Invention Of Printing Research Articles

Michael Clanchy. Looking Back from the Invention of Printing: Mothers and the Teaching of Reading in the Middle Ages. Turnhout: Brepols, 2018, 211 pp.

Michael Clanchy (Professor Emeritus of Medieval History at the Institute of Historical Research, University of London and Fellow of the British Academy), who is well-known for his seminal study From Memory to Written Record: England, 1066–1307 (1979; rev. 1993; Oxford, rev. 2013), has produced a new book with an original introduction that brings together six of his studies, all previously published separately in edited collections between 1983 and 2011. The book concerns a significant theme: the development of literacy in later medieval England and Europe. The chapters explore the evidence from medieval manuscripts and material culture, especially visual art, to provide support for the idea that mothers taught their children the basics of reading before taking them to school. Clanchy writes:

The Self in the Age of Design. From Human Enhancement to Machine Learning: Towards the End of the Enlightenment?

Henry Kissinger, political scientist and ex-national security advisor, twice secretary of state and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, announced, in an article published in June 2018, nothing less than the end of the Enlightenment. According to him, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the swift development of machine learning are to blame. Whereas the invention of printing in the 15th century opened the way to Enlightenment, allowing rationality to prevail over religious dogmatism, Kissinger considers ...

‘Tot eeuwige memorie de druckerye-konste’

Abstract This article explores the ways in which early modern writers and readers related to and reflected on the Chinese invention of print by way of an examination of Simon de Vries’s Curieuse aenmerckingen der bysonderste Oost en West-Indische dingen of 1682. It will consider De Vries in his ternary role of author, compiler and reader, meaning that his account not only displays the economic rules of cultural consumption to which De Vries was bound as author and compiler, but also his own opinions and preferences as reader. In the guise of writer, editor, and reader De Vries aims to present his potential readership with a thought-out consideration of the wide variety of European sources available on the subject of Chinese print, concentrating on those elements of contention that may speak for or against either Europe or China’s reputation as technological and cultural power. In the end, neither takes pride of place. By arguing for an independent invention of print, De Vries essentially put China on the same level as Europe.

OP-01 ACADEMIC PRESENTER: A NEW STORYTELLING PRESENTATION SOFTWARE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

Background: From the dawn of civilization, people have used folktales and stories to share information and knowledge. After the invention of printing in the 15th century, technology provided helpful yet complicated utilities to exchange ideas. In the present computerized world, the art of storytelling is becoming more influential through the unprecedented multimedia capabilities of computers. In this article, we introduce a state-of-the-art presentation software by which academicians can present nonlinear topics efficiently and sharpen their storytelling skills. In this study, we show how the proposed software can improve the scientific presentation style. Material-Methods: We surveyed and collected data to measure the attractiveness of proposed utility among other alternatives. Then, we compared the results by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. We also analyzed the performance of traditional and proposed methods by Methods Time Measurement (MTM-1) method. Results and Conclusion: We presents a new presentation software that facilitates delivering non-linear topics, and it is freely available. Our new software, Academic Presenter, combines the potency of slide-based presentation and canvas-based presentation properties. As well as using the strengths of both approaches, we added other essential features to our software: Mind-map, handwriting and bookmarking. Results show that academicians from different areas prefer the proposed platform to others and they can augment the presentation skills by switching between two common presentation trends based on the level of details.

Libraries, Archives, Museums

During the ancient period, Libraries, Archives and Museums had the same name, because they were the home of the Muses, but over the centuries, the three institutions have diversified. The museums display individual specimens; libraries and archives predominantly preserve and offer library objects and documents. While the manuscripts are kept, generally, in individual pieces, the books, after the invention of printing, exist in multiple copies, but there is no general bibliographic map to find specificity, duplication, or deficiencies. The digitization of works and editions of the past aggravates the problems of organization and bibliographic mapping, because it provides the sources of consultation and indexing, but ignores the imposing mass of written materials that represented the documentary basin of different ages, and who they are scattered in towns and historic European libraries.

Orders of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe

AbstractThis paper offers a brief sketch, first, of the organization of knowledge that was inherited from the Middle Ages and remained dominant in Europe around the year 1450, and in the second place, of the ways in which this organization was modified in response to the challenges of the early modern world, notably the Renaissance, the Reformation, the invention of printing and the discovery of America.

The great divergence and the economics of printing†

While China's invention of printing took place several centuries ahead of Europe's, it was in Europe where the more advanced printing technology of movable type took hold and where book production reached far higher levels. This article explores the extent to which China's complex logographic writing system explains these different outcomes. Using an economic analysis, I show how China's preference for block printing technology over movable type can be justified as the rational choice of commercial producers. In addition to this, model simulations also predict that movable type would be used in China under some specific circumstances which closely match the historical record. On the other hand, the use of block printing would not have led to larger printing costs in China, and as such should not be regarded as the reason behind China's modest level of book production when compared to Europe's.

Reading in the Dark: Lost Books, Literacy, and Fifteenth-Century German Literature

While the invention of print has often been treated as a media revolution, a reconsideration of the type and page formats of early printed books suggests considerable continuity in physical makeup, and in book markets as well, between manuscript and print. This continuity in turn suggests that recent research on lost books and missing editions, which points towards a much higher number of lost fifteenth-century editions than previously believed, is also relevant for the study of late medieval manuscripts, especially for smaller vernacular works. Shifting the perspective from the books and manuscripts that survive today to those that likely once existed compels a reconsideration of late medieval literacy and the literary context for smaller works, such as the Stricker’s Pfaffe Amis, that were printed in the fifteenth century.

Apprentissages algébriques

This first article of a series of two presents on teaching elementary algebra different standpoints, not always easy to reconcile with each other; a second article will cover activities to promote the learning of algebra. The expectations expressed by the institution on this learning are determined by the common uses of algebra in everyday or professional life, such as the introduction and use of formulas in a spreadsheet. But the results observed at the end of compulsory schooling are clearly insufficient. From a cognitive standpoint, the phased curriculum of algebra does not appear satisfactory, especially not taking into account the difference between symbolic writing and the natural language. The historical view shows, before the use of algebraic notation, the use of algorithmic processes significantly more advanced than the beginnings of algebra, so difficult to transpose in education; but it also points out that following the invention of printing, writing algebraic and relative numbers have arisen simultaneously, which deserves consideration for teaching algebra. Our analysis of the treatment required by algebraic problem solving first highlights the role of the functional designation, next to the direct designation, and the crucial importance of a commonly misunderstood operation, namely that of renaming considered objects. Then arose the fundamental semiotic distinction for analyzing the specific cognitive functioning for processing complete expressions in algebra, namely between a sign and its occurrences.

Defoe'sEssay upon Literatureand Eighteenth-Century Histories of Mediation

Questions of divine intercession and the human transmission of God's word were central to Enlightenment debates about what we would now call media. De foe's neglected Essay upon Literature begins as an argument for the divine origins of writing, but its focus on writing as God's git to humans gives way to a new kind of history, concerned with the development of human communications (oral tradition, writing systems, the invention of printing, and so on). By identifying histories of mediation, like Defoe's, as a distinct genre, we see new links between texts by such wildly diverse authors as Edward Stillingleet, William Temple, William Warburton, Adam Smith, and the Marquis de Con dorcet. Defoe's attempt to articulate an emergent area of intellectual inquiry and his understanding of literature as writing in general rather than as a subcategory of writing challenge us to think through our own generic classiications and hierarchies in the digital age.

Mindset and Approach of People of Different Origin from USA (Black& White) and India (Hindus & Muslims) on Social Networking Websites

Social networking is a phenomenon as old as the human society. Nature of networking was evolved and modified with the development of means of communication. Invention of printing and then that of wireless communication through telephone and radio were the great turning points in the history of social networking. These technological advancements helped to widen the area of social networking. Latest in this series is use of internet. Internet has different kind of impact on the nature of social networking. It not only broadens the area but also allows people to use various functions of computers to help them in networking. Language is not an ultimate barrier in communication now. Networking sites perform various functions from ‘time pass' to 'trade’. It has provided users the opportunity to present their identity as they feel comfortable. They can conceal what they want to and be free to communicate. Through these sites one can be within the safe limits and communicate too. This characteristic provides a strong possibility to assess the real psyche of people and this is our effort in proposed paper in a miniature form. Here two largest democracies of world are taken into consideration, one (USA) representing the developed and other (India) the developing nations. During the development and expansion of modern industrial system Blacks in USA and Muslims in India were somehow left (due to different factors) on the fringe. Social transformation had no desired positive impact on them. There were many decisive factors which can be stated to be liable for this situation but ultimately all of those were converted into well cast grooves in the psyche of these communities. Social networking sites give an opportunity to read these mind sets. Research paper targets on people psychology, thought process and mindset of different groups. More than 100 people’s profile of different age group, sex, race and religion from SNS Tagged are taken as sample. Data presentation is done through the tables.

“Those other Venetian book illustrations”

Although the invention of printing is credited to Gutenberg in fifteenth-century Mainz, by the end of the same century Venetian books, led by Aldus Manutius and the de Gregoriis firm, set the pace for European publications. Many were illustrated, although by anonymous designers and craftsmen, and featured decorated black borders with white highlights. Narrative scenes from such texts as Ovid and the Italian vernacular canon featured lively figure movement in persuasive settings. In 1500, Venetian woodcut production climaxed with a mural composite woodcut View of Venice, designed by Jacopo de’ Barbari but sponsored by German producer Anton Kolb, and protected by the Venetian Senate with one of the first print privileges ever granted.

The invention of news: how the world came to know about itself

Long before the invention of printing, let alone the availability of a daily newspaper, people desired to be informed. In the pre-industrial era news was gathered and shared through conversation and gossip, civic ceremony, celebration, sermons, and proclamations. The age of print brought pamphlets, edicts, ballads, journals, and the first news-sheets, expanding the news community from local to worldwide. This groundbreaking book tracks the history of news in ten countries over the course of four centuries. It evaluates the unexpected variety of ways in which information was transmitted in the premodern world as well as the impact of expanding news media on contemporary events and the lives of an ever-more-informed public. Andrew Pettegree investigates who controlled the news and who reported it; the use of news as a tool of political protest and religious reform; issues of privacy and titillation; the persistent need for news to be current and journalists trustworthy; and people's changed sense of themselves as they experienced newly opened windows on the world. By the close of the eighteenth century, Pettegree concludes, transmission of news had become so efficient and widespread that European citizens--now aware of wars, revolutions, crime, disasters, scandals, and other events--were poised to emerge as actors in the great events unfolding around them.

Gutenberg’s effects on universities

This article considers the effects on universities of Gutenberg’s invention of printing. It considers four major effects: the gradual displacement of Latin as the language of scholarship with vernacular languages, the expansion and eventual opening of libraries, major changes to curriculum, and major changes to pedagogy including lectures. The paper does not find that the ubiquity of books changed the role of university teachers as was proposed in the late fifteenth century. The paper also considers a fifth change: the eventual replacement of oral disputations with written examinations as the main form of assessment for admission to a degree. While this was radical, it owed little to the direct effects of printing. The paper concludes with brief observations on the implications of the earlier information revolution for understanding the effects on universities of the current information revolution.

Changing Agents

It issomething of atruism in the field of book history that it's easy enough to produce detailed case-studies of books and their makers and readers, but very difficult indeed to synthesise these fragments into any sort of greater whole. This is especially true now that heroic bibliographical work has yielded such wonders as the English Short Title Catalogue (ESTC). Now attention increasingly turns to interpretative questions about how books occupy their place in cultures and societies and how they do the work they do. Consensus emerges slowly from a fog of detail. In recent decades work by historians such as D. F. McKenzie and theorists such as Jerome McGann has shown us how messy the work of making books is. Books are collaborative projects shaped by the actions of many people, amongst which those of authors can be of more or less importance. Meanwhile scholars including David McKitterick and Harold Love have successfully challenged the idea that print and manuscript have always been starkly separate modes of production. We now know that that the invention of printing in Europe wasn't a moment of rupture in which manuscript circulation was rendered obsolete, but the beginning of a complex process of coexistence for printed and hand-written texts. Turning to questions of use rather than production, pioneers in the history of reading like Roger Chartier have been followed by an industrious tribe toiling to piece together the history of how different people at different times have used books in different ways. Their aim is to show us that books depend on branching networks of people and practices and that meaning blossoms from those connections. The growing popularity of e-books makes these questions particularly pressing as all sorts of readers ask whether the end of the physical book is nigh. Those who must publish or perish wonder what publishing will look like in a world of open access.

Images in the Heavens

The constellation images with their historically persistent nature and adaptability fulfil many contemporary definitions of culture. From the earliest Elamite seals of the fourth millennium to the list-maps in the first century C.E. through Ptolemy’s Almagest, the constellation images became established in western cultures. With the invention of printing and the age of the great star atlases from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries the constellation images continued to display cultural resistance by cartographers to Gothicize, Christianize, politicise or simply remove them. This resilience has shown that the constellation images are in fact a living gallery of human history with images ranging from the Palaeolithic to the modern world. Furthermore with their acceptance across a diversity of people and nations, the constellation images today represents a form of world culture, in that it constitutes a culture of humanity which is not linked by a culture of tribes, clans, nations, religions or languages.

Presencia del Cancionero Popular Infantil en la literatura española de la Edad de Oro

Margit Frenk pointed out the textual coincidences between popular and ‘traditional’ songs included in literary works from the 15 th to the 17 th Centuries and certain folk songs that have survived and are still used now or until quite recently. This encouraged the author of this paper to trace the utilization of traditional children’s songs and verses in literary works by Spanish authors of the 16 th and 17 th Centuries. These compositions occasionally date from the Middle Ages and, with the invention of printing, were recorded in writing and incorporated into educated literary works. Many of these compositions can still be found in children’s games and practices today. They have survived the passage of time though popular memory. This study looks at those popular children’s songs which have been included, either entirely or in part, in the literary works of renowned authors of the 16 th and 17 th Centuries.

The Eye of the Beholder: Artistic Sense and Craftsmanship in Eighteenth-Century Jewish Books

After the invention of printing in the fifteenth century, the Jewish world, in line with their surrounding non-Jewish worlds, quickly embraced the printed book as the most important medium for the transmission of knowledge. Nonetheless, even after the invention of printing, tens of thousands of Hebrew manuscripts were still being hand-copied, testifying to a lively, parallel writing culture. Many of these manuscripts were decorated or illustrated. One of the striking aspects of the decorated manuscripts of the eighteenth century is the enormous difference in quality of the works. Some are genuine masterpieces of scribal art in Hebrew or in Latin script, while others can be very naive and are clearly the work of amateurs. The central question in this essay, a reworked version of the author’s inaugural lecture at the University of Amsterdam, is why certain handwritten decorated Jewish books of the period look the way they look, and what this teaches us about both their makers and their patrons. It becomes clear, at least in its modern interpretation, that within the Jewish scribal tradition craftmanship was of greater importance than artistic sense. To what extent can only be understood in full when looking at larger developments within the eighteenth-century western European Jewish world.

First Steps Toward a History of Reading

Preface (2014) by Robert DarntonThe First toward a history of that I described in AJFS twenty-eight years ago have now turned into something of a stampede. They lead in many directions-so many that I cannot map them here. The excellent anthology edited by Guglielmo Cavallo and Roger Chartier, A History of Reading in the West (English edition, Polity Press, 1999) surveys much of the ground covered by the end of the century. But the twentieth century already looks like the distant past.Why so near and yet so far? The answer, in a word, or rather an acronym, is WWW: the World Wide Web, which came into existence in 1991 and has already transformed for millions of people. To be sure, we may exaggerate the change, because we are living in the middle of it. The printed codex is far from dead. In fact, more books are now being published than ever before. In 2012 the number of titles produced in the United States increased by six per cent, and the increase was much greater in developing countries such as Brazil and China. It comes in the form of books composed of printed paper, books to be read by turning pages rather than by scrolling, as the ancients had done before the invention of the codex at the beginning of the common era and as moderns do today when they read texts on computers. Having survived two thousand centuries, the codex will probably continue far into the future. And yet...Yet readers everywhere sense that is being revolutionized. They sense it through the tips of their fingers when they touch electronic screens - a Fingerspitzengefuhl unlike the tactility of books held in one's hands. They hear it with the click that takes them instantly from one text to another. They see it as they connect cursors with icons and when they search for information stored in clouds rather than libraries. The physical foundation of texts and the sensory experience of deciphering them are undergoing a transformation greater than anything since the time of Gutenberg.I think it can be called a revolution. The word is often overused. In First Steps Toward a History of Reading, I objected to its overuse in the argument, first developed by Rolf Engelsing, that a reading took place in Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. I did not dispute the importance of changes such as the increased availability of journals, magazines, and a wide variety of light literature; but they struck me as less profound than changes in many Western countries during the nineteenth century - the development of nearly universal literacy and inexpensive matter produced by new technology for a mass public. I may have lost that argument, but I find it symptomatic that ,4 History of Reading in the West, which endorses the concept of a revolution in the eighteenth century, ignored the revolution that was taking place at the time of its publication. It never mentions the Internet or the Web, not even in the final chapter on the future of reading. Has the history of failed to prepare us for comprehending the changes that occurred under our noses?We should not expect historians to be prophets. They have enough difficulty in sorting out the past. But they have identified one tendency that may help us to make sense of the current confusion. In the history of communication, they argue, one medium does not displace another, at least not in the short run. Manuscript publishing continued for centuries after the invention of printing by movable type, and similar continuities can be seen in the history of journalism, cinema and television. The sustainability of the codex in a world of computers, iPads and smart phones should not come as a surprise. Reading has become more complex and varied, not shallower and shorter. Streaming, texting, and tweeting do not signal the extinction of books and libraries. The digital is not the enemy of the analog. They live together in an environment where new possibilities constantly open up without closing off old ones. …

Processing Semitic writing systems: Introduction to a special issue ofWriting Systems Research

“Humankind is defined by language, civilization is defined by writing” (Daniels, 1996). Modern civilisation is defined by mass literacy, first made possible by the invention of printing, and today,...