Movable Type Research Articles

An Enhanced Document Source Identification System for Printer Forensic Applications based on the Boosted Quantum KNN Classifier

Document source identification in printer forensics involves determining the origin of a printed document based on characteristics such as the printer model, serial number, defects, or unique printing artifacts. This process is crucial in forensic investigations, particularly in cases involving counterfeit documents or unauthorized printing. However, consistent pattern identification across various printer types remains challenging, especially when efforts are made to alter printer-generated artifacts. Machine learning models are often used in these tasks, but selecting discriminative features while minimizing noise is essential. Traditional KNN classifiers require a careful selection of distance metrics to capture relevant printing characteristics effectively. This study proposes leveraging quantum-inspired computing to improve KNN classifiers for printer source identification, offering better accuracy even with noisy or variable printing conditions. The proposed approach uses the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) for feature extraction, which is resilient to changes in rotation and scale, making it well-suited for texture analysis. Experimental results show that the quantum-inspired KNN classifier captures subtle printing artifacts, leading to improved classification accuracy despite noise and variability.

Study of Different Types of Printed Documents and Photocopied Documents and to Estimate the Type of Printers and Photocopiers Used

The primary goal of this study is to estimate the type of the printers and photocopiers used based on their characteristics. Thus, the total number of samples is 40 in which 15 samples from 7 models of photocopiers, 15 samples from 7 models of laser printers, 10 samples from 9 models of inkjet printers. All the samples are collected from different shops and different models in the location of kirumampakkam, Pondicherry. With the help of stereo microscope, Magnifier the sample were analysed and interpreted the class characteristics between one models to another. The borders, edges, patches, ink flow, and drum marks were shown differences in one to other samples. At the end of the study we can estimate the types of printers and photocopiers used to make the document.

德川家康 소장 조선인 장서 연구 - 鄭大年·李友閔·任輔臣의 장서를 중심으로

This study aims to examine the transmission of Joseon-people books in Japan after the Imjin War(壬辰倭亂), focusing on the nature and methods of acquisition of the book collections and three individuals, by investigating the Joseon books in the possession of Tokugawa leyasu(德川家康, 1542~ 1616), who was the most powerful figure at the time and the founder of the Edo(江戶) shogunate. The books taken from Joseon during the Imjin War both influenced Japan in the 17th century and reflect the publishing culture of the 16th century. Consequently, Joseon people books hold significant scholarly value, as they shed light on the histories of both countries simultaneously. First, I surveyed the entire collection of Joseon texts held by Ieyasu and traced the movement of these works over the course of their transmission. The findings revealed that Ieyasu’s collection underwent four episodes of dispersal during his lifetime and, after his death, was passed on to Edo Castle and the Gosanke(御三家). Some of the books that were sent to Edo Castle had already been lost by the time they were checked in the 18th century; of the items transferred to the Gosanke, all, except Owarihan(尾張藩), either scattered or were destroyed. The six collections in which these books exist were set to the minimum scope of the Ieyasu collection, and the collection of Joseon people’s was confirmed through seals in the collection of books and Naesagi(內賜記) among the Joseon biographies held here. Through this, at least six Joseon people’s books were identified, and most of them were 16th-century figures. In addition, as a result of examining their book acquisition methods to the extent possible, there were many printed editions, including Naesabon(內賜本, King-bestowed copies) using movable type, and in the case of Im Bo-sin(任輔臣, ?~1558), for instance, one can see his father-in-law Yi Hoe’s(李懷, 1488~1552) owner’s seal in certain volumes, suggesting that some books were transferred to him. Furthermore, all three of these individuals held government posts; notably, the regions in which they served as local administrators sometimes match the regions recorded in the woodblock registers for 『Ko-Sa-chwal- Yo(攷事撮要)』. It is plausible that they acquired books through personal connections with Ryu Hui-chun(柳希春, 1513~1577). These findings allow not only to examine the publication and distribution of Joseon books prior to the Imjin War but also to understand how Joseon books that had been taken during the war were adopted by Japan’s ruling classes. Looking ahead, if research continues to advance and is integrated with existing scholarship, we can expect to gain an even clearer understanding of the reception and significance of Joseon books in early modern Japan.

Tailoring the Properties of 2D Nanomaterial‐Polymer Composites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Energy Storage by 3D Printing—A Review

3D‐printed 2D nanomaterials‐based polymer composites, with their exceptional electrical conductivity and structural functionalities, have become leading‐edge engineering materials for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, sensors, and energy storage applications. This review begins with a brief introduction to various types of 2D nanomaterials and their fabrication techniques, specifically different types of 3D printing. The subsequent sections highlight key factors such as rheological properties, surface tension, additives, and binders that influence the printability of 2D nanomaterials‐based polymer composites. The advancements in 2D nanomaterials‐based polymers, including MXene, graphene, and graphene derivatives, are then presented. The interaction, dispersion, and/or network formation of 2D nanomaterials in the polymer matrix is a crucial factor in determining the electrical performance of the composites. This review also discusses surface modification strategies for 2D nanomaterials to enhance their sensing, EMI shielding, and energy storage capabilities. Finally, the impact of various 3D‐printed polymer composite geometries, such as rectangular, cylinder, and circular, on shielding performance is thoroughly examined, engaging the reader in the exploration of these materials.

Manuscript Sources and Medial Transfer in the Research of Early Modern Disputations: From Administration to Exchange of Knowledge

The scholarship of early modern disputations has concentrated on printed theses, since they are one of the most common types of prints in the era. Although preserved minutes transcribing what was said while these theses were discussed are rare, this article argues that it is worth giving due consideration to such manuscript sources when it comes to researching this very topic. Endeavouring to investigate Catholic and Protestant examples from Central Europe between 1580 and 1660, I explore four areas where handwritten documents, such as university records and student notebooks, have the potential to nuance our understanding of different traditions pertaining to disputation. In comparison to the printed disputations typical for Protestant Europe, manuscripts with Catholic and Jesuit provenance reveal a different function of scholarly debates, which were less focused on the individual performance of the respondent and served more as a method of recapitulation in everyday education. Protestant examples, on the other hand, demonstrate that disputations played a distinguished role in the exchange of scientific knowledge and expertise. During the process of professors and students conveying information from their homeland to university centres and back, disputations changed medium from print to manuscript, and vice versa.

Literacy in the Time of Artificial Intelligence

AbstractThe latest mutation of Artificial Intelligence, Generative AI, is more than anything a technology of writing. It is a machine that can write. In a world‐historical frame, the significance of this cannot be understated. This is a technology in which the unnatural language of code tangles with the natural language of everyday life. Its form of writing, moreover, is multimodal, able not only to write text as conventionally understood, but also to “read” images by matching textual labels and to “write” images from textual prompts. Within the scope of this peculiarly mechanical manufacturing of writing are mathematics, actionable software procedure, and algorithm. This paper explores the consequences of Generative AI for literacy teaching and learning. In its first part, we speak theoretically and historically, suggesting that this development is perhaps as momentous for society and education as Pi Sheng's invention of moveable type and Gutenberg's printing press—and in its peculiar ways just as problematic. In the paper's second part, we go on to propose that literacy in the time of AI requires a new way to speak about itself, a revised “grammar” of sorts. In a third part, we discuss an experimental application we have developed that puts Generative AI to work in support of literacy and learning. We end with some findings and implications for literacy education and with a proposal for what we will call cyber‐social literacy learning.

Editing and Printing Hadith Literature in Nineteenth-Century India: Aḥmad ʿAlī Sahāranpūrī and the Maṭbaʿ-i Aḥmadī Press

Abstract From manuscripts to various types of printing, the production of written knowledge has undergone drastic changes since the nineteenth century. What impact did this transitionary period have on hadith manuscripts, which enjoyed a complex textual tradition spanning centuries? Through a case study of the North Indian hadith scholar Aḥmad ʿAlī Sahāranpūrī (d. 1880) and his printing press, Maṭbaʿ-i Aḥmadī, this article contributes to the burgeoning scholarship on early-modern editorial practices. Focusing on the use of lithographic printing in nineteenth-century India, this study examines how Sahāranpūrī employed editorial techniques to print hadith literature that paralleled other prolific printing hubs like Cairo while also preserving the distinctive premodern characteristics of these texts. Moreover, this article will showcase the broader editorial trends in India at the time vis-à-vis hadith literature with a focus on what set Sahāranpūrī’s work apart from that of his fellow Indian editors.

Cost‐Effective DNA Storage System with DNA Movable Type

AbstractIn the face of exponential data growth, DNA‐based storage offers a promising solution for preserving big data. However, most existing DNA storage methods, akin to traditional block printing, require costly chemical synthesis for each individual data file, adopting a sequential, one‐time‐use synthesis approach. To overcome these limitations, a novel, cost‐effective “DNA‐movable‐type storage” system, inspired by movable type printing, is introduced. This system utilizes prefabricated DNA movable types‐short, double‐stranded DNA oligonucleotides encoding specific payload, address, and checksum data. These DNA‐MTs are enzymatically ligated/assembled into cohesive sequences, termed “DNA movable type blocks,” streamlining the assembly process with the automated BISHENG‐1 DNA‐MT inkjet printer. Using BISHENG‐1, 43.7 KB of data files are successfully printed, assembled, stored, and accurately retrieved in diverse formats (text, image, audio, and video) in vitro and in vivo, using only 350 DNA‐MTs. Notably, each DNA‐MT, synthesized once (2 OD), can be used up to 10000 times, reducing costs to $122/MB—outperforming existing DNA storage methods. This innovation circumvents the need to synthesize entire DNA sequences encoding files from scratch, offering significant cost and efficiency advantages. Furthermore, it has considerable untapped potential to advance a robust DNA storage system, better meeting the extensive data storage demands of the big‐data era.

From Manuscripts to Machines: The Evolution of Book Publishing Devices

The paper discusses the publishing devices of the book throughout their transformational journey, starting from ancient manuscripts up to modern printing technologies. The study examines early printing techniques-from the laborious process of handwritten manuscripts through woodblock printing and movable type by personalities such as Bi Sheng and Johannes Gutenberg, respectively. With the invention of lithography and offset printing, mass production of books became customary in the 18th and 19th centuries and made books more publicly available. It further examines the effects of digital printing and electronic publishing in this century, which have redefined the production, distribution, and consumption of written material. It looks at the technological developments of these and how each of them has helped democratize knowledge and increased literacy rates globally.

A Study of Fit and Friction Force as a Function of the Printing Process for FFF 3D-Printed Piston–Cylinder Assembly

Current 3D printing processes for polymer material extrusion are limited in their accuracy in terms of dimension, form, and position. For precise results, post-processing is recommended, like with assembled parts such as pistons and cylinders wherein axial mobility is desired with low friction force and limited radial play. When no post-processing step of the printed parts is accomplished, the fit and the friction force behavior are strongly dependent on the process performances. This paper presents a study on parameters of significance and their effects on sliding and running fits as well as their friction forces for fused filament fabrication of such assemblies. A series of experiments were performed with multiple factors and levels, including the position or layout of printed objects, their layer thickness, the material used, the use of aligned or random seam, and the printer type. Piston–cylinder pairs were printed, measured, assembled, and tested using a tensile test frame. A mathematical model was developed to describe the oscillating friction force behavior observed. This study presents the feasibility and limitations of producing piston–cylinder assemblies with reduced play and friction when using appropriate conditions. It also provides recommendations to obtain and better control a desired running and sliding fit.

Effect of printing technology and orientation on the accuracy of three-dimensional printed retainers.

To evaluate the impact of printer technology and print orientation on the accuracy of directly printed retainers. Digital retainers were printed with two different printing technologies: digital light processing (DLP) and stereolithography (SLA), using two different orientations: 0° and 90°. After printing, the retainers (n = 40) were scanned using cone-beam computed tomography. The DICOM files were then converted into standard tessellation language (STL) files. Comparison of the printed retainers with a master file was done by superimposition using a three-dimensional (3D) best-fit tool in Geomagic software. A ±0.25 mm tolerance was set to detect differences between the superimposed files. Statistical analysis was conducted (Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests, with Bonferroni correction). The lowest median average deviation was observed for the DLP horizontally printed models (median, [interquartile range (IQR)] = 0.01 mm, [-0.01, 0.02]) followed by the SLA horizontally printed retainers (median, [IQR] = 0.05 mm, [0.03, 0.07]). The highest median inside the tolerance levels ratio was observed for the horizontally SLA printed retainers (median, [IQR] = 78.9%, [74.4, 82.4%]) followed by the horizontally DLP printed retainers (median, [IQR] = 78.2%, [74.5, 80.7%]). Both technologies (DLP and SLA) showed 3D printed results compatible with orthodontic clinical needs. Printing orientation was more important than printer type regarding its accuracy. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the accuracy of direct printed appliances clinically.

Atomic Printing Strategy Achieves Precise Anchoring of Dual-Copper Atoms on C2N Structure for Efficient CO2 Reduction to Ethylene.

Isolated metal sites catalysts (IMSCs) play crucial role in electrochemical CO2 reduction, with potential industrial applications. However, tunable synthesis strategies for IMSCs are limited. Herein, we present an atomic printing strategy that draws inspiration from the ancient Chinese "movable-type printing technology". Selecting customizable combinations of metal atoms as metal precursors from an extensive binuclear metal library. A series of dual-atom catalysts were prepared by utilizing the edge nitrogen atoms in the C2N cavity as anchoring "pincers" to capture metal atoms. To prove utility, the dual atom catalyst Cu2-C2N is investigated as electrocatalytic CO2RR catalyst. The synergistic interaction of dual Cu atoms promotes C-C coupling and guarantees FEC2+ (90.8 %) and FEC2H4. (71.7 %) at -1.10 V vs RHE. DFT calculations revealed the Cu2 site would be subtly flipped during CO2RR for enhancing *CO adsorption and dimerization. We validate that atomic printing strategies are applicable to wide range of metal combinations, representing a significant advancement in the development of IMSCs.

A Global Snapshot of 3D-Printed Buildings: Uncovering Robotic-Oriented Fabrication Strategies

This paper aims to provide a global snapshot of concrete 3D-printed buildings and to uncover robotic-oriented large-scale fabrication strategies. Therefore, an extensive internet search and literature review was carried out to investigate 3D-printed buildings. In this study, 154 construction projects with 204 buildings were systematically recorded and evaluated from 2013 up to 2023. Using an exploratory mixed-methods approach and a comparative case study analysis, a total of 88 3D-printed buildings were first evaluated descriptively. Thereafter, different existing printing strategies for in situ, on-site, and off-site production were identified, using an iterative approach. In addition to the geographical distribution, the descriptive evaluation also showed the key players as drivers for the spread of the 3D-printing technology and the correlations between printer type, fabrication strategy, and the building size. With regard to the printing strategy, three different approaches for in situ and off-site fabrication can be defined, depending on the printer types and their characteristics (work size and mobility): print-in-one-go, horizontal or vertical segmentation, and the multi-element vs. full-scaled wall strategy. However, the study showed that the data quality was sometimes difficult due to a lack of information and essential details of the printing process and segmentation.

Evaluation of wash colour strength of a printed garment with flexible filaments on 3D printers

The research aims to evaluate the solidity of the washing colour of a garment printed with flexible filaments on 3D printers. Three groups of factors have been selected: Anet A8 and M3D Crane Quad printer, temperature (49° and 71°C) and flexible filaments TPE (thermoplastic elastomer) and TPU (polyurethane thermoplastic), framed in the factorial design, type applied of 10 units per combination of factors in a total of 80 sampling units, using Girowah equipment according to the technical standard AATCC TM61-2020. The results show that the printer factors Anet A8 and M3D Crane Quad with the CIELab and CMC (2:1) discolouration system exceed 50% in both the tolerances of the value 1. About the temperature factor (49° and 71°C), which exhibits a discolouration of 1.06 in CIE94 and 1.36 in CMC, it is determined that the combination with better resistance to discolouration of solidity at washing (CIE94 - 49°C) compared to CMC (2:1) better establishes the visual and technical concordance of the solidity of colour. As regards flexible filament types: TPE and TPU, the results show us that the colour tolerance assessments (CIELab CIE94) and (CMC (2,1)) prove that the TPE filament has greater resistance to the discoloration of the 3D-printed garment at different temperatures. In conclusion, the solidity of colour washing in a printed garment with flexible filaments in a 3D printer causes discolouration by the minimum, be it the factors of printer type, filament, and temperature. There is a need for analysis with other values and it remains open to other research.

Parallel molecular data storage by printing epigenetic bits on DNA

DNA storage has shown potential to transcend current silicon-based data storage technologies in storage density, longevity and energy consumption1–3. However, writing large-scale data directly into DNA sequences by de novo synthesis remains uneconomical in time and cost4. We present an alternative, parallel strategy that enables the writing of arbitrary data on DNA using premade nucleic acids. Through self-assembly guided enzymatic methylation, epigenetic modifications, as information bits, can be introduced precisely onto universal DNA templates to enact molecular movable-type printing. By programming with a finite set of 700 DNA movable types and five templates, we achieved the synthesis-free writing of approximately 275,000 bits on an automated platform with 350 bits written per reaction. The data encoded in complex epigenetic patterns were retrieved high-throughput by nanopore sequencing, and algorithms were developed to finely resolve 240 modification patterns per sequencing reaction. With the epigenetic information bits framework, distributed and bespoke DNA storage was implemented by 60 volunteers lacking professional biolab experience. Our framework presents a new modality of DNA data storage that is parallel, programmable, stable and scalable. Such an unconventional modality opens up avenues towards practical data storage and dual-mode data functions in biomolecular systems.

FREQUENCY OF THE LIP PRINTS TYPE AMONG PASHTUN MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS OF JINNAH MEDICAL COLLEGE

Objective: To assess the frequency of lip print patterns of pashtun male and female students of Jinnah Medical College. Background: Lip prints are valuable in forensic odontology for personal identification, particularly when other evidence is unavailable. These unique, lifelong patterns vary by population and gender. This study focused on Pashtun male and female students in Peshawar to examine the frequency and distribution of lip print patterns, providing population-specific forensic data. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed lip prints of 500 Pashtun students (294 males, 206 females) at Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, aged 22-28, using convenience sampling. Participants meeting the inclusion criteria (Pashtun ethnicity, current enrollment, and consent) had their lip prints collected with frosted lipstick on bond paper. Prints were classified using Tsuchihashi & Suzuki's method. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0, with chi-square tests for gender associations. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Results: Type II lip prints were the most common (22.4%), with a higher frequency in males (59.8%) compared to females (40.1%), but the p-value (0.66) indicated no significant gender difference. Other types (I, I', III, IV, and V) showed varying frequencies, but none revealed statistically significant differences between genders. Conclusion: No significant gender differences were found in the distribution of lip print types among Pashtun students. Type II lip prints were the most prevalent, slightly more common in males. These findings suggest lip print patterns are not influenced by gender in this population.

Yue Chang and his Yao Xing Ji Yao Bian Du

Yao Xing Ji Yao Bian Du was a book on materia medica, compiled by Yue Chang, a physician in Wujin, Jiangsu, in the Qing Dynasty. This book was first published in the 23rd year of Dao Guang in the Qing Dynasty (1843) and there are three versions remaining. They were the movable-type printing of the Song Yang Study of the Tao's in 1843, the reprinted version of the Song Yang Study in the 30th year of Dao Guang (1850) , and the version of the Yi Hai Tang in the first year of Xian Feng (1851). This book involved 374 herbs, describing each of their shapes and colours, features and tastes, and meridial distribution with poems of five or seven characters, as well as their functions and prescriptions. It attached many herbs from the formulas of physicians and a 'Brief Guide of Medicine' to the poems, indicating herb features and Chinese medical culture. The book had both academic value and literature value because it integrated theories and practice. This paper examines the life of Yue Chang and his book, and clarifies the content and version sources of the Yao Xing Ji Yao Bian Du. It also corrects the mistakes of version recording to the following books: the General Catalogue of Chinese Ancient Books, the General Catalogue of Chinese Ancient Traditional Chinese Medicine Books and the Dictionary of Chinese Medical Books.

A Manual Job in a Machine Age: The Long Wait for Mechanized Typesetting

Abstract: The core technological processes of the nineteenth-century print industry—papermaking, printing, and typesetting—evolved at conspicuously different rates. While papermaking and printing mechanized in the first half of the century, commentators even toward the end of the century were perplexed that typesetting still relied on methods dating back to the origins of moveable type. This article examines why mechanical typesetting proved so elusive and argues that innovation often foundered because typesetting was complex in ways that papermaking and printing were not. Little economic or processual benefit accrued from the machines that did emerge because they did not achieve what successful mechanized typesetting required: the combination of the discreet physical and mental processes to complete the job of setting, justifying, and distributing type. Typesetting persistently defied the integration of human and machine so noticeable elsewhere in nineteenth-century industrialization more generally and in mass-produced and mass-consumed cultural forms more specifically. Only when the possibility of integration finally arrived in the 1890s following a series of engineering developments did the barriers to machine diffusion fall away. Within in a relatively short space of time typesetting humanized technology and technologized the human to the extent that it was no longer the un-mechanized poor relation to mechanized papermaking and printing.

Comparison of mechanical properties of 3D printer resins for occlusal splints using different models of 3D printers.

Considering the development of new 3D printing technologies that use different printing techniques, further studies must be conducted to evaluate the impact of different printing systems on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed materials. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties of 3D-printed materials for occlusal devices using different 3D printers and printing layer thicknesses. Ninety rectangular samples were manufactured and divided into nine groups according to the 3D printer model they were printed on (AnyCubic Mono X, Elegoo Mars 2, or FlashForge Hunter) and the layer thickness (20, 50, or 100 µm) and were subjected to superficial microhardness, flexural resistance, and elasticity modulus tests. The results were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's statistical tests, with a significance level of 5%. The type of 3D printer significantly affected superficial microhardness (p = 0.007). Flexural strength showed a significant interaction between the 3D printer and layer thickness (p = 0.005), with both factors independently influencing flexural strength (printer: p< 0.001, layer thickness: p< 0.001). Elasticity modulus was significantly influenced by the 3D printer type (p< 0.001) and the interaction between both factors (p = 0.004). The AnyCubic Mono X 3D printer with a 20 µm layer thickness exhibited more consistent mechanical properties than the other printers. Variations in printing systems and layer thicknesses can impact the mechanical properties of 3D-printed materials. Key words:CAD-CAM. Bruxism. Temporomandibular disorders. Mechanical tests; 3-D printing.Care Team.

La nascita del commercio librario in Corea

Abstract Korea boasts a rich history of printing that dates back to at least the mid-8th century AD and can even claim the oldest book printed with movable metal type. However, until the 20th century, the most common typographic technique in book production in Korea was the use of the wooden matrix. Movable wooden or metal characters were only marginally used during that time. Why did Koreans forego movable type from the 13th century onwards in favour of xylography for book production, despite the Europeans adopting the former two centuries later? In attempting to answer this question, the present article addresses the history of book circulation in Korea, which was limited and regulated by the government until the 16th century, and the emergence of the book trade with the panggakpon in the 17th century. Tracing the evolution of publishing in Korea from its inception to the early Chosŏn period, it explores the factors that gave rise to panggakpon and its affordable printing characteristics. It thus identifies the main drivers behind panggakpon, as the destruction of the national book heritage following the period of crisis during foreign invasions of Korea and the increasing demand for books from a progressively growing public of potential readers due to political, economic, social and cultural reasons from the early Chosŏn period onwards. Although government policy towards printing evolved during the middle Chosŏn period in favour of the book trade, the causes behind the emergence of panggakpon lay elsewhere. Without these factors, the State would have maintained its monopoly on book production, and panggakpon would never have materialised.