Space Invasion Research Articles

Occult endometrial cancer in women undergoing hysterectomy for benign indications: a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary hospital in China.

To evaluate the feasibility of further reducing the incidence of occult endometrial cancer in women undergoing hysterectomy for benign gynecological indications. Patients who underwent hysterectomies for presumed benign gynecologic conditions at Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively identified. Patients with occult endometrial cancer, which was defined as endometrial cancer diagnosed on postoperative histopathology with no preoperative confirmed malignancy, were selected. 24/7558 (0.32%; 95% CI 0.20-0.47%) patients undergoing hysterectomy for benign indications had occult endometrial cancer. Asymptomatic patients with normal endometrial imaging all tended to have favorable pathology. Heavy menstrual bleeding was the most overlooked AUB pattern in the premenopausal group. In the postmenopausal group, all the patients with serous adenocarcinoma or G3 endometrioid adenocarcinoma histology/stage T1b disease/LVSI space invasion had a history of persistent or recurrent PMB ≥ 6months and/or an intracavitary lesion > 20mm in diameter. 3/4 of the samples of the postmenopausal patients did not have adequate endometrium for evaluation. To further reduce the incidence of occult endometrial cancer, physicians should focus on the patient's bleeding pattern and actively implement endometrial sampling whenever indicated. Transvaginal ultrasonography is a valuable preoperative evaluation. Hysteroscopy with directed biopsy is the preferred procedure in postmenopausal patients.

Context-dependent environmental associations with endometrial cancer histotype and genotype

ObjectiveMLH1 loss due to MLH1 methylation, detected during Lynch syndrome screening, is one of the most common molecular changes in endometrial cancer. It is well established that environmental influences such...

Analysis of water invasion effect and development scheme design for deep water HHT gas reservoir: A case study of LS25 gas field

Based on the South China Sea deepwater high temperature and high pressure gas reservoir LS25 gas field, 3D geological model and a numerical reservoir model of LS25 gas field are established. Through numerical simulation of gas reservoir production, quantitative analysis of water invasion characteristics of 11 wells has been completed. The whole process of water invasion in space is as follows: bottom water conies in the early stage, forming water cone shape, the scale of the water body to the ridge increases, and the horizontal section completely emerges. Through comparative study, it is concluded that the combined water control technology of variable density screen pipe has the best water control effect. According to the prediction and analysis of the final production plan of variable density technology, it can prolong the water-free gas production period of the gas reservoir by 0.7 years, prolong the total production time by 1.9 years, increase the gas production by 1.9×108m3, and increase the recovery factor by 10.5% compared with that without water control measures. The research results are aimed to establish an optimal water control development model for buried hill gas reservoirs, and provide a good technical support for reasonable and scientific water control research of horizontal wells in offshore buried hill fractured gas reservoirs.

Role of postoperative chemoradiotherapy in head and neck cancer without positive margins or extracapsular extension: a propensity score-matching analysis

BackgroundThe aim of this work was to determine whether patients with intermediate-risk head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) can benefit from postoperative chemoradiotherapy (POCRT).MethodsPatients without extracapsular extension (ECE) or positive margins (PMs) who received POCRT or postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) at our center were retrospectively (December 2009 to October 2018) included for analysis, in particular, using a propensity score-matching method.ResultsAfter matching, 264 patients were enrolled, including 142 (41.2%) patients with pT3-4, 136 (38.3%) patients with pN2-3, 68 (21.1%) patients with perineural invasion, and 45 (12.8%) patients with lymphatic/vascular space invasion. With a median follow-up of 52 months, 3-year overall survival (OS), locoregional relapse-free survival (LRFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 72.4%, 79.3%, 83.5% and 62.5%, respectively. pN2-3 was an independent risk factor for OS (p < 0.001), DFS (p < 0.001), LRFS (p < 0.001) and DMFS (p = 0.002), while pT3-4 was a poor prognostic factor for DMFS (p = 0.005). Overall, patients receiving POCRT had no significant differences from those receiving PORT in OS (p = 0.062), DFS (p = 0.288), LRFS (p = 0.076) or DMFS (p = 0.692). But notably, patients with pN2-3 achieved better outcomes from POCRT than PORT in 3-year OS (p = 0.050, 63.9% vs. 47.9%) and LRFS (p = 0.019, 74.6% vs. 54.9%). And patients with pT3-4 also had higher 3-year LRFS (p = 0.014, 88.5% vs. 69.1%) if receiving POCRT.ConclusionsAmong all intermediate-risk pathological features, pN2-3 and pT3-4 were independent unfavorable prognostic factors for patients with HNSCC without PMs or ECE. POCRT can improve the survival outcomes of patients with pN2-3 or pT3-4.

Adjuvant therapy in women with early stage uterine serous carcinoma: A multi-institutional study

ObjectiveUterine serous carcinoma is a rare but aggressive subtype of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Our objective was to compare adjuvant treatment strategies for patients with early stage uterine serous carcinoma. MethodsThis multi-institutional, retrospective cohort study evaluated patients with early stage uterine serous carcinoma. Patients with FIGO Stage IA-II disease after surgery, whose tumors had serous or any mixed serous/non-serous histology were included. Patients with carcinosarcoma were excluded. Clinical data were abstracted from local medical records. Summary statistics, Fisher's exact, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze demographic and clinical characteristics. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed for recurrence-free and overall survival. ResultsThere were 737 patients included. Most patients had Stage IA disease (75%), 49% of which had no myometrial invasion. Only 164 (24%) tumors had lymphatic/vascular space invasion. Adjuvant treatment varied: 22% received no adjuvant therapy, 17% had chemotherapy alone, 19% had cuff brachytherapy, 35% had cuff brachytherapy with chemotherapy, and 6% underwent pelvic radiation. Adjuvant treatment was significantly associated with a decreased risk of recurrence (p = 0.04). Compared with no adjuvant therapy, patients who received brachytherapy or brachytherapy/chemotherapy had improved recurrence-free survival (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.40–0.86; HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.49–0.88, respectively) and overall survival (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.35–0.79; HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.35–0.69, respectively). Improved survival with brachytherapy and brachytherapy/chemotherapy persisted on multivariable analyses. Chemotherapy alone was also associated with improved overall survival compared with no adjuvant treatment (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.37–0.81). ConclusionsAdjuvant therapy was associated with a decreased risk of recurrence relative to observation alone. Adjuvant cuff brachytherapy with and without chemotherapy was associated with improved survival outcomes in patients with early stage uterine serous carcinoma.

Adjuvant treatment in early-stage endometrial cancer: context-dependent impact of somatic CTNNB1 mutation on recurrence-free survival

ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study was to determine whether women whose tumors harbor a somatic CTNNB1 mutation have longer recurrence-free survival if they receive traditional adjuvant therapy strategies compared...

Aesthetic and functional rehabilitation in a patient with anterior skeletal open bite using lithium dissilicate glass-reinforced ceramic: a case report

The aim of this clinical report is to present the replacement of unsatisfactory metal-ceramic crowns of elements 12, 11, 21 and 22, by lithium disilicate glass-reinforced ceramic crowns in a patient with skeletal anterior open bite. A patient sought care at the Dental Hospital at the School of Dentistry of UFU, complaining of odor between the metal-ceramic crowns of the antero-superior teeth. After clinical and radiographic examination, invasion of the biological space was noticed, surgery was indicated in order to restore the biological space. After healing, the pre-existing cast metal posts were masked using an opaque composite resin and the teeth were reprepared for full all-ceramic crowns. Impressions were taken in two steps, using PVS associated to retraction cords. The ceramic copings were obtained in lithium disilicate ceramic, and the veneering was performed by stratification. After testing the ceramics crowns in relation to, fit, function and aesthetic results, cementation was completed using modified absolute isolation, followed by prophylaxis of preparations with pumice and saline, surface treatment of the ceramic restorations and luting using self-adhesive resin cement. Finally, an occlusal splint was produced to control the effects of bruxism and orofacial pain symptoms. The anterior open skeletal bite was a challenging factor for the rehabilitation of this patient; however, one must consider the entire process that the patient would undergo if choosing for orthognathic surgery, and the patient should be aware of the case limitations. In addition, the use of lithium disilicate glass-reinforced ceramics proved the versatility of this material for anterior aesthetic restorations.

TAMI-52. NEURONAL MECHANISMS OF BRAIN TUMOR INVASION

Abstract Incurable gliomas are characterized by their infiltration into the whole brain. Recently, we described tumor microtubes as a novel structure contributing to glioma cell invasion and uncovered synaptic contacts on glioma cells that drive brain tumour progression. However, the exact effects of neuronal activity on glioma cell motility are yet unclear. Here, we show how a recently described neuronal-like cellular transcription state of glioblastoma cells is correlated to glioma cell invasion in vivo. To unravel the details of neuronal features of glioma invasion in space and time, we established a novel approach of intravital imaging for brain tumor cells with a membrane-bound GFP combined with deep learning algorithms that are used to track glioma cell processes with a high temporal resolution over several hours. This approach uncovers how invading tumor microtubes use Levy-like movement patterns indicative of efficient search patterns often employed by animal predators searching for scarce resources such as food. Neuronal activity is able to accelerate the tumor microtube dynamics, accelerate the Levy-like movement patterns and increase the overall invasion speed of glioma cells. These processes are mediated by local calcium transients in glioma cell somata and tumor microtubes. In accordance, genetic manipulation and pharmacological perturbation of AMPA receptors reduces tumor microtube length, number and branching points by interfering with intracellular calcium transients. All in all, the work here uncovers novel neuronal activity-mediated mechanisms of glioma cell invasion, a hallmark of this yet fatal disease.

Axiology of Mass Media: Problem Fields and Study Strategies

The paper deals with the development of a new scientific subject, the axiology of mass media, which is, on the one hand, a practical discipline of philosophical theory of values, and on the other, a natural continuation of the recently developed axiology of journalism. The last one explores journalism as a source and retranslator of social values in all their subject and semantic diversity, and journalism itself as a social value, researching the principles and ways of assimilating of socio-cultural values by journalists, and the effectiveness and methods of their representation in the audience of media. The need to deepen the theory of value analysis of the media and to broaden the scope of study is caused by growing demands from society for understanding and evaluating the processes taking place in the modern media environment, which at present are not limited to the functioning of either traditional media or Internet publications. First, media processes have gained a certain and significant expansion due to the active invasion of the information space by the so-called “mass person”, the intensification of the presence in this space of former media figures – politicians, scientists, cultural figures, etc., the arrival of new ones – bloggers, regular authors of communities, etc. The content of the media environment got expanded – texts, music, videos, games; the number of media platforms increased – messengers, telegram channels, video hosting; the problem of interaction with artificial intelligence emerged. Second, it was due to the technological revolution in the information environment of society which has become digital and, thus, in its development has acquired a new quality. The value analysis of facts, phenomena and processes of digital media communications is one of the most important methods of satisfying society’s demands for new knowledge. Thus, the construction of mass media axiology is objectively predetermined. Consideration of the preconditions for the formation of a new scientific discipline is the subject of this study. The research is based on the study of philosophical discourse on axiology, as well as relevant publications by practitioners-journalists in their professional media.

Enlarged periventricular space and periventricular lesion extension on baseline brain MRI predicts poor neurological outcomes in cryptococcus meningoencephalitis

In Cryptococcus neoformans meningoencephalitis, brain MRI findings might reflect the phathomechanism of disease progression that is fungal accumulation in the peri-venular space and consequent invasion into the parenchyma. This study analyzed serial brain MRI findings of 76 patients with cryptococcus meningoencephalitis in association with the disease progression and outcomes. MRI parameters included the enlarged periventricular space (ePVS) score (range 0–8), periventricular lesion extension, cryptococcoma, and hydrocephalus. Clinical outcomes at 2-week, 10-week, and 6-month were evaluated using modified Rankin scale (mRS). At 6 months, 15 (19.7%) patients died and 34 (44.1%) had poor neurological outcomes (mRS scores > 2). At baseline, an ePVS score of ≥ 5 (Odds-ratio [OR]: 94.173, 95% confidence-interval [95%CI]: 7.507–1181.295, P < .001), periventricular lesion extension (OR: 51.965, 95%CI: 2.592–1041.673, P = .010), and presence of encephalitis feature (OR: 44.487, 95%CI: 1.689–1172.082, P = .023) were associated with 6-month poor outcomes. Presence of two or more risk factors among encephalitis feature, ePVS score ≥ 5, and periventricular lesion extension at baseline, was associated with 6-month poor outcomes (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.978, P < .001) and mortality (AUC: 0.836, P < .001). Disease progression was associated with interval development of cryptococcoma and hydrocephalus. Brain MRI findings might be useful in predicting outcomes and monitoring the progression of cryptococcus meningoencephalitis.

INTERNATİONAL PROTECTION; NUCLEAR RADIATION; ENVIRONMENT.

Man has taken advantage of technological development positively in developing and facilitating his daily life. The environment has also benefited greatly from this development through various devices and discoveries in various fields such as renewable energies and nuclear energy, in which man has made remarkable progress and used it for peaceful purposes such as generating electrical energy or using X-rays in Medicine or for exploration purposes such as space invasion, satellite launching, or military purposes. On the other hand, man took advantage of this rapid development in other negative uses by harming himself and his environment.The competition for armaments led to the deterioration of the ecosystem through pollution caused by industrial sources deliberately through experiments and the manufacture of nuclear weapons, or by mistake such as accidents in nuclear installations due to lack of Take precautions. The effects of environmental pollution by nuclear radiation whether in peacetime or wartime, and its disastrous consequences on both humans and the environment in the short and long term prompted the international community to search for mechanisms to reduce the negative uses of nuclear energy, so it concluded agreements, held conferences and established bodies in order to spare the world another environmental disaster that future generationspay for. Through our intervention, we will try to research these mechanisms and their effectiveness in combating environmental crime resulting from pollution of the environment by nuclear rays, especially with the amazing and accelerating development in the field of nuclear energy, the race towards arms, and the dangers that this energy in particular poses compared to others. In order to address the issue, we decided to adopt a bilateral plan. In the first axis of the study, we deal with the most important dangers that nuclear radiation creates on the natural environment. In the second axis, we deal with the most important international mechanisms that exist to confront environmental crime committed due to the remnants of nuclear radiation. We examine the effectiveness of these mechanisms with a focus on the most important agreements concluded in this regard and even the conferences and establishmentsthat have been held and established by bodies with allocating a partof this study to the role of the ordinary and criminal international judiciary to combat environmental crimes caused by nuclear radiation. We end the intervention with a set of suggestions that we consider necessary to support the existing efforts to preserve the environment and protect it from these risks.

Loss of CD73 shifts transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) from tumor suppressor to promoter in endometrial cancer.

In many tumors, CD73 (NT5E), a rate-limiting enzyme in adenosine biosynthesis, is upregulated by TGF-β and drives tumor progression. Conversely, CD73 is downregulated in endometrial carcinomas (EC) despite a TGF-β-rich environment. Through gene expression analyses of normal endometrium samples of the uterine cancer TCGA data set and genetic and pharmacological studies, we discovered CD73 loss shifts TGF-β1 from tumor suppressor to promoter in EC. TGF-β1 upregulated CD73 and epithelial integrity in vivo in the normal endometrium and in vitro in early stage EC cells. With loss of CD73, TGF-β1-mediated epithelial integrity was abrogated. EC cells developed TGF-β1-mediated stress fibers and macromolecule permeability, migration, and invasion increased. In human tumors, CD73 is downregulated in deeply invasive stage I EC. Consistent with shifting TGF-β1 activity, CD73 loss increased TGF-β1-mediated canonical signaling and upregulated cyclin D1 (CCND1) and downregulated p21 expression. This shift was clinically relevant, as CD73Low/CCND1High expression associated with poor tumor differentiation, increased myometrial and lymphatic/vascular space invasion, and patient death. Further loss of CD73 in CD73Low expressing advanced stage EC cells increased TGF-β-mediated stress fibers, signaling, and invasiveness, whereby adenosine A1 receptor agonist, CPA, dampened TGF-β-mediated invasion. These data identify CD73 loss as essential for shifting TGF-β activity in EC.

Minimally invasive surgical techniques in clinical crown lengthening: A systematic review

The surgical procedure for the clinical crown lengthening, aims for an aesthetic or functional form to compensate for the reabsorption of the alveolar bone tissue caused by the invasion of the biological space. The conditions that must be taken into account during surgical planning are related to an excessive gingival exposure, altered passive eruption and lack of height of the dental element for restorative purposes. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate in the scientific literature the minimally invasive surgical techniques used to clinical crown lengthening. A systematic review of the literature was performed using the databases, Science Direct, Embase, Cochrane Collaboration Library, and PubMed/MEDLINE. The search strategy provided a total of 157 studies. After selection, five articles met all the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Studies have shown that conventional surgical techniques for clinical crown lengthening are presented as an effective approach that promotes good aesthetic and functional results. However, they have some limitations. After evaluating the minimally invasive surgical techniques included in this systematic review, it was possible to infer that they presented satisfactory results in the soft and hard tissue contouring, with no complications and dissatisfaction being observed by the patients.

ALIENATION OF INFORMATIONAS A POLITICAL AND LEGAL PROBLEM

Artificial intelligence at the service of espionage, covert control over dissent, invasion of citizens personal space and other negative effects (costs) of the digital revolution have attracted the attention of our regular author. The alienation of information and the encroachment on intellectual property that accompany global communications require not only improvements of international law, but also compensation of damage to the rights holders and creators of creative content.

Extrusão dentária rápida com finalidade protética – relato de caso

Root fractures cases, caries at the bone level, and root perforations impair the dental element due to the invasion of biological space, having in most cases the indication of tooth extraction. However, it is possible to evaluate the possibility of clinical coronary augmentation surgery in a functional way. However, in some cases, as in anterior teeth, it can impair aesthetics due to the new gingival positioning post-surgery. A more conservative and aesthetic alternative is to use extrusion techniques of the dental remnant for rehabilitation of the same without invasion of the biological space. In clinical situations involving biological spaces in the aesthetic region, the minimally invasive rapid vertical traction is indicated. Dental extrusion consists of the use of plaques, orthodontic appliances, and retainers that perform forced remnant traction for future prosthetic rehabilitation. The objective of this work is to demonstrate a case report with rapid extrusion of element 11 with endodontically treated root fracture through an acetate plate and orthodontic alloys, in order to make a fixed prosthesis later, allowing the preservation of the remaining tooth.

Assessment of the impact of forestry and leisure activities on wild boar spatial disturbance with a potential application to ASF risk of spread.

In Europe, African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most threatening infectious transboundary diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar. In September 2018, ASF was detected in wild boar in the South of Belgium. France, as a bordering country, is extremely concerned about the ASF situation in Belgium, and an active preparedness is ongoing in the country. One of the questions raised by this situation relates to disturbing activities that may affect wild boar movements and their possible impact on the spread of ASFV. Despite evidence of disturbance related to hunting practices, there is a paucity of information on the impact of forestry and human leisure activities. To assess this impact on wild boar movements, a systematic review was first conducted but very few useful data were obtained. For this reason, an expert elicitation was carried out by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety in order to deal with this knowledge gap. A total of 30 experts originating from France and adjacent neighbouring countries (Spain, Belgium and Switzerland) were elicited about the relative importance of six factors of spatial disturbance of wild boar (noise, smell, invasion of space, modification of the environment, duration and frequency of the activity). Then, for each factor of disturbance, they were asked about the impact of 16 different commercial forestry and human leisure activities. A global weighted score was estimated in order to capture the variability of a wide range of territorial conditions and the uncertainty of expert elicitation. This estimate permitted ranking all 16 activities and aggregating them in three groups according to their potential for disturbance of wild boar, using a regression tree analysis. The results of this expert elicitation provide a methodological approach that may be useful for French and other European decision makers and stakeholders involved in the crisis management of ASF.

Intrapleural Administration of Fibrinolytic Enzymes as an Adjunct Therapy of Parapneumonic Purulent Pleural Exudation: Does it Affect Outcome?

In this comparable study, sixty patients were studied between March 2016 to November 2018. All of them were diagnosed having parapneumonic purulent pleural exudation (defined by the presence of purulent pleural effusion or pleural fluid with a pH below 7.2 associated with signs of chest infection and/or proven bacterial invasion of the pleural space).

Distribución y patrones espaciales del impacto de un ingeniero de los ecosistemas exótico e invasor, Castor canadensis, en Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

El castor americano (Castor canadensis) es una especie ingeniera de los ecosistemas introducida en 1946 en Tierra del Fuego, en el extremo austral de America del Sur. En la actualidad, esta presente en los diferentes ambientes del archipielago fueguino, donde transforma notablemente la estructura y el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas, en particular al inundar ambientes riparios mediante la construccion de diques. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar, por primera vez a partir de un relevamiento exhaustivo, los patrones espaciales de la distribucion y el numero de diques construidos por esta especie en la porcion argentina de la Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. Para esto se elaboro una base de datos geografica con el registro de diques mediante la interpretacion visual de imagenes satelitales de acceso libre y de alta resolucion espacial. Se identificaron 70682 diques, cuya longitud acumulada supera los 2300 km y la superficie que inundan es de, al menos, 87 km2. La mayor densidad de diques se observo en la region cordillerana, donde alcanzo valores maximos de 123 diques/km2 al SE del lago Fagnano. En la porcion sur de la isla, el 84% del territorio se encuentra a menos de 1 km de un dique. La informacion generada en este trabajo es de uso libre para fines de investigacion y divulgacion. Se la podra usar para poner a prueba hipotesis sobre los controles biofisicos y humanos de la invasion, para identificar areas prioritarias para investigacion y desarrollar estrategias de manejo, asi como para monitorear la invasion en el espacio y en el tiempo, detectar tempranamente nuevas areas invadidas y entrenar metodos automaticos de deteccion de areas impactadas por el castor.https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.19.29.1.0.736

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: relationship between invasion of the prevertebral space and distant metastases

To identify primary sites of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) invasion on the staging head and neck magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that correlate with distant metastases (DM). Staging head and neck MRI examinations of 579 NPC patients were assessed for primary tumour invasion into 16 individual sites, primary stage (T) and nodal stage (N). Results were correlated with distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) using the Cox regression, and the diagnostic performance of significant independent markers for DM was calculated. In addition, sites of primary tumour invasion were correlated also with involvement of the first echelon of ipsilateral nodes (FEN+) using logistic regression. Distant metastases were present in 128/579 NPC patients (22.1%) after intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)/chemo-IMRT and 5-year DMFS was 78.8%. Prevertebral space invasion (PVS+) and N stage, but not T stage, were independent prognostic markers of DMFS (p = 0.016, < 0.001, and 0.433, respectively). Compared to stage N3, PVS invasion had a higher sensitivity (28.1 vs. 68.8%), but lower specificity (90.5 vs. 47.4%) and accuracy (76.7 vs. 48.9%) for correlating patients with DM. PVS invasion, together with parapharyngeal fat space invasion (PPFS+), was also an independent predictive marker of FEN+. PVS was the only site of primary tumour invasion that independently correlated with DM, and together with PPFS + was an independent prognostic marker of FEN+, but the low specificity and accuracy of PVS invasion limits its use as a prognostic marker of DM.

Women and the Advent of American Sport Tourism: The Feminine Invasion of Male Space

At the 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago, history professor Frederick Jackson Turner proposed the frontier theory, which claimed that as the Americans moved ever westward they acquired particular characteristics that made them a unique and exceptional people, different from their European ancestors. This study examines the frontier theory in a different light, addressing not only geographical boundaries, but psychological and gender obstacles in the evolution of society. It will detail the role of a select group of women who used sport as a vehicle to challenge not only geographical frontiers in their travels, but gender restraints in their sport experiences as well. In the process, the study will analyze the variables of social class, race, and ethnicity of a variety of females who challenged the gender norms and expectations of the era in which they lived. Among the athletes who contributed to the burgeoning sport tourism market during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, thus contributing to a transnational movement, I will examine mountaineers, cyclists, global adventurers, and female boxers; all of whom employed sport as a means to travel and attain a greater measure of personal freedom and societal transition in prescribed gender roles.