Invasive Removal Research Articles

Assessing the Acceptability of Less Invasive Caries Removal Techniques for treating Deep Carious Lesions: A Conjoint Survey among Dentists Practicing in a Midwestern American State

This study identified factors that influence dentists’ decisions regarding less invasive caries removal techniques such as stepwise removal (SW) and selective removal (SE) using a marketing research technique, conjoint analysis. A survey was sent to 1,434 dentists practicing in Iowa. Dentists were randomly assigned to receive a questionnaire to rate the likelihood they would use either SW/SE in hypothetical clinical scenarios. The scenarios were carefully created by conjoint design and included three relevant attributes: depth of lesion, hardness of carious dentin, and patient age. Descriptive and conjoint analyses were performed to assess trade-offs between these attributes, using SPSS. The study revealed that depth of lesion was the most important factor in the dentists’ decisions (49 importance value) when choosing a SW to treat a deep carious lesion, followed by hardness of carious dentin and patient age (21 importance value). For the SE group, depth of the lesion was also the predominant factor when selecting a treatment. The study also identified that a high proportion of dentists (24.9%) indicated they would never consider using SW or SE under any circumstances. Our survey showed that depth of lesion was the most important reason to select a less invasive caries removal method. The high proportion of dentists indicating they would never consider selective caries removal (SE) techniques suggests that these less invasive options are underutilized.

Slow soil enzyme recovery following invasive tree removal through gradual changes in bacterial and fungal communities

Abstract Biological invasions of plants have profound effects on ecosystem functioning by directly and indirectly altering soil microbiota, especially when invasive plants co‐invade with their associated microbiomes. Ecosystem functions may recover slowly following invader removal, with implications for restoration. We investigated the recovery of soil ecosystem function (measured as soil enzymes) following the removal, at different densities and times, of invasive Pinus spp. in New Zealand, and how different enzymatic activities responded to pine legacies. Enzymatic activities were driven by pine legacies via both abiotic (soil nutrients) and biotic (fungi and bacteria) soil properties, with different enzymes showing distinct patterns. The activity of the enzymes cellobiohydrolase (cellulose degrading), β‐glucosidase (cellulose degrading), N‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase (chitin degrading), laccase (lignin oxidising) and acid phosphatase (organic phosphate hydrolysing) were influenced by time since pine removal and by pine density at removal via effects on biotic communities. In comparison, Mn‐peroxidase (lignin oxidising) was positively correlated with density of pines at removal and was negatively correlated with time since removal and was only influenced by fungal communities. Synthesis. The recovery of soil enzymatic function following invasive species removal is slow and dependent on pine legacies through the gradual changes in fungal and bacterial communities. The cascading effects of these changes suggest potential implications for the success of future plant establishment and restoration of co‐invaded ecosystems.

Neuroendoscopy: intraventricular and skull base tumor resection in children.

During the last 30years, the neurosurgeons have witnessed a revolution in the practice of interventricular surgery. The advent of neuroendoscopy at the end of the 1980s has allowed a minimally invasive management of a very large series of pathologies in pediatric neurosurgery ranging from hydrocephalus to arachnoid cyst to intraventricular tumors. The progresses in the management of hydrocephalus, intracranial cyst, and the fluid filled collection nevertheless has been more rapid and radical due to the simpler equipment that is necessary to perform this kind of surgery. The intraventricular tumors instead have been addressed in a slower way, and for many years, the only endoscopic procedure that was allowed on interventricular tumors was a biopsy associated with the management of hydrocephalus. Only very small tumors have been considered operable for complete removal during many years due to the limitations of the neuroendoscopic equipment and to the small calibers of the working channel. More recently, the advent of new devices and new surgical techniques are offering new perspectives on the possibility of intraventricular tumor surgery in children. In this review, we describe the historical perspective of the learning curve of intraventricular tumor surgery under neuroendoscopic control and try to offer a view of the future perspective in the removal of larger intraventricular tumors, analyzing the main indications for intraventricular endoscopic tumor surgery. We offer as well an historical perspective of the evolution of skull base surgery and endonasal transsphenoidal approach for skull-based tumors in children. This kind of surgery that has acquired widespread acceptance for many pathologies in adult age has diffused more slowly in pediatric neurosurgery due to the anatomical limitation observed in these age range. Also in this field, the slow evolution of the technique and of the technology available to neurosurgeons has allowed a very significant expansion of indication for the minimally invasive removal of skull base tumors in children.

Minimally Invasive Venovenous Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal: How I do it?

Minimally Invasive Venovenous Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal: How I do it?

Development of a zinc chloride-based chemo-mechanical system for potential minimally invasive dental caries removal system

Background/purposeThe chemo-mechanical caries-removal technique is known to offer advantages of selective dentin caries treatment while leaving healthy dental tissues intact. However, current sodium hypochlorite based reagents usually excessively damage dentin collagen. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a novel chemo-mechanical caries-removal system to preserve the collagen network for subsequent prosthetic restorations. Materials and methodsThe calfskin-derived collagen was chosen as a model system to investigate the dissolution behavior of collagen under different operating conditions of chemical-ultrasonic treatment systems. The molecular weight, triple-helix structure, the morphology, and functional group of collagen after treatment were investigated. ResultsVarious concentrations of sodium hypochlorite or zinc chloride together with ultrasonic machinery were chosen to investigate. The outcomes of circular dichroism (CD) spectra demonstrated stability of the triple-helix structure after treatment of a zinc chloride solution. In addition, two apparent bands at molecular weights (MWs) of 130 and 121 kDa evidenced the stability of collagen network. The positive 222 nm and 195 nm negative CD absorption band indicated the existence of a triple-helix structure for type I collagen. The preservation of the morphology and functional group of the collagen network on the etched dentin surface were investigated by in vitro dentin decalcification model. ConclusionUnlike NaOCl, the 5 wt% zinc chloride solution combined with ultra-sonication showed dissolution rather than denature as well as degradation of the dentin collagen network. Additional in vivo evaluations are needed to verify its usefulness in clinical applications.

Timing of invasive species removal influences nonnative biotic resistance and trajectories of community reassembly

Abstract As biological invasions increasingly threaten biodiversity, the removal of invasive nonnative species emerges as a possibility to recover the structure and function of native communities. Yet, we have limited knowledge of how communities assemble after nonnative removals. Since most ecosystems are invaded by multiple nonnative species, the impact of their removal likely depends on the interactions among nonnative species which, in turn, are contingent on the environmental context in which they occur. We evaluated the community assembly after the targeted removal of two highly invasive shrubs, Sweetbriar rose (Rosa rubiginosa) and Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius). The removal was performed at two different times in the growing season (early or late removal) in field and mesocosm communities. In search of general patterns across species, we modelled species responses as a function of their origin (i.e. native/nonnative) and functional traits. We found evidence for negative and asymmetric interactions between dominant invasive species that translated into changes in the abundances of the rest of the species in the community. Depending on the identity of the removed species, the removal of invasive species affected community assembly by promoting other nonnative species or hindering the performance of native species. These effects were modulated by the timing of removal and did not depend on leaf or seed traits. Synthesis. Accounting for nonnative interactions and their temporal dependency should improve our inferences about assembly processes and the effectiveness of nonnative removal aimed at reducing the accumulation of nonnatives.

Neodymium magnets migrated into an internal supravesical hernia: a rare case of foreign body ingestion in children

BackgroundForeign body (FB) ingestion is a common event in children. The management of the ingested FB depends on the location, type, number, size of the FBs, patient age, and symptoms. Although most FBs pass spontaneously through the gastrointestinal tract without causing serious injuries, the ingestion of multiple high-powered magnetic pieces, especially neodymium magnets (NMs) increases the risks of morbidity and mortality. Supravesical hernia (SH) is rarely occurs in children, and few studies have reported SH in pediatric patients. We report an extremely rare case of ingested NMs that migrated into an internal SH in a pediatric patient.Case presentationA 3-year-old boy who had accidentally swallowed two NMs 3 days ago presented with vomiting and lower abdominal pain. X-ray imaging and computed tomography (CT) suspected the presence of a 1.0-cm radiopaque FB located in the terminal ileum dorsal side of the bladder. Although his abdominal pain was gradually getting better after oral feeding, repeat abdominal X-ray imaging showed that the FB was in a stagnant in position. Therefore, surgical intervention was planned to remove the FB 1 week after his admission. Under general anesthesia, laparoscopic and fluoroscopic examinations were performed and the cecum was found adhered to the retroperitoneum between the right medial umbilical fold and the right wall of the urinary bladder. The FB was presumed to be located at the tip of the incarcerated cecum in the retroperitoneal space. Peritoneum incision was started near the medial inguinal fossa, and the Retzius space was opened in a manner similar to the transabdominal pre-peritoneal approach for inguinal hernia repair. Consequently, the patient was diagnosed with internal SH with FB migration. The incarcerated cecum was pulled out, which revealed intestinal wall perforation. The FB remained in the retroperitoneal space in the pelvic cavity. The FB was easily removed using intestinal forceps and identified as combined two NMs. The postoperative course was good, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 5.ConclusionsWe experienced an extremely rare case of a pediatric patient who swallowed multiple NMs that migrated into an internal SH, and the laparoscopic minimally invasive removal was successful.

Experience with augmented reality technology in the surgical treatment of a patient with encapsulated metal foreign bodies of lower extremities

ABSTRACT. This paper presents the experience of using augmented reality (AR) technology in the surgical treatment of a patient with encapsulated foreign bodies in the lower extremities. The study aims to test a previously developed algorithm for implementing AR technology in surgery and assess its effectiveness in treating patients with encapsulated foreign bodies. The study was conducted by a multidisciplinary team, comprising the Department of Naval Surgery of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy and the Technical University named after Peter the Great. The medical and technical aspects involved an AR hardware and software package, including a personal computer and Microsoft Hololens II AR glasses. An invasive fixation system was also developed, incorporating a threaded pin used as an X-ray contrast mark with a seat for attaching special markers. The clinical part of the study involved observing and subsequently removing encapsulated foreign bodies in a patient who received inpatient treatment at the clinic of the Department of Naval Surgery in October 2022. Overall, AR technology demonstrated the potential for performing minimally invasive removal of encapsulated foreign bodies in limbs. The detailed visualization provided by AR allowed for determining optimal operative access, the volume of the upcoming operation, and the exact position, skeletotopy, and syntopia of the foreign body during the preoperative stage. Consequently, various intervention options could be digitally simulated. The use of AR technology facilitated intraoperative navigation, enhancing the safety and efficiency of the operation. Thus, AR technology has proven to be a minimally invasive, safe, and effective tool in surgical treatment. However, several unresolved issues require further research.

Treatment strategies for orbital gas-producing necrotizing fasciitis secondary to odontogenic maxillary sinusitis: Technical notes

This paper presents treatment strategies for orbital necrotizing fasciitis (NF) in a case of a 33-year-old male diagnosed with orbital NF, which developed after dental root canal treatment. Although orbital NF is rare, it is rapidly progressive and can easily lead to the loss of tissue and visual function, sometimes to a life-threatening extent. Prompt and adequate treatment has been a challenge yet remains quite essential. In addition to the conventional approach to NF, such as immediate antibiotic administration and drainage, orbital NF patients like this case were often treated by incorporating additional steps, which include: 1) performing minimally invasive but adequate removal of necrotic tissue through intraoperative use of ultrasound equipment and postoperative use of proteolytic enzyme-containing ointment for chemical debridement; 2) managing intraorbital pressure by lateral cantholysis and orbital floor removal (decompression); and 3) maintaining the aerobic conditions of the wound after surgical drainage via orbital wall removal. Thus far, satisfactory results in patients with extensive NF of the orbit, including the presented case, were achieved with regards to preserving periorbital tissues, vision, and ocular motility through a multidisciplinary approach. These should be considered as optional means of preserving the orbital tissue and visual function.

Minimally Invasive Removal of Leukotrichia and Hair Transplantation: A 2-Step Surgery in the Treatment of Stable Follicular Vitiligo.

Follicular vitiligo is a distinct subtype of vitiligo characterized by the selective destruction of the follicular melanocytic reservoir. Treatment of follicular vitiligo-associated leukotrichia has always been a clinical challenge. Twenty participants (mean age, 29 years) with stable follicular vitiligo were recruited between 2020 and 2021 for 2-stage surgery. In stage 1, an incision around the vitiligo lesion was performed to subcutaneously dissect and scrape the leukotrichia. In stage 2, healthy follicles obtained from the occipital donor site were transplanted into the vitiligo area. Follow-up examinations were conducted for 1 year postoperatively using a camera and dermatoscope to observe the growth rate, color, and surviving number of the transplanted hairs. Patient satisfaction was recorded to evaluate the potential surgical improvement. The transplanted hair grew with natural texture, as expected. The average survival rate of the transplanted hair follicles was 93.8%. No recurrence of leukotrichia was observed in the recipient area. No complications were observed, and the postoperative scars in the recipient area were entirely covered by black hair. All patients were satisfied with their resulting appearance. Minimally invasive removal of leukotrichia combined with hair transplantation might be an appropriate surgical option for stable follicular vitiligo to create natural and stable pigmented hair. Therapeutic, IV.

ID: 217339 Minimally Invasive Finding and Removal of an Injectrode in Hydrogel and Chronic Preclinical Models

In developing a neuromodulation device that is intuitive for clinicians and safe for patients, one main challenge is to provide a simple and reliable procedure for device removal. Neurostimulators are always removed at the conclusion of their trial periods and are commonly removed for lead placement revisions or due to complications such as infection or migration resulting in loss of function. Current neurostimulators have limiting design features that complicate the removal procedure.1,2 Here, we demonstrate that an Injectrode, a helical wire rope structure electrode, exhibits properties that allow for removal from the body easily, quickly, and completely.

Successful translocation of Newell’s Shearwaters and Hawaiian Petrels to create a new, predator free breeding colony

Newell’s Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis newelli; NESH) and Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis; HAPE) are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and have declined by 94% and 78%, respectively, since 1993 due to habitat degradation, predation by introduced predators, collisions with powerlines and light attraction. Given the challenges in protecting nesting birds in their rugged montane habitats, it has long been desirable to create populations of both species in more accessible locations that offer a higher level of protection. We translocated 110 HAPE and 86 NESH chicks over a six-year period from 2015-2020 to a 2.5-ha predator-free enclosure on Kaua`i, Hawai`i. In addition to invasive plant removal and native plant out-planting, we installed 76 artificial burrows to provide nesting sites. Chicks were tube fed 1-20% of their body weight daily in the form of a slurry comprised of squid, fish, salmon oil, and Pedialyte. All NESH and 96% (N=106) of HAPE survived to fledging. Eight HAPE, including three breeding pairs, and one NESH have returned as adults to the translocation site and HAPE have bred at the site, resulting in the first predator-free breeding colony of this species.

Endoscopic-assisted Surgical Removal of Infected Interosseous Wires 40 Years After Mandibular Surgery.

We demonstrate a highly reliable minimally invasive treatment for removal of residual wire from the mandible. The patient was a 55-year-old Japanese man who was referred to our department for a fistula in his submental area. The patient had undergone open reduction and fixation with wires for mandibular fractures (left parasymphysis, right angle fracture) more than 40 years prior and mandibular tooth extraction and drainage 6 months prior. Minimally invasive endoscopy-assisted wire removal surgery was performed under general anesthesia with good visualization in a narrow surgical field. Bone resection was minimized using an ultrasonic cutting instrument with a wide choice of tip shapes. The use of endoscopy with ultrasonic cutting tools makes it possible to effectively utilize narrow surgical fields with a small skin incision and minimal bone cutting. The advantages and disadvantages of the newer endoscopic systems in oral and maxillofacial surgical units are discussed.

Using transfixion irrigation with negative pressure drainage (TINPD) minimally invasive to manage infratemporal fossa (ITF) abscess.

The treatment of abscess in the infratemporal space is still controversial and bedside and operative intraoral drainage is often used to resolve the abscess. However, it can be difficult to control the infection quickly.[1] In this report, the authors present a new technique of using transfixion irrigation with negative pressure drainage for minimally invasive management of infratemporal fossa abscess. A 45-year-old man with type 2 diabetes complained of painful swelling and trismus in the right lower facial region for 10 days. The patient was weak, with mild anxiety, and gradually aggravated. The patient was misdiagnosed and received dental pulp treatment for the right mandibular first molar and was given oral cefradine capsules (500 mg 3 times per day). Computed tomography scan and puncture revealed an abscess in the infratemporal fossa. The authors used transfixion irrigation with negative pressure drainage from different directions to reach the abscess cavity. Saline solution was infused through 1 tube and allowed to flow out through the other tube to flush out the pus and debris from the abscess. On day 9, the drainage tube was removed and the patient was discharged. One week later, the patient was followed up in the outpatient clinic and the impacted mandibular third molar was removed. This technique is less invasive and leads to faster recovery times and fewer complications. The report highlights the importance of proper preoperative evaluation, using a thoracic drainage tube as soon as possible, and continuous flushing. A double-lumen drainage tube with a suitable diameter and combined flushing should be designed for future reference. Moreover, the use of drugs can effectively eliminate emboli formation, allowing for faster and more minimally invasive control and removal of the infection.[2].

Impact of management practices on the tropical riverine grasslands of Brahmaputra floodplains: Implications for conservation

Globally, the conservation value of tropical grasslands, unlike tropical forests, is underappreciated, and their degradation is widespread. Conservation of this vulnerable ecosystem requires scientifically validated management strategies. The present study examines the impact of flooding, herbivory, and other management practices on the riverine grasslands of Brahmaputra floodplains of Assam, India, for devising effective conservation strategies. Inundation period-based unsupervised classification was used to derive the types and extent of grasslands viz., short (SG) and tall (TG). Subsequently, the data on vegetation composition and nutrient status viz., soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), was collected from inside and outside of 15 exclosures that were subjected to different management regimes, including grazing (freely accessed by mega- and meso-herbivores), ungrazed (not accessed by mega- and meso-herbivores), ungrazed with controlled burning and ungrazed with invasive removal. A total of 1152 plots were monitored for two-year, from January 2014 to December 2015. The results of the study revealed that the areas inundated for a longer duration were dominated by SG and had higher species diversity, while areas inundated for the shorter duration were dominated by TG and had low species diversity. We further observed that grazing exclusion promoted heterogeneity, woody and invasive growth, and soil nutrient content. Burning and invasive removal reduced woody and invasive growth and enhanced soil nutrient conditions. Grazing and burning decreased heterogeneity, while invasive removal increased heterogeneity. Alteration of the flooding regime due to reduced water availability may affect the ratio of SG and TG extent in the long run, which may alter the vegetation composition and the productivity of these grasslands. We recommend short-term rotational grazing for SG and long-term for TG to promote heterogeneity and soil quality. Controlled burning can be carried out in dry and invaded areas post uprooting of invasives to mitigate the effect of succession.

How to use X-ray templating to guide minimally invasive screw removal.

A How to Do It article describing the use of X-ray templating to guide minimally invasive surgical screw removal. By calibrating X-ray measurements using the screw itself as a template marker, we propose a method to reduce incision size and operative time to minimise the risks associated with screw removal.

Early Minimally Invasive Removal of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ENRICH): Study protocol for a multi-centered two-arm randomized adaptive trial.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a potentially devastating condition with elevated early mortality rates, poor functional outcomes, and high costs of care. Standard of care involves intensive supportive therapy to prevent secondary injury. To date, there is no randomized control study demonstrating benefit of early evacuation of supratentorial ICH. The Early Minimally Invasive Removal of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ENRICH) Trial was designed to evaluate the minimally invasive trans-sulcal parafascicular surgery (MIPS) approach, a technique for safe access to deep brain structures and ICH removal using the BrainPath® and Myriad® devices (NICO Corporation, Indianapolis, IN). ENRICH is a multi-centered, two-arm, randomized, adaptive comparative-effectiveness study, where patients are block randomized by ICH location and Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) to early ICH evacuation using MIPS plus standard guideline-based management vs. standard management alone to determine if MIPS results in improved outcomes defined by the utility-weighted modified Rankin score (UWmRS) at 180 days as the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints include clinical and economic outcomes of MIPS using cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The inclusion and exclusion criteria aim to capture a broad group of patients with high risk of significant morbidity and mortality to determine optimal treatment strategy. ENRICH will result in improved understanding of the benefit of MIPS for both lobar and deep ICH affecting the basal ganglia. The ongoing study will lead to Level-I evidence to guide clinicians treatment options in the management of acute treatment of ICH. This study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02880878).

Preliminary results of minimally invasive stereotaxic surgery of intraparenchymal hematomas at the Hospital of Mali (23 cases)

Introduction: Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a rupture of blood vessels in the brain parenchyma, in the absence of any underlying structural vascular lesion. It’s destructive and associated with a high mortality rate. There is a specific threshold of hematoma evacuation to impact mortality or functional outcome in ICH even the curative effect of minimally invasive hematoma removal for cerebral haemorrhage has not been fully recognized worldwide. We aim to evaluate surgical performance on hematoma volume and functional outcomes of patients. Methods: This study is a retrospective and observational clinical study. A total of 30 ICH patients were treated in the Department of neurosurgery at the Hospital of Mali from December 2019 to November 2020. Minimal invasive puncture hematoma removal was performed in all the patients. The modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to assess functional outcomes at 6 months and one year of surgery. Was considered poor functional outcome mRS >3. The percentages (%) of the count data were assessed by Fisher’s exact test by SPSS 23.0 software was used. Results: A total of 23 ICH patients met the inclusion criteria, the mean was 47,78 years. Among the risk factors, the HTA is present in 91,3% of patients. The evacuation was satisfactory in 91.30% of cases. Conclusion: This first study of minimally invasive stereotaxic for ICH evacuation must be followed up and encouraged. Even if the results are satisfactory, a double-blind study is required in the largest sample.

Wirelessly powered deformable electronic stent for noninvasive electrical stimulation of lower esophageal sphincter

Electrical stimulation is a promising method to modulate gastrointestinal disorders. However, conventional stimulators need invasive implantation and removal surgeries associated with risks of infection and secondary injuries. Here, we report a battery-free and deformable electronic esophageal stent for wireless stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter in a noninvasive fashion. The stent consists of an elastic receiver antenna infilled with liquid metal (eutectic gallium-indium), a superelastic nitinol stent skeleton, and a stretchable pulse generator that jointly enables 150% axial elongation and 50% radial compression for transoral delivery through the narrow esophagus. The compliant stent adaptive to the dynamic environment of the esophagus can wirelessly harvest energy through deep tissue. Continuous electrical stimulations delivered by the stent in vivo using pig models significantly increase the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. The electronic stent provides a noninvasive platform for bioelectronic therapies in the gastrointestinal tract without the need for open surgery.

Rodents and reptiles as bioindicators for assessing coastal dune restoration success following invasive acacia removal

Although there is adequate knowledge on restoring many invaded habitats, information regarding faunal recovery is still lacking, particularly regarding sandy coastal ecosystems. An important challenge for assessing restoration effectiveness is the selection of an appropriate bioindicator. The current study examined the recovery of psammophilic rodents and reptiles following the removal of Acacia saligna from Mediterranean coastal dunes. Rodents and reptiles were monitored for 3 years after the tree removal. Rodent sampling included live trapping; reptile sampling included pitfall traps, track transect trails and transect walks (daylight and dark). Removing the invasive plants improved the recovery conditions for psammophilic reptiles and rodents, including endemic and threatened species. However, reptiles differ from rodents in their physiological and behavioral mechanisms, including thermoregulation, diet and territorial behavior, allowing them to respond to habitat changes quicker than rodents. Within the reptile group, faster recovery was observed for nonterritorial species than for territorial species. It is necessary to consider the suitable taxa, method, and time for evaluation of habitat recovery. Our study demonstrates that monitoring reptiles by combining three methods (1) pitfall traps, (2) track transect trails, and (3) transect walks during daylight and dark provides a more complete picture, which is difficult to achieve from a single method. Furthermore, in the case of invasive transformer plants such as A. saligna, which cause long‐term effects, we conclude that monitoring both taxonomic groups is advantageous, as this provides a more reliable picture of ecological functioning and faunistic recovery (compared to monitoring only one of the taxa).