106.52 with the business category given is very large so that HDD workersexperience a mental workload. Mental workload and fatigue correlate. Based on the results of SOFI,the sleepiness dimension received a score of 21.83 with a high level of fatigue category. Therefore,the proposed improvement to the causal results of the Why Diagram is adding the workforce,adjusting work shifts, and monitoring and evaluating HDD workers.

Spatial Correlation of Land Use Carbon Budget Based on Social Network Analysis： A Case Study of Chongqing Metropolitan Area

Clarifying the temporal and spatial changes in the carbon budget in the Chongqing metropolitan area and exploring the spatial correlation of land use carbon budget are of great significance for realizing the regional "double carbon" goal. Using 21 districts and counties in Chongqing metropolitan area as the research scale, the IPCC inventory method, carbon emission coefficient method, Gini coefficient, gravity model, and social network analysis were used to estimate the net carbon emissions from land use in Chongqing metropolitan area from 2000 to 2020, and the spatial correlation of the carbon budget was obtained. The results revealed that： ① In the past 20 years, the carbon budget of the Chongqing metropolitan area showed an overall upward trend, with an average annual growth rate of 2.83%, and the spatial distribution was "higher in the north and south, higher in the east and west, and lower in the middle." ② During the past 20 years, the spatial difference of net carbon emissions in the Chongqing metropolitan area became highly average, and the overall Gini coefficient decreased by 11.42%, whereas the intra-group difference was the largest in key development zones. ③ In the past 20 years, the overall structure of the spatial correlation network of land use carbon budget in the Chongqing metropolitan area has become stable and complex, and the network density and network correlation number have increased by 0.43 and 180, respectively, the network correlation degree has increased to 1, and the network health degree has improved. ④ In the individual network structure of land use carbon budget in the Chongqing metropolitan area, the degree centrality of each district and county has increased, and the increase in the central urban area was the most significant, with an increase of 81, whereas the decline in intermediate centrality and proximity centrality has promoted the regional coordinated development and integration process in the metropolitan area. ⑤ In the past 20 years, the density of net carbon emissions in the Chongqing metropolitan area has increased as a whole, with the density of the core area increasing by 0.35 and the density of the core-edge area increasing by 0.34. By exploring the change and spatial correlation of land use carbon budget in the Chongqing metropolitan area, this study clarified the spatial distribution difference of carbon budget and provided support for regional green development.

Inventory Planning of Raw Materials for Furniture Products (Case Study: CV XYZ Furniture)

The burgeoning industrial sector in Indonesia has intensified competition among businesses vying for market share. The furniture industry is a prime example of this dynamic landscape. To expand their market reach, companies must demonstrate their ability to fulfill every consumer demand. Failure to meet these expectations will prompt consumers to seek alternatives. One crucial factor in meeting consumer demands is product availability, which is directly influenced by the availability of raw materials within the company. CV XYZ Furniture, a furniture company based in Padang City, exemplifies this challenge. The company produces a diverse range of furniture, primarily utilizing rattan as its raw material. However, CV XYZ Furniture currently lacks a structured inventory planning method for raw materials, resulting in excess inventory for each period. To address this issue, this research aims to establish an optimized inventory planning strategy for raw materials used in furniture production at CV XYZ Furniture. The continuous review system method serves as the foundation for this endeavor. The research outcomes encompass the determination of optimal demand quantity, reorder point, and safety stock. The implementation of the continuous review system model yielded a significant reduction in total inventory costs, amounting to Rp8,625,594 or 2.03%. It can be proven that the continuous review system model is suitable for calculating raw material inventory at CV XYZ Furniture for raw material planning in the following years.

The Utilization of Time Series Data Forecasting Techniques on Hospitals Pharmaceutical Inventory

Good inventory management is essential in the hospital industry to overcome inventory problems. Ineffective inventory prediction methods can lead to shortages or excess stock inventory. Ultimately, this can impact the budget and availability of pharmaceutical items in the hospital. Previous traditional prediction methods often show inaccuracies. This research utilizes ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) and FB Prophet methods to predict the demand for pharmaceutical items in hospitals. In an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of both methods, an experiment was conducted on five pharmaceutical items. The results showed that the ARIMA method produced better performance compared to the FB Prophet method, with the smallest error of 0.07310.

Evidence for sustainably reducing secondary pollutants in a typical industrial city in China: Co-benefit from controlling sources with high reduction potential beyond industrial process

Under China’s strict industrial control measures, the reduction of secondary pollutants (O3 and secondary organic aerosols [SOA]) and precursors (volatile organic compounds [VOCs] and NOx) caused by industrial processes has encountered bottlenecks. In this study, the net O3 formation rate (Net [O3]) in summer and the self-reaction rate between peroxy radicals (Self-Rnxs) in winter are used to characterize the formation potentials of O3 and SOA, respectively. Assuming that the precursor reduction ratio based on emission inventories is approximately equal to that based on observed concentrations, this study combines emission inventory and observation-based model (OBM) methods to indicate the potential source of secondary pollutants reduction. The findings show that strict control measures implemented by local governments, particularly those targeting industrial processes and fossil fuel combustion, are effective in reducing VOCs and NOx emissions during summer, and the two sources result in 3.8 % and 5.3 % decrease in the Net (O3), respectively. Similarly, control measures focusing on industrial processes help to significantly reduce VOCs emissions during winter, resulting in an 8.0 % decrease in Self-Rnxs. However, current measures for industrial processes are stringent and have little potential for further reduction. Therefore, additional sources with higher reduction potentials beyond industrial processes should be subject to stringent controls in industrial cities. Given the limited emission reduction potential associated with industrial processes, this study provides perspectives for sustained reduction of secondary pollutants in industrial cities.