Abstract
The paper discusses the publishing devices of the book throughout their transformational journey, starting from ancient manuscripts up to modern printing technologies. The study examines early printing techniques-from the laborious process of handwritten manuscripts through woodblock printing and movable type by personalities such as Bi Sheng and Johannes Gutenberg, respectively. With the invention of lithography and offset printing, mass production of books became customary in the 18th and 19th centuries and made books more publicly available. It further examines the effects of digital printing and electronic publishing in this century, which have redefined the production, distribution, and consumption of written material. It looks at the technological developments of these and how each of them has helped democratize knowledge and increased literacy rates globally.
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